Kunzwisisa kuti mhaka dzoutsotsi dzinofamba sei mumatare kunokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anodzidza mutemo, nhau, kana kuti kushanda kukuru kwegadziriro yeruramisiro. Muitiro wacho hausi chinoitika chimwe asi nhevedzano yakarongeka yenhano, imwe neimwe yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira maruramiro omunhu anopomerwa apo anenge achivimbisa kuchengeteka kwavose nokuzvidavirira. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera nzvero ine udzame, nhano nhano nenhano dzorwendo irworwo, kubva pakunzvera kwokutanga kusvikira kumuitiro wokukwirira kwokupedzisira, netsananiso dzenheyo dzapamutemo nerangariro dzinoshanda padanho imwe neimwe.

1. KUFUNGWA: Kuvaka Hwaro

Muitiro woutsotsi unovamba kare dare risati rabatanidzwa. Masangano emitemo anotarisira mapurisa enzvimbo inogarwa, madhipatimendi ehurumende, mabhii ehurumende akadai seFBI(initiatest kunzvera apo vanogamuchira nyunyuto, cherekedza mubato unonyumwira, kana kuti anotungamirirwa nechiremera. Chinangwa ndechokuunganidza ufakazi hwakakwana kuti aone kana mhaka yakaitwa uye kuziva kuti inofungidzirwa. Iyi nhambo inodzorwa nebumbiro remitemo, kubatanidza dziviriro yeDursetmentation musetting nespective (ona Conformation Reformation Institute ]

Mibato Inokosha Yokunzvera

  • [ Ufakazi hunooneka: Zvinhu zvakadai sezvombo, maminwe, maminwe, DNA, uye ufakazi hwemichina zvinochengetwa, zvinonyorwa, uye zvinotumirwa nokuda kwokunzvera kwechinetso.
  • [ Bvunzurudzo dzeZvapupu:[ Mutemo unotaura navanyajambwa, vamiriri, uye vamwe vanhu vangave vane mashoko akafanira. Kutaura kwakanyorwa uye kunoshandiswa kutsigira kana kuti kudenha ufakazi chaihwoihwo.
  • [[FT:0] Kuongorora nokuongorora: Vaongorori vangaongorora muviri kana kuti magetsi (achida fomu) kucherechedza mitoo, kuunganidza uchenjeri, kana kuti kubata mubato usiri wapamutemo.
  • Tsunga dzokutsvaka: Apo vanzveri vanoda kupinda munzvimbo yakavandika kana kuti kutora zvinhu zvakati, vanofanira kuwana rugwaro kubva kumutongi pahwakavakirwa pachisakiso chinobvira. Mamiriro ezvinhu akashata pane dzimwe nguva anobvumira kunzvera kusina pamutemo, asi izvozvi zvinodzokororwa nenzira yorumano.

Nzvero dzinogona kutora mazuva, mwedzi, kana kuti kunyange makore. Nemhaka dzakaoma. “‘ Dzakadai soutsotsi hwakarongwa, kubiridzira kwezuva, kana kuti ugandanga() masangano anoshanda pamwe angabatira pamwe kushandisa masimba ebasa nemabasa akabatana. Kunaka kwokunzvera kunopesvedzera zvakananga simba renhau inopfuura nomumatare.

Kusungwa: Kupa Mutongo Mutorongo

Kana kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwangova nechisakiso chinobvira chokudavira munhu akaita mhaka, kusungwa kungaitwa. Kusungwa kushaiwa kukuru rusununguko uye kunofanira kuzvibata nemipimo yapamutemo. Kusungwa kunogona kuitika nemaruramiro (kunobvumirwa nomutongi) kana kuti pasina mumwe kana mukuru mukuru wacho akapupurira mhaka yacho kana kuti ane chisakiso kana kuti migariro inovapo. Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakatonga kuti kusungwa kusingabvumirwi muvoruzhinji kunobvumirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, asi kusungwa mukati memusha kunowanzoda bvumo kunze kwokunge pabvumiranwa kana kuti kutenderwa kushandisirwa (ona [[FT.K:0]] .[FLT] PMYK:1] v.

