Table of Contents

Kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare zvakatanhamara, vatongi vanodudzira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo, vanorondedzera kodzero dzavanhu, uye vanogadza gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinodzora mamiriyoni oupenyu.Kunzwisisa kuti matare anoumba sei mitemo yedu kunoda kuongorora nhau dzinokosha zvikuru dzakachinja dare reAmerica ndokupfuurira kupesvedzera kufunga kwapamutemo nhasi.

Kubva pakutanga nheyo huru yokuongorora kwokutonga kusvika pakurondedzera kodzero dzevanhu uye rusununguko rwavo pachavo, zvisarudzo zveDare Repamusorosoro zvakatsanangura zvatsanangurwazve miganhu yesimba rehurumende norusununguko rwemunhu oga.

Kunzwisisa Kuhwirudzura Kworutongeso: Fandesheni Yesimba reDare

Kuhwirudzura dare ndirimwe ramativi anosiyanisa omutemo webumbiro remitemo weUnited States. Zvisinei, Bumbiro reMitemo haripi matare ehurumende simba rokuzivisa zviito zvehurumende zvisiri pamutemo. Iri simba rakabuda kupfurikidza nedudziro yedare uye razova ibwe rekona retsika dzemitemo yeAmerica.

Murangariro wokuongorora dare unobvumira matare kunzvera mitemo inopfuudzwa nezviremera zvinotonga zvinotorwa navakuru vakuru kusarudza kana zvinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Apo matare anowana kuti mutemo kana kuti chiito chinoputsa Bumbiro remitemo, anogona kuuputsa, achiuita kuti urege kumanikidzirwa. Iri chiremera rinoisa mutongi munzvimbo yechienzi somutauriri wokupedzisira werevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuongororwa kwedare kwaizobatsira kuva nechokwadi chokuti vatongi vakaramba vari bazi rakaenzana rehurumende pedyo nemapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru.

Marbury v. Madison (1803): Kugadza Chiremera Chinotonga

Marbury neMadison chisarudzo chinokosha cheDare Repamusorosoro reUnited States chakatanga nheyo yokuongorora.

Zvinotaurwa Nematongerwe Enyika

Mhaka yacho yakavamba pakuvamba muna 1801 ndokubva murwisano pakati papurezidhendi aipinda John Adams napurezidhendi anouya Thomas Jefferson. Adams, mutezo weFederalist Party, akanga arasikirwa nesarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S. ya1800 kusvikira kuJefferson, uyo akatungamirira Democratic-Republican Party. Mumazuva okupedzisira ePresidentia yake, Adam akagadza vatongi vazhinji veFederalist kuti vachengete pesvedzero yebato rake mujudiciary.

Zvisinei, basa rake harina kupiwa Jefferson asati atora basa.Mutungamiriri mutsva akarayira Munyori wake weHurumende, James Madison, kuti arege kuita basa rasara, achigadzirira nzvimbo yerwisano yebumbiro remitemo.

Mutongi Mukuru Marshall Anoshandisa Nzira Yokugadzira Zvinhu

Mumurangariro wakanyorwa naMarshall, Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti kuramba kwaMadison kuendesa mumirimo waMarbury kwakanga kusiri kwapamutemo. Dare rakataurawo kuti kwakanga kwakafanira mumigariro yakadaro kuti dare rirayire mukuru mukuru wehurumende kukwirira kuendesa dare. Zvisinei, Marshall akatarisana nomugariro wezvematongerwe enyika wakakomba.

Kana Dare rakaraira Madison kupa dare racho, Jefferson aigona kungofuratira zvake murairo wacho, achifumura utera hwamajangarija. Kana Dare rakaramba kupa murairo, kwaizoratidzika kuti bazu rokutonga rakanga raiswa mudzvinyiriro yavakuru vakuru. Marshall akagadzira chigadzikiso chakadzivisa misungo yose iri miviri apo akanga achifutunura simba rokutonga panguva imwe cheteyo.

Kunzvera mutemo Congress kwakanga kwaitwa kurondedzera chiremera cheDare Rapamusoro - soro (889) sestuates 13 reGuta reJudiciary Act ra 1789 (89), dare rakawana kuti Mutemo wakanga wawedzera rondedzero yechiremera cheDare Rapamusorosoro kupfuura yakatanga muBumbiro reMitemo reU. dare ipapo rakagumisa chikamu 13 chechiito chacho, richizivisa kuti matare eAmerica ane simba rokuputsa mitemo yaanowana yokuputsa Bumbiro remitemo.

Tapuro Isingaperi

Yakazivisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. mutemo chaiwoiwo, kwete chete kutaura kwenheyo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nemirangariro. Yakabetserawo kurondedzera muganhu uri pakati pamapazu avakuru vakuru akaparadzana neamatare ehurumende yomubatanidzwa. Iyi nheyo yakashandura tsika yemitemo yeAmerica.

