Kutanga: Basa Rinokosha Rehurumende Mukubudirira Kwezvirongwa

Kubva pamigwagwa namabhiriji kuenda kumibatanidzwa yakafara, zvivako zvinogonesa upenyu hwezuva nezuva zvinoda kuisa mari yakawanda, kuronga kwenguva refu, uye kuuraya kwakabatana. Mumarudzi akawanda, mutoro uyu unogoverwa mumitezo yakawanda yehurumende — hurumende, kana kuti ruwa, uye nzvimbo yomunzvimbomo — kuunza masimba akasiyana, mari, uye mativi emari. Kunzwisisa kuti aya matura ehurumende anotsigira sei kukura kwemitengidzo, varongi vemitengi, varongi, uye vagari vemo vose. Nezvirongwa zvenyika yenyika yose zvinofungidzirwa [[FLT:] $94] $94] mabhiriyoni emakumi maviri anotevera maererano [FFF:2]

Kunzwisisa Vaiti Vatatu Vehurumende Muzvirongwa

Kunyange zvazvo marongerwo chaiwoiwo achisiyana nenyika, hurumende dzakawanda dzakarongwa kuva mwero mikuru mitatu. Mwero mumwe nomumwe une chiremera chebumbiro remitemo kana kuti pamutemo pamarudzi akati egadziriro dzepfuma, pamwe chete namano okuwana mari inowirirana. Kukamukana kwemitoro kunowanzoratidzira ukuru hwenzvimbo, mwero, uye simba revoruzhinji rezvirongwa.

  • Hurumende yeFederal (Inyika): Mutoro wemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yenyika, dziviriro yenyika, uye zvirongwa zvakakura zvinobatanidza miganhu yenyika kana kuti nharaunda. Mienzaniso inobatanidza migwagwa mikuru yeruwa, njanji dzenyika, jira rakafara, uye zviteshi zvikuru zvengarava.
  • Chikamu kana kuti Hurumende yeProviti: Nhevedzo dzinotarira pamikoto yezvifambiso zvomunharaunda, mayunivhesiti avose, vatarisiri vematura emvura, uye murairo wemhoteredzo mukati mesimba rayo. Mabasa senzira pakati pezvinhu zvenyika nezvomunzvimbomo.
  • Hurumende yeLocal (maruwa, matura, matura): Inodzora migwagwa yomunharaunda, mvura yomuno notsvina, mapaka, gadziriro dzezvokufambisa, uye nzvimbo dzenzanga. Iyi mwero iri pedyosa nevagari vemo namabhizimisi, ichiita kuti zvirangaridzo zvezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo zvive zvinokosha.

Kutevedzana kwemitsetse iyi kunoratidza kuti zvirongwa zvinochinja nokukurumidza sei kubva papfungwa kusvika pakupera, kuti mari inoshandiswa zvakanaka sei, uye kana zvinhu zvinokosha zvichisvitsa zvinodiwa nevanhu vakasiyana - siyana.

Hurumende Inotonga Nyika: Mari Yakawanda, Mufananidzo Mukuru

Hurumende yenyika inogovera manyuko makurusa makurusa ezvirongwa zvikuru zvedzidzo. Basa rayo harisati riri bedzi pamusoro pokunyora michero; rinogadza nhungamiro ine chokuita nemitemo, mirau, uye mipimo yenyika. MuUnited States, Ifracture Informationmentation and Jobs Act (IJA)[FL:1] ye 201 yakapiwa $1]. [3] matiririyoni mashanu, inosimbisa musengwa wemubatanidzwa wokuvakazve migwagwa, mabhiriji, marodhi, mibatanidzwa yemvura, uye mibatanidzwa yemitengo. Chitengo chikuru chakafanana chiripo muCanada (Mutengo weCanada) uye muEuropean (Uxtenty Union).

Kushandisa Michina Panzvimbo Yemabhazi

Kuyerera kwamadhora okuAmerica nomumuvhenganiswa wezvishandiso zvakagadzirirwa kupinza hurumende nechiito chomunzvimbomo apo kunenge kuri kuva nechokwadi chezvinhu zvenyika zvinokosha kunosvitswa:

  • Masangano: nezvinopa chinodikanwa chakananga, zvakadai seBUILD inopa mari nokuda kwechifambiso chapamusoro kana kuti TIGER nokuda kwegadziriro itsva. Izvi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda mari inowirirana kubva kumwero yakaderera.
  • Mari ne Rubatso: Programs dzakafanana neFrastructuractive Finail and Innovation Act (TITUA) inogovera zvikwereti zvakaderera zvikuru nechikwereti zvinovimbisa [, mari yehurumende inopa mari yehurumende kukwezva dzimbahwe revo.
  • [[FLT: 0]] Tax Incentives: kubviswa kwomutero wechisungo chaMasipati, kuderera kwemitengo inokurumidziswa, uye zvikwereti zvesimba zvinomutsidzirwa zvinoderedza ndyiko yedzimbahwe rehurumende nedzehurumende dzomunzvimbomo uye vasonganiri vomunhu oga.