Zviito Zvokusungwa

  • [[FLT: 0] Arpast negwaro: Mapurisa anooneka pamberi pomutongi, aripo akapika achiratidzira chisakiso chinobvira, uye anogamuchira maruramiro akasainwa anobvumidza kusungwa.
  • Kusungwa kusingatsungiririki muruzhinji: Mukuru mukuru anocherechedza mhaka kana kuti kukanganisa, kana kuti ane chinobvira chokuti mhaka yakaitwa, angasunga anofungidzirwa nokukurumidza.
  • Kusungwa kusina mhaka muchivande: Kazhinji kazhinji kunoganhurira zvikuru; mukuru mukuru angapinda muimba yapachivande pasina maruramiro bedzi kana pane chisakiso chinobvira kubatanidza mamiriro ezvinhu anotyisa, akadai sokuronda kukuru kana kuti ngozi yoruparadziko rwoufakazi.

Pakusungwa, mukuru mukuru anorava chaizvoizvo anonyumwira kodzero dzavo (maruramiro okuramba akanyarara uye kugweta) kana bvunzurudzo yekodzero yakarongwa. Uku kudzivirira kunovimbisa kutaura kupi nokupi kwakaitwa gare gare ndekwokuzvidira uye kusingapindurwi.

Kunyora: Chinyorwa Choutarisiri

Kunyora mabhuku inhano yokutarisira iyo inoita kuti chinyorwa chepamutemo chokusungwa uye mashoko omunhu oga anenge asina mhosva aendeswe kukambani yemapurisa kana kuti kudare.

Zvinyorwa Zvakakodzera Zvinoshandiswa

  • Kudhinda:[[FT:1] Mipumburu ine gumi inonyorwa pafoni kana kuti pamakadhi eingi. Iyi mipumburu inogoverwa namapepa enyika neorudzi (mutoo., AFIS, IAFIS).
  • Kunyora pafoni (mushonga): Froms nemifananidzo yakatanhamara zvinotorwa nokuda kwokuzivisa nokuchengeta zvinyorwa.
  • [ Mashoko emunhu oga: Zita, kero, musi wokuberekwa, uye basa zvinonyorwa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kunzvera kwokudzokera shure: kunoshanda zita renyumwiro nomumapepa apamutemo enhau youtsotsi kuti aone kusungwa kusati kwaitika, maruramiro, kana kuti zvitendero.
  • Muwandu wezvinhu zvomunhu oga unorongwa ndokuchengetwa; chinonyumwirwa chingabudiswa zvipfeko zvomujeri.
  • Kuongorora: Mibvunzo yeBhatsi yezvokurapa neyoutano hwepfungwa inobvunzwa kuziva kana musungwa achida kutarisirwa nokukurumidza kana kuti wachi yokuzviuraya.

Muitiro wokunyora unowanzotora munhu kusvika kumaawa anoverengeka. Chinofungidzirwa ipapo chinochengetwa muchitokisi kutozosvikira pakuoneka kwazvo kwokutanga pamberi pomutongi (kazhinji kazhinji mukati memaawa 24 kusvikira ku 48, kuchitsamira panzvimbo yacho.

4. Kuoneka Kwokutanga: Kusangana Kwedare Rokutanga

Kuoneka kwokutanga (kunonziwo kupomerwa pamusoro penyunyuto mune dzimwe nzvimbo) izuva rokutanga romunyumwiri mudare. mutongi anozivisa mukwirirwi nezvepomero dzacho, anovimbisa kuti vanonzwisisa kodzero dzavo, uye anopindura nhau yokusunungurwa kwedare risati ratongwa.

