Kutanga: Dombo Rezvakaipa

Muitiro wakakodzera inheyo yapamutemo inovimbisa kubatwa kwose kwakarurama mutsika inotonga. Inobatira sedziviriro kukuita kwehurumende kwokuzvidira, ichivimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anonyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakarurama nomutemo. Iyi mavambo kuMagna Carta ye1215, iyo inozivisa kuti hakuna munhu akasununguka angarangwa kunze kwe "rutongeso rwepamutemo rwevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika. Mumazana amakore, muitiro wakafanira wakapinda muhuromviro womutemo wemitemo yepamutemo muUnited States uye dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuda kwezviito zvapamutemo zvapamutemo zvamadocracyism akawanda, kunzwisiswa kwevagari vemo yedzidzo yedzidzo yezvokudzivirira maruramiro emunhu oga oga uye kuva nechishandiso chishandiso chinoshanda nokuda kwokudzivirira Hurumende. Nyaya inopa kuteverwa kwemitemo yehurumende, uye kuzviisa mumitengo yavose mumitengo yapamutemo.

Chii Chiri Kuitwa Chakakodzera?

Muitiro wakafanira unonongedzera kumusengwa wapamutemo wenyika woruremekedzo rwamaruramiro ose apamutemo akafanirwa kumunhu.Iro rinodzikamisa simba rokuchengetwa kwomutemo, matare, uye masangano ehurumende nekodzero dzevanhu vamwe navamwe. Mufungo wacho wakakamurwa kuva mapoka maviri akasiana asi anowirirana:

Gadziriro Inokosha Inofanira Kuitwa

Muitiro wakafanira wakakomba unodzivirira maruramiro makuru akati padzongonyedzo dzehurumende, kunyange apo dziviriro dzetsika dzinochengetwa. Inoganhurira icho hurumende inogona kuita, pasinei zvapo nokuti inoita sei. Somuenzaniso, mutemo uyo unorambidza roorano pakati pavakura vanobvuma ungaputsa muitiro wakafanira nemhaka yokuti unoputsa rusununguko rukuru. Dare Rapamusoro reU.S. rakarangarira kuti muitiro wakafanira unodzivirira maruramiro akadai sechivande, roorano, ukama hwemhuri, uye perero yomuviri. Kodzero idzi hadzina kurongwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo asi dzinorangarirwa kuva dzinokosha kurusununguko.

Kurongwa Kunofanira Kuitwa

Chinowirirana nechakafanira chinonangidzira ngwariro pamiitiro yakarurama inoshandiswa nehurumende apo inotsvaka kunyima mumwe munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu. Inoda ziviso yakakwana, mukana wokunzwiwa, muiti wechisarudzo asingasaruri, uye mukana une revo wokupa ufakazi. Zvinodikanwa chaizvoizvo zvinosiyana zvichitsamira pamashoko akapoteredza / somuenzaniso, mudzidzi anotarisana nokudzingwa pachikoro chavose ane kodzero yokuita miitiro mishomanene kupfuura mukwiridziri mukutonga kweutsotsi. Nheyo inokosha ndeyokuti muitiro wacho unofanira kuva "kururamisira."

Hwaro Hwebumbiro reMitemo Hwegadziriro Yakafanira

MuUnited States, muitiro wakafanira unosimbiswa mugadziridzo mbiri dzebumbiro remitemo.Findth Amendment, yakasimbiswa muna 1791, inoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende:

[

" Hapana munhu achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo."

Pashure peHondo Yavagari Vemo, Mutemo wegumi Negumi wakatambanudzira iyi dziviriro kuhurumende dzehurumende:

... kana Hurumende ipi neipi hainganyimi munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo.