Kutarisira Nokutarisira

Hurumende yomubatanidzwa inogadza `mirau yomugwagwa" nokuda kwokugadzirwa kwegadziriro dzehwaro. Ikoku kunobatanidza:

  • [[NHAU]] Tsvakaro dzecherekedzo dzendangariro pasi peNational Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) kana kuti mitemo inowirirana mune dzimwe nyika.
  • Mipimo yorusarirano nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru, mapaipi, ndege, uye njanji (umh., Federal Highway Administration).
  • [ Zvinodikanwa zvemari [ zvakadai semirau yemibhadharo yakapararira uye "Tenga America" gadziriro dzinoraira kushandiswa kwezvigadzirwa zvepamba.

Masangano eFederal akadai seBato reFotration, Army Corps of Engineers, uye Environmental Protection Agency anoita mabasa akananga mukubvumidza nokutsigira nemari. Uku kutarisira kwapakati kunovimbisa kusachinja asi kunogonawo kuita minwe yebhotoro, zvikurukuru apo masangano akawanda anofanira kubvumira basa rimwe.

Hurumende uye Hurumende yePucial: Hurumende Yakaoma Kuchengetedza Vanhu

Hurumende kana kuti maruwa anoshanda sebhiriji pakati pezvido zvehurumende nezvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Iwo ane mutoro wokuronga nokutarisira masangano anobatanidza nzanga mukati memiganhu yawo, zvakadai semigwagwa mikuru yehurumende, gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose, uye zvirongwa zvemvura. Nemhaka youkuru hwawo nokuchinjika kwemari, anowanzobatira sezvishandiso zvikuru zvegadziriro dzehurumende.

Kuwirirana Negadziriro Dzematunhu

Madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa (DOT) nemasangano akafanana anogara achikumbira mari yehurumende uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvirongwa zvomunharaunda zvinowirirana nemazano enyika. Zvinokosha zvinosanganisira:

  • Kukudziridza Sartive Transportation Reformation Plan (STIP)[[FL:1] inoisa gadziriro pajengachenga regore mana.
  • Kutarisira [[Nto:0] mari yomumugwagwa mukuru yemari yemari nokuiparadzira kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakavakirwa pachiverengero chavagari vemo, madaro omugwagwa, uye kushaiwa.
  • Kuchichinjira mirau yenyika yemhoteredzo nechengeteko kumigariro yomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemiitiro yedzokororo yenzvimbo yenzvimbo yehurumende.

Kwakabva Nhungamiro Yehurumende

Kupfuura kuendesa kwehurumende, hurumende dzinobudisa mari yegadziriro kupfurikidza:

  • Mitero yepepuru — manyuko egamuchidzanwa, kunyange zvazvo achiderera nokugamuchirwa kwemotokari dzamagetsi uye kuva nesimba rokushandisa.
  • [ zvinyorwa zvakadzorwa — zvisungo zvemari zvinotsigirwa nemitero yakatsaurirwa kana kuti mitero yevashandisi (mh., mari).
  • [ Public-Private Piners[3s] — uko varongi vemitengo vavanhu vanogadzira, vanovaka, mari, kushanda, uye kuchengeta basa mukutsinhana nokuda kwehova dzemari dzenhambo refu.
  • [ Zvikwereti nokumonereka kwemari pamikoto mikuru kudzora kudikanwa nokuparira mari.

Mitezowo ine chiremera chokukwidza mitero kana kuti kuisa mitero mitsva, ichiiita kuti ive yakapfava zvikuru kupfuura hurumende yehurumende mukupindura zvinodikanwa zvenharaunda. Somuenzaniso, migariro inoverengeka yakashandisa [[FLT: 0] mutero wedzero mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya[[FLT: 1] kumikaha yemari yepfuma.