MuMarbury v. Madison, akasarudza muna 1803, Dare rapamusoro, kwenguva yokutanga, rakagumisa chiito cheCongress sechisina wirirano. Ichi chisarudzo chakaparira dzidziso yehwirudzuro yedare ndokugadza Dare rapamusorosoro reUnited States somuturikiri mukuru weBumbiro remitemo. Chisarudzo chacho chaioneka mukusimbisa kwaMarshall simba rokutonga panguva imwe chete apo chaisvika pamugumisiro uyo Jefferson aigona kugamuchira.

Kunyange zvazvo pasina mumwe mutemo wakaziviswa kuti hauwirirani nemitemo kutozosvikira chisarudzo chaDred Scott cha 1857, basa reDare Rapamusorosoro rokuputsa mitemo yehurumende neyehurumende inopesana neBumbiro reMitemo harina kumbodenhwa zvakakomba.

Brown v. Board of Education (1954): Dismantling Secorvation

Dare rakabvumirana rakapidigura Plessy neFruguson ndokutaura kuti mitemo yehurumende inoda kana kuti inobvumira zvikoro zvine madzinza anoputsa Ecult Protection Claus ye 144th Amendment. Dare rakataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "Zvivako zvedzidzo zvakasiyana hazvienzaniswi chaizvoizvo.

Kutendeuka "Kuzvienzanisa Zvikuru"

Chisarudzo chaBrown chinoziviswa sechisarudzo chinokosha munhau yeDare Rapamusoro, kuputsa Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) iyo yakanga yasika "dzidziso yakapesana asi yakaenzana". MuPlesty, Dare raidavira kuti kunyange zvazvo mutemo weLouisiana waida kuti vakwiri venjanji vasarurwe pahwaro, pakanga pasina kuputswa kweMutezo weMitemo weMitemo we14 wePremendement's Udzivirizi Claus aibhedhae kwenguva refu zvikuru sezvo pokugara pakanga pari pakanga pa "sc, asi wakaenzana."

Kwaanodokusvika makumi matanhatu amakore, chisarudzo chePlesby chakagovera ruramiso yapamutemo nokuda kweparadzano yedzinza muUnited States. Zvikoro, zvokufambisa, maresitorendi, hotera, uye anodokuva rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu vaibatira mugadziriro dzavanhu dzakaganhurirwa, zvikurukuru muSouth. "Muganhu asi wakaenzana" dzidziso yakabvumira nyika kuchengeta madzinza apo dzaitaura kuteererwa kwebumbiro remitemo.

Nzira Yaienda kuBrown

Mutumbi weko wamapoka, Oliver Brown, dare rechikoro reTopeka, Kansas pashure pokunge mwanasikana wake anyimwa kugamuchirwa kuchikoro chepuraimari chevachena pedyo nomusha wavo uye kumanikidzirwa kupinda chikoro chine miganhu misha kure.

NAACP Legal Defense Fund, yakatungamirirwa naThurfall Marshall (uyo gare gare aizova mutongi wokutanga weAfrican Supreme Court), akatanga gadziriro yapamutemo yakakwana. Ivo vakapa ufakazi hwesayenzi yenzanga hunoratidzira kuti kusarura kwakaita kuvadziko yendangariro pavana veAfrica, kuchisekesa mufungo wokuti nzvimbo dzakaparadzana dzinogona kuzombova dzakaenzana zvirokwazvo.

Kuchinja Sosaiti yeAmerica

Chisarudzo chacho chaimirira nguva yaikanganiswa munhau yeAmerica, kunyange zvazvo kuitwa kwayo kwainetsa uye kuchimutsa nharo.

Nyika zhinji dzokuMadokero dzakabatanidzwa mu "kudzivisa kwokusabvumirana," kuramba kuwirirana nemirairo inodzorwa. Mamwe maruwa ezvikoro akavhara zvikoro zvavose chose chose panzvimbo pokubatana. Mauto eFederal pane dzimwe nguva akanga ari madikanwa kumanikidza mirairo yedare, seapo Purezidhendi Eisenhoer akatumira 101st Airbor Division to Little Rock, Arkansas muna 1957 kudzivirira vadzidzi vapfumbamwe veAfrica vaibatanidza Central High School.

Pasinei zvapo nokuramba, Brown akashandura zvikurukuru nzvimbo yapamutemo. Yakazivisa kuti Ecult Protection Claus yakarambidza rusaruro rwenyika uye yakagovera pfuti dzapamutemo nokuda kwesangano rakafara rekodzero dzavagari vemo. Nheyo dzechisarudzo dzakatambanudzwa kupfuura dzidzo kudenha kusarurana mumativi ose oupenyu hwavanhu.