Iyi mhedziso yeDare rapamusoro yakadudzirwa namatare anopfuura mazana maviri amakore. Nguva huru yokuchinja yakanga iri "Information" yeBill of Rights kupfuure Indaneti, iyo yakashandisa dziviriro dzehurumende dzakawanda zvikurusa muhurumende. Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusasa mu Gitlow v. New York [1925] yakavamba muitiro uyu, uye kurava kwakatevera kwakatanga kubatanidza inodokuva dziviriro dzose dzoutsotsi. Nhasi, muitiro wakafanira unomira sevimbiso mbiri: inodzivisa hurumende kuita mabasa akati (pamberi) ose) uye inovimbisa miitiro iyoyo apo zviito zvinobvumirwa (zvinenge). Nokuda kwokunzverazve, [FLT]

Nei Zvichikosha Kuti Zviitwe Zvakakodzera

Gadziriro inobatira mabasa akakomba anoverengeka munzanga yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Inoshanda secherekedzo pasimba rehurumende, ichivimbisa kuti hapana munhu anosarudzwa nokuda kwokubatwa zvisina kururama. Inokurudzira chivimbo chavose mutsika yemitemo kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa miitiro isingachinjiki neinojeka. Muitiro wakafanira unodzivirirawo mapoka anotapurwa, ave akatapurwa zvikurusa mutsika inodzvinyirirwa nehurumende. Mumuitiro unoita kuti zvitendero zvisatenderwa, kumisa kubatwa zvisina kururama kwezvinhu, uye kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu mukutonga kwehurumende kupfurikidza nokupinzwa kwenzwisiso kuti ibetsere kubetserwa. Pasina muitiro wapamutemo ungava chishandiso chokudzvinyirira kutorerwa kwoudzvinyirira kwete shoo yeruramisiro.

Zvinhu Zvinokosha Zvegadziriro Inodaro

Kusarudza kana muitiro wekushandisa zvakafanira wakagutswa, matare anoyera zvinhu zvitatu kubva kunhau yechiratidzo maMateu v. Eldidge [6]: (1) fariro yomunhu oga yakatapurwa; (2) ngozi yokunyimwa kwekanganisika mumiitiro yazvino uno uye ukoshi hwedziviriro dzinobvira; uye (3) fariro yehurumende, kubatanidza mitoro yemari nedzokutarisira. Kubva paiyi nzvero inodzikamisa, zvinhu zvinoverengeka zvakabuda:

  • Thombo: Hurumende inofanira kuzivisa munhu nezvechiito chakarongwa nehwaro nokuda kwazvo. Cherechedza zvinofanira kurongwa nenzira ine mufungo kusvika munhu wacho uye inofanira kugovera udzame hwakakwana kubvumira gadziriro ine revo.
  • .Opportgation to Oniver: Munhu anofanira kuva nebanza rine revo rokupa ufakazi, kudana zvapupu, uye kuitisana nharo nhau dzavo pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo. Ikoku kunowanzonzi "kunzwa" chinodikanwa.
  • Tribunal: Mutongi, mukuru mukuru anonzwa, kana kuti vatongi vanofanira kusava nemhosva. Kuoneka kupi nokupi kworusaruro(kwakadai sefariro yemari mumuuyo(*) inoputsa muitiro wakafanira.
  • Akarurama ku Zano: Munhau dzoutsotsi, Sixth Amendment inovimbisa kumirira kwapamutemo. Munhau dzechigarika, hapana maruramiro akakwana, asi muitiro wakafanira ungada zano rakagadzwa apo fariro huru dzakadai sekodzero dzavabereki kana kuti kuzvipira kwehurumende dzinoiswa mungozi.
  • Kurudyi Kukutarisana neChipiyaniso: Munhu anofanira kukwanisa kudenha ufakazi hunopesana nazvo. Ikoku kunokosha zvikuru mukutongwa kweutsotsi apo zvapupu zvinofanira kupupurira mudare rapachena.
  • Chisarudzo chakavakirwa paUfakazi: Muuyo unofanira kutsigirwa nechinyorwa ndokutsanangurwa nomutoo wakarongwa. Zvisarudzo zvechiArbitrary kana kuti zvechinjo zvinoputsa muitiro wakafanira.