Hurumende Yemunharaunda: Kuendesa Zvinhu Zvinodzidzisa Kunogara Vanhu

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo — maguta, maruwa, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo — zviri pamberi pamativi ezvirongwa zvefashoni. Anodzora gadziriro idzo vagari vanoshanda pamwe chete nezuva: migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, nzira dzomumugwagwa, mwenje yemigwagwa, mvura netsvina, kuunganidzwa kwamarara, mapaki, uye zvivako zvavose. Nemhaka yokuti dziri pedyosa nenzanga, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoiswa nzvimbo dzakanakisisa kunzvera uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti zvirongwa zvinoratidzira zvinhu zvomunzvimbomo.

Vanhu Vanoda Kuongororwa Nokuiswa Pamberi

Vakuru vakuru vemo vanoshandisa mubatanidzwa wemashoko, mashoko anobudiswa nevanhu, uye kuongorora kwounyanzvi kuti vaone kuti zvinhu zvinonyanya kuiswa mubhizimisi zvinoshandiswa sei. Mitoo inowanzoshandiswa inosanganisira:

  • Gadziriro dzokutarisira [ dzinoronda mugariro wemigwagwa, pombi, uye zvivako.
  • Nzvero dzePublic nehoro dzetaundi kuti uone zvinoiswa pakutanga zvavagari vemo (mutoo, kugadziridza nzira dzomumugwagwa. migwagwa mitsva yebhasikoro).
  • [ Kutakura nokuronga nzvimbo yapanyika [ yakabatanidzwa nebumbiro remitemo rokuvaka nokuvaka.

Zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zveko zvinosanganisira kugadzirwazve kwemigwagwa, kubviswa kwemvura mumvura, nzvimbo itsva dzokurapisa, uye kuvakwa kwenzvimbo dzinochengeterwa mishonga kana kuti mapaki.

Kushandisa Mari Munzvimbo Yacho

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba nenzvimbo duku zvikuru yemitero kupfuura nyika kana kuti hurumende yehurumende, naizvozvo dzinofanira kushandisa mubatanidzwa wamanyuko emari yakatsaurirwa:

  • [ Mitero inogamuchirwa[ — manyuko emari anozivikanwa zvikurusa, kazhinji kazhinji ane mitero chaiyo nokuda kwamapaki kana kuti maraibhurari.
  • Mitero yokutengesa yenzvimbo yacho — maguta akawanda nenzvimbo dzinoverengwa dzependi yokuwedzera kana kuti chikamu chiduku chesendi nokuda kwezvokufambisa kana kuti kuvandudza kwemarongerwo enzvimbo.
  • Nzvero dzechitsama — mari pamusoro pezvinhu zvinobetserwa zvakananga nechirongwa, zvakadai semutsetse mutsva wetsvina kana kuti ruwa rwemagetsi rwomugwagwa.
  • [ Mitengo yemari [ — mari inobhadharwa panguva imwe pakukura kutsva kubetsera kuripira mutoro werongedzero.
  • Vasingabvumirwi kubva mupurogiramu dzehurumende nedzehurumende — makwikwi nezvipo zvinopiwa zvinoda basa guru rinopfuura simba romunzvimbomo.

Pasinei zvapo nezvishandiso izvi, hurumende dzakawanda dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisana nokusanyanyokosha, kuchitungamirira kumiitiro yokuchengeta nokukwegura yapamberi. American Society of Civil Enginegers (ASCE) inoshuma kuti migwagwa yomunzvimbomo yoga inoda [ mabhiriyoni $228 [ mumitengo yegore negore, nepo kudyira kwazvino uno kuri kwakaderera zvikuru.

Kukwidziridzwa Kunenge Kuri Kumwe Kwenzvimbo dzeHurumende: Kuita Mabasa

Zvirongwa zvishoma zvikuru zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvinotsigirwa uye kuvakwa nehurumende imwe chete. Nhamburiko dzeboka dzinoda kushandira pamwe kwokungwarira mukuronga, kutsigira nemari, kubvumira, uye kuvaka. Kushandira pamwe kunobva pakukurukurirana kwakajeka, kukurukurirana, kubatana, uye kushanda kwemabhiriji kunokamuranisa.

Kugoverana Mari Yokushandisa Nendyiko

Zvirongwa zvikuru zvakadai semapikicha matsva, jira renjanji, kana kuti chipatara chinobvisa mvura — zvinonyanya kusanganisira mipiro inobva mumitsetse mitatu yose.

  • Chikamu cheFederal: kusvikira ku 80% nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru yapakati peruwa mupurogiramu dzetsika.
  • State inogoverana: 10-20% kubva kumari yezvifambiso zvehurumende kana kuti chisungo chinobva.
  • Nzvimbo yapachako inogoverana: 5-15% kubva kumitero yomunzvimbomo kana kuti murudzi rwemipiro yakafanana neyapakuwana kworudyi.