Miranda muArizona (1966): Kudzivirira Vadziviriri Voutsotsi

Miranda muArizona (1966) Vabatiri vanofanira kuzivisa vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo vasati vabvunzurudzwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakabvuma, richiita kuti mapurisa azive vanonyumwira kodzero dzavo vasati vabvunzurudzwa.

Mugariro Wacho Wenhau

Pashure pemaawa akawanda achibvunzurudzwa nemapurisa, Ernesto Miranda akabvuma kuti anobata chibharo uye akabata vanhu. Paaitongwa, akaedza kudzvinyirira kureurura kwake, achitaura kuti akanga asina kupiwa zano rekodzero dzake dzokupa zano uye kuramba akanyarara. Mhaka yaMiranda yakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro pemabvunzurudzo emapurisa uye kudzivirirwa kwekodzero dzebumbiro remitemo.

Dare rakawana kuti Kuchinja kweNhengo Dzokupedzisira nedzechitanhatu kunoda kuti mapurisa azivise vanhu vari muusungwa kuti vane kodzero yokunyarara uye yokubatsirwa negweta.

Nyevero yeMiranda

Chisarudzo chacho chakava nechakasvika pakuzivikanwa saMaranda maruramiro kana kuti danda rokunyevera. Asati aita bvunzurudzo yekodzero dzemwana, mapurisa anofanira kuzivisa kuti:

  • Vane kodzero yokuramba vakanyarara
  • Chinhu chipi nechipi chavanotaura chinogona kushandiswa mukurwisana navo mudare
  • Vane kodzero yegweta
  • Kana vasingakwanisi kuwana gweta, mumwe achagadzwa nokuda kwavo
  • Vanogona kukumbira kodzero idzi chero nguva pavanenge vachibvunzurudzwa

Nyevero idzi dzadzika midzi mutsika dzeAmerica zvokuti dzinooneka pakarepo kubva papurogiramu dzeterevhizheni nemafirimu akawanda.

Kudzikamisa Kushandiswa Kwomutemo Nekodzero Dzemunhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Vatsoropodzi vakataura kuti chisarudzo chacho chaizotadzisa mapurisa kuongorora uye kubvumira matsotsi ane mhosva kuti apukunyuke kutonga.

Zvisinei, chisarudzo chakatangwa chedziviriro dzakajeka dzinobatsira kudzivirira kuvimbika kwokureurura uye kudzivirira kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwemapurisa chichiripo.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakanatsiridza zvinodiwa naMiranda munyaya dzakatevera, richipindura mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti kodzero yokuchengeta mwana inotanga rini, kuti chii chinoumba kubvunzurudzwa, uye kuti vanofungidzira vangakanganisa sei kodzero dzavo. Pasinei zvapo nokuchinja uku, nheyo huru inoramba yakabatana: vanofungidzirwa kuti vanofanira kuudzwa kodzero dzavo dzebumbiro remitemo vasati vabvunzurudzwa.

Wade (1973) naDobbs kana kuti Jackson (2022): The Abortion Rights Department

Mitemo inoganhurira mano omukadzi okubvisa pamuviri asati avapo haibvumirwi nemitemo. Mitemo mizhinjisa mukati momupfupi wokutanga inorambidzwa, uye ganhuriro dzoutano bedzi dzinobatanidzwa nechinhu chechipiri. Iyi yakanga iri ganhuriro muRoe v. Wade, chimwe chezvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa renhau reAmerica.

Chisarudzo Chapakuvamba

Dare rakagumisa kuti mitemo yakadaro inoputsa kodzero yeBumbiro reMitemo rokuvanza. Chisarudzo chacho chakatanga gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo yekodzero dzokubvisa pamuviri yakavakirwa pakodzero yokuva voga, iyo Dare rakanga ramboziva mumhaka dzaibatanidza kudzivirira kubata pamuviri uye kuronga mhuri.

Dare reRoe rakaita gadziriro yakachekerera zvikuru yokuyera mitemo yokubvisa pamuviri. Mukati momucheche wokutanga, chisarudzo chokubvisa pamuviri chakasiiwa kumukadzi nachiremba wake. Mukati momurata wechipiri, hurumende dzinogona kudzora kubvisa pamuviri kudzivirira utano hwaamai. Muchikamu chechitatu bedzi, pashure pokuva nechirwere, chinogona kurambidza kubvisa pamuviri kunze kwokunge kuri madikanwa kuchengetedza upenyu kana kuti utano hwaamai.

Makumi Amakore Egakava

Roe Wade yakava nzvimbo yenzvimbo yekurukurirano yezvamatongerwe enyika netsika dzeAmerica kwaanodokusvika makumi mashanu amakore. Chisarudzo chacho chakanyandura zvose zviri zviviri sangano rezvemari, iro rakadzivirira maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri sezvinokosha kurusununguko rwavakadzi nokuenzana, uye sangano ramararamiro anowedzera, iro rairangarira kubvisa mimba sekwakaipa mutsika uye raitsvaka kuparadza Roe.