Zvinhu izvi hazvichinji; zvinowirirana nemashoko akapoteredza. Somuenzaniso, munzwi kumisa raisensi yokutyaira, miitiro inodikanwa yakapfava kupfuura mukuedza kwenhema. Kunyanguvezvo, nheyo imwe cheteyo yokururamisira kukuru inoshanda.

Gadziriro Yakafanira Nekodzero Dzinokosha

Muitiro wakafanira unonyandura wave uri imwe yenharaunda dzinoitiranwa nharo zvikurusa dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kunoda kuti matare azive kuti ikodzero dzipi dziri "dziri mumurangariro worusununguko rwamaodha" zvokuti hurumende kana kuti hurumende zvingava zvisati zvadzo. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziva mapoka anoverengeka:

Kuva Woga Neautonomy

Kodzero yokuva voga, kunyange zvazvo isina kududzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, yakatorwa muChitatu, cheChina, cheshanu, uye Ninth Amendments. Mu Griswold v. Connecticut[ [65], Dare rakabvisa mutemo wairambidza kudzivirira kudzivirira pamuviri, waidzora kuti kwakakanganisa zvakavanzika zveroorano. Ichi chisarudzo chakaisa nheyo yenhau dzapashure, kubatanidza Roe v. Wade[[FLT] [73]), iyo yakadzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri (kubvisa pamuviri chirango nedare rapa pamusoro pomuviri).[FLD:] Jackson's Health Organization [FFF:] muChinyorwa 20222], rinodzosera maruramiro okuzvidzora pamusoro poupenyu.

Mhuri Neroorano

Dare rakarangarira kuti maruramiro okuroora irusununguko rukuru. Mu Lovating v. Virginia (1967), yakabvisa zvirambidzo paroorano dzemarudzi akasiyana. Mu Obergefell v. Hodges [2011]] (2011], Dare rakarebesa roorano kuenzana nevaroorani vamwe chete, richitonga kuti Kuchinja kwe145 kunoda kuziva michato yakadaro. Nenzira yakafanana, kodzero yokukwidziridza vana somumwe anoona akakodzera, sezvinoonekwa mu [FLT:]] Pce. Society ofsendices [FFFF:] [5] [25]) [FFLT]

Kufamba Nebasa

Mitemo inorambidza zvikuru kukwanisa kufamba kana kugara mune imwe nyika inofanira kunyatsoongororwa.

Kutsigira uye Kupindira Kwematongerwe Enyika

Nepo kodzero yokuvhota yakadzivirirwa zvakajeka mugadziridzo dzinoverengeka, muitiro wakafanira wakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inoremedza zvisina kufanira kuvhota. Somuenzaniso, mitero yokuvhota yakaderedzwa pasi peFoold Esature Protection Clause, asi muitiro wakafanira unoitawo rutivi mukuvimbisa kusvika kwakarurama kuvoti.

Iyi maruramiro makuru haasati ari akakwana. Hurumende ingaaganhurira bedzi kana ichigona kuratidzira fariro inogombedzera uye mutemo unosanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro iyoyo. Uyu "nzvero yenzvero" chimiro chakaoma zvikurusa chehwirudzuro. Nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira wapaduku, ona U.S. Dare redzidzo pamuitiro wakafanira [.

Kufambira Mberi Kunoitika Mumatsotsi

Gadziriro yeruramisiro youtsotsi ndiyo umo dziviriro dzakafanira dzinonyorwa zvikuru. Kuvambira pakusungwa kusvikira kukukwirira, nhevedzano yedziviriro dzetsika dzinova nechokwadi chokuti vakwirirwi vanobatwa zvakanaka. Zvimwe zvezvinokosha zvikurusa zvinobatanidza:

  • Kurudyi kuKutonga Kworunono: Hurumende yeSixth inovimbisa kuti vakwirirwi vemhosva havasati vachizotarisana nokusungwa kwenguva refu pamberi pokutongwa. Kunonoka kusina kufanira kunogona kufungira mano akaipa dziviriro ndokuramba ruramisiro. Matare anorangarira urefu hwokunonoka, chikonzero chayo, kutaura kwomupomeri, uye fungira mano ipi neipi inovapo somuuyo.
  • Vadziviriri vakafanirwa nedare risingasaruri: Vatongi vakasarudzwa murutivi rwakarurama rwenzanga. Vangava vatongi vane tsvete kana kuti mifungo yakafungwa vanogona kudzingwa nokuda kwechisakiso. Vatongi vanofanira kusununguka mupesvedzero dzokunze, dzakadai sechirevo kana kuti dzvinyiriro.
  • Chiruramiro KuZvapupu Zvakatarisana: Chipingamupinyi chaClaus of the Sixth Amendment chinobvumira vakwirirwi kuyambuka-examine vanopupurira pamusoro pazvo. Ikoku kunodzivisa kushandiswa kwenhau dzisingazivikanwi uye masimba zvapupu zvinopupurira pasi pemhiko mudare rapachena. Carawford v. Washington [2004]), Dare guru rakatonga kuti mashoko asingazivikanwi namashoko anowanzova anowanika kutoti chapupu chisati chawanikwa uye muva nomukwirirwi akava nenguva yaparirwo asati avapo.
  • Kudzivirira Kupesana Nezvekuzvitutumadza: Pession yeshanu inorambidza ufakazi hunomanikidzirwa. Vanhu vamwe navamwe vane maruramiro okuramba vakanyarara, uye varovereri vemhosva havagoni kutsinhira pamusoro pokuramba kwemukwirirwo kupupurira. [[FLT:] Miranda v. Arizona[FLT] [[FLT]] [66] chisarudzo chinoda mapurisa kuzivisa maruramiro avo pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. Chibudiro chakaisvonaka ndicho [[[FLT:] Maranda mu [[FLT]].][FLT]
  • Kuya Kuyamura Kune Mitemo yeMazano: Dare rakatanga muedzo wemativi maviri: mukwiridziridzi wezano anofanira kuratidza kuti basa rezano harina kukwana uye kuti kusava nekodzero kunoratidza kuti munhu anodzivirira.
  • [[FOLT:0] Kudzivirirwa Kwokudzivisa Kupinda Mujecha Rakaviri: Pendement yeshanu inorambidza kutongwa kwechipiri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo pashure pokuregeredzwa kana kuti kupwiswa. Ikoku kunodzivisa hurumende kuedza rapamhene kupiwa mhaka kusvikira vawana muuyo unoshuviwa.
  • Fambiro inowirirana nePlea Barganing: Nepo kukumbira kuchizivikanwa, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti chikumbiro chipinde nokuzvidira, noruzivo, uye nouchenjeri. Vadziviriri vanofanira kunzwisisa pomero, zvirango zvinobvira, uye maruramiro avari kupara.

Somuenzaniso, Innocence Project yakasunungura mazana evasungwa pachishandiswa ufakazi hweDNA, vakawanda vavo vakatarisana negadziriro dzisina kururama — dzakadai sokureurura kwokumanikidzirwa kana kuti kuzivikanwa nechapupu chapupu chakaona chisina kuvimbika.

Kufambira Mberi Kwakafanira Mufambiro Wehurumende

Muitiro wakafanira hauna kuganhurirwa kumatare outsotsi. Inoshanda panguva ipi neipi apo hurumende inotsvaka kutorera upenyu hwomunhu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Nhevedzo dzinozivikanwa navose dzinobatanidza:

  • Kudzorwa kwe Benetments dzeHurumende: Welfare, Security yeSocial, urema, uye betsero dzourovha zvinorangarirwa sefariro dzezvinhu. Vagamuchiri vane maruramiro okucherekedza nokunzwa betsero dzisati dzamiswa. Mu Goldberg v. Kelly [1970], Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti vagamuchiri veyamugaro vanofanira kupiwa kunzwa kwakajeka pamberi pokupera.
  • Nhaka neMibayiro: Varidzi vamisha navagari vemo vane mhindu yenzvimbo mudzimba dzavo. Hurumende isati yagona kutora nzvimbo yakadaro nomutero kana kuti nzvimbo yakakurumbira, muridzi anofanira kugamuchira ziviso nemukana wokukwikwidza chiito.
  • Kodzero dzeParents: Hurumende haigoni kubvisa maruramiro avabereki pasina mutoo wakakomba wokutonga. Dare Rapamusorosantosky v. Kramer [1992] (82) yaida ufakazi hunopwisa" mupimo usati wagura ukama hwomubereki nemwana.
  • Chipikirwa: Kuzvipira kwokusazvidira kugadziriro yendangariro kurasikirwa kukuru kworusununguko. Muitiro wakafanira unoda kunzwa kwakakwana, maruramiro okupa zano, uye chibvumikiso kupfurikidza noufakazi hwakajeka nohunopwisa.
  • Kutora nokutora: Kunyange zvazvo mutemo wokutama uri wehurumende, vasingamiriri kuendeswa vane maruramiro akafanira ebasa. Vanofanira kugamuchira ziviso, kunzwa, uye banza rokupa ufakazi. Zvisinei, mwero wedziviriro unogona kusiana zvichitsamira parudzi rwokupfuurira.

Mumashoko ose aya, chinokosha kudzikamisa fariro yomunhu nefariro yehurumende. Mudzidzi akatarisana nenzendo yamazuva gumi angangoda bedzi kurukurirano yamasanga navakuru vakuru vechikoro, nepo purofesa akatarisana nejeko akafanirwa nokunzwa kwakazara. Kuchinja kwegadziriro yakafanira kunovimbisa kuti miitiro inogadzirirwa kubako rinobatanidzwa.

Zvinetso Zviripo Zvinotarisirwa Kuitwa

Kunzwisisa tyisidziro idzi kunobatsira vagari vemo kutsigira kuchengetedzwa kwekodzero dzavo pasinei nokuti dzakareba sei, zvinhu zvinofanira kuitwa panguva ino zvakaoma.

Kukura Kwekuwedzera Kwehurumende

Kufamba-pfuvura kusvika pa9/11 kwemipimo yechengeteko yakakudza mano ehurumende okuunganidza mashoko pavanhu vamwe navamwe. Gadziriro dzakafanana nemuunganidzwa wemitemo mizhinjisa, kurova pasina zvibvumirano, uye kushandiswa kworuzivo rwokuziva chiso kunosimudzira itiro rinokosha. Dare reChechekedzo reFisa rinoraira pasina nyajambwa aripo, uye vanhu vangasatongoziva kuti vave vachinzverwa. Pasina ziviso nemukana mukana wokudenha chiito, maruramiro ebasa rakafanira haasati ari chinhu.

Kumanikidzwa Kutama

Dare rinotora matare rinotora matare amazana ezviuru gore rimwe nerimwe, kazhinji kazhinji ane zviwanikwa zvakaganhurirwa. MaDetaine kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa kumirira kwapamutemo, kunonotswa kwenguva refu, uye anodzorwa nezvinoitika zvinodzorwa izvo zvinodzivisa kunzwa kwegamuchidzanwa. Kumuka kwe "kubviswa kwakarongwa" uye kushandiswa kwokutonga pasina mutongi anobuda munyika kwakawana tsoropodzo yakakomba. ACLU akanyora muitiro wakafanira wamasimba masimba munharaunda ino; ona mishumo yavo pamusoro penhau dzakafanira mumiitiro yokubuda munyika.

Kurega Kufunga Nekuchinja Zvinhu Kusati Kwaitwa

Mumitemo mizhinji, vakwirirwi vanogona kuiswa mutorongo kwemwedzi yakati nemhaka bedzi yokuti havagoni kubhadhara mabhero. Kunyange apo utsotsi hunenge husina masimba masimba, kuchengetwa kwapamberi pedare kunodzongonyedza upenyu uye kudzvinyirira vanhu vasina mhaka kuti vapiwe mhaka. Nepo chinjo dzakati dzichivavarira kuderedza kuvimba nemari yebhedha, muitiro wakafanira unoda kuti kusungwa kururamiswe nengozi yokubhururuka kana kuti ngozi. Dare Rapamusoro renhau rakaramba richirangarira kuti "bheil Beillment" inoputsa Irenderlinement, asi kushandiswa kunoshanda kunoramba kuri kusina kufanira.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezvidzidzo ZveE-uphic