Uyu mutezo unoparira ndyiko unoparadzira mutoro wemari apo unopa mwero mumwe nomumwe danda mubudiriro yebasa. Inokurudzirawo chirango, sezvo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzichifanira kuratidzira tsigiro yenzanga nokudisa kuchengetedza mari yewirirano.

Masangano Okuronga Enharaunda

MuUnited States, Metropolitan Planning Organizations (MPOS) dzinounganidza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo namasangano ehurumende munharaunda dzomumaguta kuti varonge kuiswa kwezvifambiso zvomunharaunda. MPO dzinovimbisa kuti zvirongwa mumiganhu yehurumende zvinowirirana uye kuti mari yehurumende inogoverwa yakavakirwa panzvimbo dzinoiswa mashoko. Masangano akafanana aripo mune dzimwe nyika, akadai samasangano ebudiriro yenharaunda muUK kana communés de controgies muFrance.

Kugoverana Mashoko Nokuchinja Kwemashoko

Vatarisiri vegadziriro dzezvirongwa vazvino uno vanotsamira pamashoko anogoveranwa. Hurumende dzinowedzera kushandisa zvikuva zvakavhurwa, mibatanidzwa yemashoko enzvimbo (GIS), uye mabhukwana akabatana kuti zvirongedze purogiramu, mari inoshandiswa, uye fambiro mberi. Somuenzaniso:

  • [ Masero okunyorera akabatanidzwa nokuda kwokunzvera mabhiriji anobvumira DOT yenyika nainjiniya vomunzvimbomo kuisa zvinhu zvakagadzirirwa.
  • Permit surming nomumagadziriro ewindi rimwe chete anoderedza kunonotsa nokuda kwegadziriro dzokuvaka.
  • Gadziriro dzounyanzvi[ idzo dzinobatanidza vakuru vakuru vomubatanidzwa, hurumende, uye vomunzvimbomo pakuvamba mumuitiro wacho dzinogona kudzivisa rwisano pamusoro petapuro dzemhoteredzo kana kuti dzenzanga.

Zvinetso Zvikuru Mukukura Kwezvirongwa Zvinofamba Netsoka Dzakawanda

Pasinei nokuti kubatanidzwa kwehurumende kunobatsira, kushandira pamwe kunogona kukonzera matambudziko akawanda uye kuderedza mari.

Kushandisa Mikaha Nezvirongwa Zvemari

Kunyange kana zvikashandiswa nehurumende, zvirongwa zvakawanda zvinotarisana nemari shoma. Kuderera kwemari yemitero, nepo kudzokororwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunogona kudzongonyedza misengwa yenhambo refu. Kunzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, zvinokwikwidzana, zvinoiswa pakutanga (matongerwe enyika, zvikoro, utsanana) kazhinji kazhinji kunovhiringidza kudyira. Zvigadzikiso zvinosanganisira:

  • Kunzvera kuvamba mari [ zvakadai sokutora ukoshi (kuwedzera kwemari yemari, nzvero chaidzo panzvimbo itsva dzokufambisa).
  • Kuvaka mari yechakavanzika [ inodzivirira zvivako pamagariro emari egore negore.
  • Kukudza kuziva vanhu vose kupfurikidza nenhimbe dzinosimbisa ndyiko yemari yemari yemari — somuenzaniso, kadhi reASCE rezvisimbo zveAmerica.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa uye Kunonoka

Kuhwirudzura mhoteredzo, zvinodikanwa zvokuchengetedza zvenhau, uye tendero dzakabatana zvinogona kutora makore, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemabasa makuru. Chirongwa cheavhareji yemugwagwa mukuru weU.S. chinoda makore 7-10] kubva pakuronga kusvikira kumugumo, nemiitiro yokudzosera nokuda kwegoverano huru. Chinjo dzakadai se:

  • Programmes recustomtures shaetis dzinofukidza zvirongwa zvakawanda zvakafanana.
  • Chimwe chisarudzo chehurumende chinobvumira masangano ose.
  • [ vimbisana kwapakuvamba [ kupedza itiro hanya pamberi pehwirudzuro dzakarongwa.

Kushandisa nzira idzi kunogona kuderedza nguva asi zvichiri kuchengetedza zvakatipoteredza uye nzanga.