Zvikamu Zvokutanga Kuoneka

  • Kurava nezvepomero: Mutongi anorava kunyunyuta kana kuti mashoko anorondedzera mhaka dzinopomerwa. Mumatare akawanda, kopi inogoverwa kumukwirirwi.
  • Akarurama kuzano: Mutongi anosimbisa kana mukwirirwi ane gweta. Kana mukwirirwi akapinzwa mubudiso, dare richarangarira kugadza murwiri wavose kana kuti mumwe zano rakagadzwa pandyiko yehurumende.
  • Tsarudzo yeBail: Mutongi anogadza migariro yokusunungurwa, uko kungabatanidza mari yebhero yemari, kuzivikanwazve kwomunhu oga, kana kuti migariro yakadai sechemberedzo dzemagetsi, ganhuriro dzenzendo, kana kuti kusaonana navanyajambwa. Dare rinorambidza bhera rakanyanyisa, asi dare rinogona kuramba bhera rebhedharo nokuda kwemhosva dzakati dzakakomba kana kuti kana mukwidziri akaparira ngozi kana kuti ngozi kunzanga.

Munzvimbo dzakawanda, chitarisiko chokutanga chipfupi, kazhinji kazhinji maminiti asingasviki gumi — pasina kupokanidzana pamusoro pebhedha kana kuti kumirira.uku kunzwa kunonyandura wachi nokuda kwezvinoitika zvinotevera, zvakadai sokunzwa kwokutanga.

5. Kutanga Kunzwa: Kuongorora Uchapupu

Kutonga kwokutanga idziviriro yakakomba. Hakusati kuri kuongorora kunoenderera mberi kuona kana pane chisakiso chinobvira chokudavira mukwiridziri akaita mhaka yapamhosva. Kutonga kunoitirwa pamberi pomutongi, kwete dare rinobetsera vatongi, uye muchuchisi anofanira kupa ufakazi hwakakwana kuti asvike mupimo unobvira nea muduku kupfuura kupanikira kune mufungo.

Chinangwa uye Zvatinoita

  • Kurangarirwa kwesimba roufakazi: Muchuchisi anozivisa zvapupu, magwaro, uye ufakazi chaihwoihwo. Kuzvidzivirira kungapa uchapupu hweexamine ndokudenha kuzara kwoufakazi.
  • Chisakiso chakarurama chinowanwa: Kana mutongi akawana chisakiso chinobvira, mhaka yacho inopfuurira. Kana zvisina kudaro, pomero dzingabviswa, kunyange zvazvo muroveri wemhaka pane dzimwe nguva anogona kushatisa kana ufakazi hutsva hukabuda.
  • Banza rokuwana: Kunzwa kwokutanga kunobatirawo sechishandiso chokuwana nacho chokudzivirira, kuchiabvumira kufanoona chinoitika chehurumende nechipupuriro chouchapupu.

Kana kutonga kwokutanga kuchiitwa uye chikonzero chingangodaro chichiwanikwa, nyaya yacho inosungirirwa kudare rinotonga.

6. Kupa mhaka kana kuti Mashoko: Kutonga Kwakarongwa

Pashure pechingaparira kutsunga, chiridzwa chinobhadharisa chinobudiswa. Nzira huru mbiri dziripo: kutsiviwa [ (Grand jaji) kana reconformation[ (yakashongedzwa nomuchuchisi).

Misiyano nemabasa

  • Kupa mhaka: Mutumbi mukuru wedare rinobetsera vatongi(1] wakaungana zvakananga nokuda kweichi donzo(*) inowana ufakazi pachivande ndokusarudza kana pane chisakiso chinobvira chokupa pomero dzetsika. Nhau dzeFederalfelon dzinoda kupomerwa kwedare guru muFindment yeFindmer. Inenge hafu yenyika dzinoshandisa mitongo mikuru nokuda kwemhosva dzose.
  • Mashoko: Mumiitiro mizhinji yedare rehurumende, muchuchisi anonyora gwaro rinopomera rinonzi mashoko pashure pokunge anzwa kwokutanga abvumikisa chisakiso chinobvira. Mutongi ipapo anosaidza “mutemo wechokwadi” wokupa mhaka mudzimwe nharaunda, nepo mune dzimwe mashoko mashoko amene akamira sepomero.

Pasinei nokuti nzira yacho ndeipi, pomero yacho inoronga mhosva dzakananga dzinopomerwa mupomeri, kusanganisira zvinhu zvinofanira kubvumikiswa nehurumende pakutongwa.