Mukuzivisa kwevagari vemo, upamhi hwemapepa emagetsi hunogona kukurira masangano nematare. Muitiro unoda kuti rutivi rumwe norumwe ruwanike ufakazi hwakakodzera, asi mutengo wekufushanisa unogona kuva unodzivisa. Matare anofanira kuenzanisa kudikanwa kwokuziviswa nomutoro pakubudisa mapati, kazhinji kazhinji achitsamira pamitemo inowirirana. Kuwedzera, kushandiswa kwemaarufabheti mukupa mhosva, mapurisa anofungidzira, uye zvishandiso zvokuongorora njodzi zvinomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuona pachena. Kana mukwirirwi asingagoni kuongorora mashoko kana kuti kupikisa pfungwa yearuti, kodzero yavo yokupfuurira kufambira mberi zvakanaka inokanganiswa.

Chengeteko Yorudzi Nechivande

Muzvinoitika zvakarongwa . zvakadai seizvo zviri pasi peInternant Surveillance Act .Ndokeri dzingasatongoona ufakazi hunoshandiswa mukurwisana nazvo. "Zvivanze zveChimiro" ropafadzo inobvumira hurumende kuvhara kuwanwa kwezvinhu zvinotapurika, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kukudzingwa kwenhau. Nepo chengeteko yenyika iri yapamutemo, kushandiswa kwakafara kwechivande kunogona kusekesa gadziriro yezvisaririra. Matare akaedza kurondedzera miganhu yakafanira muaya mashoko, kazhinji kazhinji anoreva kutaura kwebazu roukuru.

Matanho Anoshanda Okudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Dzokuronga

Mugari wemo mumwe nomumwe anogona kuita matanho anoshanda kuti adzivirire muitiro wakafanira. Chokutanga, zvidzidzise umene pamusoro pekodzero dzako. Ziva kuti une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara uye kukumbira gweta mukubatirana kupi nokupi nemitemo. Chechipiri, nyora makopi ose okusangana namasangano ehurumende. Cherekedza makopi etsamba, kunzwa zviziviso, uye zvisarudzo. Chechitatu, tsvaka betsero yapamutemo. Makiriniki emitemo mazhinji enzanga anopa zano rapachena rapachena kana kuti rakaderera, uye vadziviriri vamiriri vehurumende vanowanika nokuda kwevapongi vemhosva vasingagoni kubhadhara gweta. Chechina, govera upenyu hwehurumende navatongi vanoremekedza basa rakafanira, uye vanotsigira masangano anoisa nhevedzano nokuda kwemiitiro inoruramisira. Pakupedzisira, taura mukurwisana nomuitiro wekumhanya-njisoko muzita rokubudirira kana kuti chengeteka. Chikwana chinosimbiswa zvikuru inheyo yokurarama.

Mugumisiro: Zvakakodzera Kuitwa Sevimbiso Mupenyu

Muitiro wakafanira hausi muraudzo wazvino uno wenhau dzakapfuura; mupimo unochinjika unochinjika unochinjika kumigariro mitsva. Kuvambira paMagna Carta kusvikira ku 14neth Amendment, kuvambira pa Miranda nyevero kukurukurirano dzazvino uno dzeruramisiro, pfungwa huru inoramba iri imwe: munhu ari mumwe nomumwe anofanirwa nebanza rakarurama hurumende isati yagona kutora upenyu hwake, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu. Vagari vanonzwisisa muitiro wakafanira vanoshongedzerwa zviri nani kufambisa tsika yapamutemo, vanoshora kusaruramisira, uye vanoita kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende vapiwe. Sezvinopfuurira kuchinjwa kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, zvinova nehanya nechenge zvogaro, uye kuchinja kwenzanga kwavanhu vanozivikanwa kuti vasarukubudirira.