Kukamukana Kwezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokusadavira Zvomubatanidzwa

Zvirongwa zvokuvaka zvinowanzoshorwa nevagari vemo vanotya kuvhiringidzika kwemhoteredzo, kukuvadzwa kwezvinhu, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwemashandiro ezvinhu. Kana miganhu ikabatanidzwa, `Hazviiti MuBackyard" (NIMBY) inogona kudzongonyedza kunyange zvirongwa zvinobhadharwa. Kukunda izvi kunoda kuti:

  • nzanga yokubudisa uye kuita chisarudzo chakajeka.
  • Zvirongwa zvokubatanidza zvakadai sezvisarudzo zvokurovha zvomunzvimbomo kana kuti zvirongwa zvenzanga zvinobatanidzwa mugadziriro yegadziriro.
  • [ Kuzvimirira [ apo gakava rinomuka pakati pavabiyake vehurumende.

Misvikiro Mitsva Nenguva Yemberi Yezvirongwa zveHurumende

Sezvo mari dzehurumende dzinoramba dzichidziviswa uye dzichida kukura, mitoo yokuita zvinhu iri kuwana nhevedzano.

Kushandira pamwe kwevoruzhinji (P3s)

MaP3 anobvumira hurumende kushandisa mari yadzo huru neunyanzvi padzinenge dzichichengeta kuva kwako netarisiro. Gadziriro dzemuenzaniso dzinobatanidza zvibvumirano zvokugadzira nokuvaka nokushandisa (DBFOM) zvinosanganisira zvibvumirano, uko mubiyayo anoshanda naye anovaka uye anoshandisa ngozi. Betsero dzinosanganisira:

  • Basa rokupa vanhu mabhuku rakakura.
  • Kushandiswa kwendyiko yakakurirwa nengozi.
  • Kuvandudzwa kwemagadzirirwo nezvinhu.

World Bank’s PP Know What Lab inogovera mienzaniso inobva kupota nyika, kubva kumigwagwa inotemwa muColombia kusvikira kukurapwa nemvura muIndia.

Kubatwa Kwoukoshi uye VaRevhi Vari Nani

Kukoshesa kunobata mari yezvirongwa zvemashandiro ezvinhu nokushandisa kuwanda kwepfuma inobva mumienzaniso yebhizimisi.

  • Kuwedzera mari (TIF)[[FL:1]] — mutero wezvinhu womunguva yemberi unoshandiswa kudzorera zvisungo zvinopiwa nokuda kwokuvaka kwapamberi.
  • [ Kugadzirwa kwakananga (TOD) — kuvaka uye kubhadharisa pazviteshi zvitsva zvokufambisa kunobetsera kutsigira zviteshi zvimene.
  • [ Mitengo yemibato pakubudirira kutsva inovimbisa kukura kunobhadhara nokuda kwegadziriro dzakwo.

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Nemaguta Akanaka

Hurumende dzose dziri kuisa mari mugadziriro dzemichina dzemakombiyuta — kubva pafiber dzakapamhama kuenda kumifungo inoongorora kufamba kwemotokari, kunaka kwemhepo, uye kushanda kwemichina. Zvinhu zvinoshandiswa zvinogona kuderedza mari inoshandiswa uye kuvandudza basa. Somuenzaniso, zvifambiso zvine uchenjeri (ITS) zvinodzorwa nehurumende zvinogona kugadziridza zviratidzo zvemotokari munguva chaiyo, kuderedza kuwanda kwemigwagwa pasina kuwedzera simba remugwagwa.

Kupedzisa: Kudikanwa Kwokusvika Kwakabatanidzwa, Kwakawanda

Kugadzirwa kwemipimo yakanakisisa inoitwa apo iyi mwero inoshanda mutsinhirano, kugoverana mashoko, kuronga zvinhu, uye kutungamirira ngozi. Kuvagari vemo, nyika, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo imwe neimwe dzinounza mibato inokosha: mari nenhungamiro yehurumende, kubatana kwemitemo nenharaunda, uye kufambidzana kwenharaunda. Migumisiro yakanakisisa inoitika apo mwero iyi inoshanda mutsinhirano, kuronga zvinhu zvinokosha, uye kutungamirira pamwe chete ngozi. Kuvagari vemo nevanoisa njodzi, kunzwisisa iyi purogiramu iri nhano yokutanga kukurevererwa kwenyanzvi yevhuru, zvinhu zvakasimba zvikuru. Sezvinowedzera kushaidzo dzekuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kukura kwemitengo, uye kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu zvinokura, mano ehurumende okubatira pamwe nenzira ichava chinhu chisarudzo kana nzvimbo yedu yokugona kusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvechizvarwa chinotevera.