7. Kururamisirwa: Kupinda Munzvimbo Yezvikepe

Kupomerwa uku kuoneka kwapachena kwomupomerwi mudare kuti anzwe pomero dzapamutemo uye kuti apinde muchikumbiro.

Zvaungaita

  • [[FLT: 0] Commentary:[ Mukwiridziridzi anobvuma mhaka uye anofanira kubvisa maruramiro kukutonga. Mutongi anofanira kuva nechokwadi chokuti chikumbiro chacho chinoitwa nokuzvidira uye chakangwara, uye kuti pane hwaro hwechokwadi hwepomero.
  • Haana mhaka: Mukwirirwi anoramba pomero uye mhaka yacho inopfuurira kukuita kwokutonga nokutonga.
  • Hapana makwikwi (nolo imantinere): Mukwirirwi haabvumi mhaka asi anogamuchira chirango sokunge ane mhaka. Uku kukumbira kunodzivisa kubvumwa kungagona kushandiswa mudare ravagari vemo. Mamwe zviremera zvinoganhurira kushandiswa kwayo.
  • Handina mhaka nemhaka yokupenga (mudzimwe nharaunda): Chikumbiro chaicho chinonyandura kunzvera kwendangariro uye zvinoitika zvokuzvipira zvingabvira.

Kana mukwirirwi akateterera asina mhaka, mutongi anogadza rudungwe rwezviito zvokutonga namusi wokutonga.

8. Kufamba Kusati Kwaitika: Kuderedza Hondo

Vasati vatongwa, mativi ose ari maviri anoendesa nyaya mudare kuti apedze nhau dzedare.

Kufamba Kunowanzoitika Pasati Pasvika

  • Motion kudzvinyirira ufakazi: Agues kuti ufakazi hwakati hwakawanwa zvisiri pamutemo (mutoo, kunzvera kusina kurongwa, kureurura kwokumanikidzira) uye hunofanira kubviswa pakutongwa.
  • [ Kukumbira kuchinja nzvimbo: Kuendesa kutonga kwacho kune imwe nzvimbo kudzivisa kuziviswa kwenhau kunofungira mano akaipa kana kuti fungidziro yenzanga.
  • Motion kudzinga pomero: inoreva urema hunouraya munhau yechuchisi, zvakadai sokushaikwa kwechiremera, kuputswa kwamaruramiro okuedza anokurumidza, kana kuti ufakazi husina kukwana.
  • Motion nokuda kwokuwana: inobatanidza kuchuchisa kupa ufakazi hwaibetsera kudziviriro (zvinhu zvokudzivirira pasi pe Brady v. Maryland) uye ndaza dzezvapupu.
  • Motion mu limine: inotsvaka chisarudzo pamusoro pokuti ufakazi hwakati kana kuti chipupuriro chinogona kutangwa pakutonga, ichidzivisa fungira mano yakaipa vatongi vasati vazvinzwa.

Vatongi vanowanzorondedzera uchapupu uye nharo zvichapiwa kudare rinobetsera vatongi.

9. Kutongwa: Kurevererwa kwePakati

Kutonga kwacho kuongororwa kwenhau pamberi pomutongi kana kuti vatongi. Iko kuzivisa kupfuurira uko murovereri wemhosva ane mutoro wokubvumikisa rutivi rwuri rwose rwoutsotsi pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Kuzvidzivirira kunofanira kupa ufakazi, zvapupu zvinopa mhaka dzapamuchinjikwa, uye kupikisa kusunungurwa.

Vatongi Vanozvitonga

  • Kusarudza kwakaipa (kutyisa): uye mutongi anopanikira vatongi vanobvira kuziva rusaruro ndokusarudza nzvimbo isingasaruri. Rutivi rumwe norumwe rungashandisa denho nedenho nokuda kwechisakiso.
  • [ Kutaura kwokuzarura: Kuchuchisa nokuzvidzivirira kunoratidzira nhau dzavo. Hapana ufakazi hunopiwa; uku kutaura ipfupiso dzeicho rutivi rumwe norumwe runoda kubvumikisa.
  • Kupiwa kwoufakazi: Dare rinodana zvapupu nokusuma zviratidziro. Kudzivirira kwapamuchinjikwa kwapamberi pechapupu chimwe nechimwe. Pashure pokunge kukwirira kwamira, dziviriro ingapa ufakazi hwayo imene, kubatanidza zvapupu neufakazi hwomukwirirwi. Mukwirirwi ane maruramiro okusapupurira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Tsvakauro: Attorney dzinopfupikisa ufakazi ndokukurudzira vatongi kuita mhedziso dzakananga. Kukwirira kunotanga, ipapo dziviriro, uye vachuchisi vangapa tsinhiro.
  • Miraidzo yemajere: Mutongi anorava mipimo yemitemo inotungamirira kurangarira, kubatanidza rondedzero youtsotsi, mutoro woufakazi, uye zvisarudzo zvinobvira.
  • Kurangarira:[[FLT: 1] Vatongi vanorega basa mukamuri rapachivande kuti vakurukure uye vovhota. Kuzvipinza mudare kungatora maminiti, maawa, kana kuti mazuva. Kana vatongi vasingagoni kusvika pachisarudzo chimwe, idare rinobetsera vatongi, uye dare ringazivisa mhaka.

Dare reSabata reSabata reSabata reSabata reSabata rinosarudza nyaya yacho.

Kupa chirango: Zvamunowana

Pashure pokurangarira, vatongi (kana kuti mutongi mukutonga kwebhenji) vanozivisa mutongo wacho mudare rapachena. miuyo inobvira ndeiyi:

  • [[FLT: 0] Comment [ Vatongi vanowana kuti vatongi vabvumikisa chinhu chiri chose pasina panikiro ine mufungo. Mukwirirwi anopomerwa mhaka.
  • Haana mhaka: Vatongi vanosarudza kuti kukwikwidza mhaka kwakakundikana kusvitsa mutoro wavo. Mukwirirwi anosunungurwa uye haagoni kupiwazve mhaka imwe cheteyo (dziviriro yengozi kaviri).

Mune dzimwe nzvimbo, vatongi vangadzorerawo mutongo chaiwo (kupindura mibvunzo chaiyo) kana kuti mutongi paanogumisa uchapupu hwacho pasina kukwana.

11. Kurangwa: Chirango Chinoyera

Mutongi anoisa mutongo wakavakirwa panhungamiro dzemitemo, rudzi rwoutsotsi, mamiriro ezvinhu omukwiridzi, uye simba pavananyajambwa.

Zvinhu Zvinorangarirwa noMutongi

  • [ Uipi hwemhosva:[[FT: 1] Homicide, matsotsi ane masimba masimba, uye mhaka dzevatano kazhinji kazhinji dzine mitongo mirefu. Misdemears dzinotungamirira kukuvadziko dzakaderera.
  • [ Chinyorwa choutsotsi chapakarepo: Vapari vemhosva vanonanganazve nezvirango zvakawedzerwa mumitemo inoita misikanzwa kana kuti mitemo yemitaro mitatu.
  • [ Kutaura kusingachinji: Vanyajambwa kana kuti mhuri dzavo dzingataura kana kuti kutumira mashoko akanyorwa anorondedzera kuvadziko inoparirwa.
  • [ Mamiriro ezvinhu anochinja kana kuti anokwidziridza: Kuzvidzivirira kungapa ufakazi hwokuzvidemba, chirwere chendangariro, batira pamwe nezviremera, kana kuti mugariro wakare wakaoma. Kupomera kungasimbisa utsinye hweutsotsi, kurongerwa, kana kuti kushatisa chivimbo.
  • Nhungamiro dzinopinza: Nyika dzakawanda dzine mitsetse inoronga kana kuti inoraira iyo inoronga musiyano wemwedzi kana kuti makore. Mutongi angabva munhungamiro neruramiso.

Sangano dzokutongera munhu mutongo dzinosanganisira kuiswa mujeri, kuongororwa, faindi, basa renzanga, kuongorora zvinhu zvemagetsi, kana kuti mubatanidzwa.Muzviitiko zvorufu, chikamu chimwe chete chezvirango chinosarudza kana kuuraya kwakakodzera. Mutongo wacho unopiwa mudare repachena, uye mitongo yokusunungurwa uye kudzorerwa kunoitwa zvingarayirwa.

Kukwirira: Kuhwirudzura neDare Rapamusoro Zvikuru

Mukwirirwi (zvino mutongi) ane maruramiro okukwidza kutenderwa kana kuti mutongo kudare rapakati. Muhurumende dzakawanda, kune kukwirira kumwe sokunoruramisira; kumwezve kudare gurusa rehurumende kana kuti Dare Rapamusorosoro reUnited States rinosarudza.

Nzvimbo Dzokukwezva

  • zvikanganiso zvemitemo pakutongwa: kupinza kusina kufanira ufakazi, miraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi isina kururama, kusazvibata kwemuchuchisi, kana kuti betsero inoshanda yezano.
  • Ufakazi husina kukwana: Mukwirirwi anotaura kuti hapana mufungo weidi waigona kuve wakawana kuva nemhaka kupfuura panikiro ine mufungo yakavakirwa paufakazi hunopiwa.
  • [[[FT:0] zvikanganiso zvokuisa: Mutongo wakanga usiri wapamutemo (kunze kwemitemo) kana kuti usina mufungo nenzira yakajeka.
  • Ufakazi huchangobva kuwanwa: Mumigariro yakaganhurirwa, ufakazi hutsva uhwo zvimwe hungachinja muuyo ungamutswa pakukwirira kana kuti mukufamba kwapashure pekunaya.

Dare rinoongorora chinyorwa chehrefu yenhau(mapepa edare, masherefu, ufakazi() uye zvinganzwa kutaura. Inogona kusimbisa kupwiswa, kuchinjwa uye kudzorwa nokuda kwekutongwa kutsva, gadziridza mutongo, kana kuti kurongerwa. Murovereri kazhinji kazhinji haagoni kukwidza kuvhozhokera kusunungurwa, asi angakwirira zvisarudzo zvakati zvapamberirwei kana kuti mutongo apo dare rinobvumira. Kukwirira kunogona kutora mwedzi kana kuti makore, uye mukati menguva iyoyo mukwirirwi anosungwa zvapamutemo kutorerwa.

Kupfuura Kukwirira: Kuhwirudzura

Pashure pokunge kukumbira kwakananga kwapera, vakwirirwi vangatsvaka vamutsiridziri mudare rehurumende kana vakapikisa kuti kutenderwa kwavo kana kuti mutongo unoputsa kodzero dzebumbiro remitemo. Ichi chiito chinoitwa nehurumende chinodenha kuva pamutemo kwevasungwa. Vasungwa vehurumende vanofanira kufemedza mishonga yenyika kutanga. Zvikumbiro kazhinji kazhinji zvinenge zviri nhengedzo yokupedzisira mutongo usati waitwa, uye ivo vanodzorwa nemitemo yemitemo yetsika. Nokuda kwechinyorwa chine chiremera panzvimbo pahabeas corpus, ona U.S.

Mugumisiro: Muitiro Wacho Wose

Gadziriro yenhau dzeutsotsi yakarongedzerwa kudzikamisa fariro yenzanga mukuranga chakaipa nekodzero yomunhu kumuitiro wakafanira. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe (kubva pakunzvera kupfurikidza nokukwirira) chashanduka mumazana amakore egamuchidzanwa rapamutemo nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo. Kunzwisisa nhano idzi kunopa hwindo mukushandiswa kweruramisiro uye kuti kodzero dzinodzivirirwa sei. Kupfuurira kurava pamusoro pomuitiro woutsotsi, [[FLT:] U.S. Department yeRumbiso rwechisarudzo rwegadziriro yemubatanidzwa weutsotsi yehurumende rinopa pfupiso yakajeka, uye Calvin Carencercercer Services res ressioner[[[FLT]] system] inogovera majeko nemiraudzo. Iyi inoshanda sechipo yevadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa zvikuru chirongwa.