Zvisarudzo zvakatevera Dare Gurusa zvakachinja chirongwa chaRoe. Planned Parenthood v. Casey (1992) zvakatsiva chirongwa chemitoro inochekerera nemupimo "mutoro usati wafanira", zvichibvumira nyika kuchinjika kukuru kudzora kubvisa pamuviri nepo dzichichengeta kodzero huru yokusarudza kubvisa pamuviri usati waita zvakanaka.

Chisarudzo Chamakondo

Jackson Women’s Health Organization (2022) Muna June 2022, Dare Rapamusoro rakadzosa Roe neww. Wade muchisarudzo cheDobbs, richibvisa maruramiro ehurumende ehurumende okubvisa pamuviri.

Voruzhinji vaidavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo haripi maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri uye kuti chiremera chokudzora kubvisa mimba chinofanira kudzorerwa kunyika uye vamiriri vakasarudzwa vavanhu. Ichi chisarudzo chaimirira chimwe chezvinoitika zvisingawanzowaniki umo Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga zvakajeka muenzaniso mukuru wakanga wavapo kwamakumi amakore.

Zvimwe zvitendero zvakatanga kudzivirira uye kuwedzera kubvisa pamuviri. Chisarudzo chacho chakabvisa kubvisa pamuviri panhau yakasarudzwa nematare edzimhosva kumubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika wakasarudzwa nematare ehurumende uye nevavhoti.

Mativi Okuwedzera Akaumba Mutemo weAmerica

McCulloch v. Maryland (1819): Federal Supremacy

Dare rakataura kuti Congress yakanga yataura masimba okugadza bhangi renyika pasi pechikamu cheGwaro reMitemo reUnited States (Constitution) chinonzi "ri madikanwa nerakafanira. Dare rakasarudzawo kuti mitemo yeUnited States inodzika mitemo yehurumende uye somugumisiro, hurumende haigoni kubhadhara bhangi renyika.

Chisarudzo cheMcCulloch chakagadza nheyo mbiri dzinokosha dzomutemo webumbiro remitemo dzinopfuurira nhasi: masimba anoreva noukuru hwehurumende. Iyi nhau yakajekesa kuti hurumende ine masimba anopfuura ayo akadudzwa zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo uye kuti mutemo womubatanidzwa unotora nzvimbo yokutanga pamutemo wehurumende unorwisana.

Gideon (1963): Kodzero kuZano

Dare racho raidavira kuti Dare Rechitanhatu rine kodzero yokubatsira zano rinoshanda pakutongwa kwemhosva uye kuti “vatongi mudare revapari vemhosva vanodiwa, kwete zvinhu zvoumbozha. ” Chisarudzo ichi chakavimbisa kuti vapomerwi vemhosva vane kodzero yokupiwa zano rakagadzwa.

Pamwe chete nekodzero yokubetsera vapomerwi vemhosva vehurumende, chisarudzo chaGidheoni chakava nomuuyo wokuwedzera gadziriro dzevadziviriri voruzhinji munyika yose.

Des Moines (1969): Vadzidzi Kodzero Dzokutaura

Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti vadzidzi havasati vachi‘bvisa maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura... pagedhi reimba yechikoro.

Dare rakawana kuti kutaura kwavadzidzi kwaigona bedzi kurambidzwa kana kwakakanganisa zvomenemene muitiro wedzidzo. Nemhaka yokuti kwakanga kusina ufakazi hwenyongano yakadaro, chikoro chakanga chiri mukuputswa kwerusununguko rwokutaura rwokutanga. Tinker akazivisa kuti vadzidzi vanochengeta maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo muchikoro, kunyange zvazvo maruramiro iwayo anogona kudzikamiswa mukurwisana namamisheni edzidzo ezvikoro.

United States v. Nixon (1974): Purezidhendi wokuzvidavirira

Mhaka iyi yakabva pamhosva yeWatergate apo Purezidhendi Nixon akaramba kuvhura tepi dzekurukurirano dzeWhite House, achitaura kuti ane ropafadzo yepamusoro.

Dare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa rakaramba nokubvumirana kutaura kwaNixon kwakakwana kweropafadzo yapamusoro, richitaura kuti nepo purezidhendi ane ropafadzo yakati yekurukurirano yakavanzika, inofanira kutera apo nzvero dzoutsotsi dzinoda ufakazi. chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa kuti hakuna munhu, kunyange purezidhendi, ari pamusoro pomutemo (8) nheyo huru yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yehurumende yapamutemo.

Nixon akateerera murayiro weDare, uye matepi akabudiswa akazivisa kubatanidzwa kwake mukufukidza punzi reWatergate. Akarega nokukurumidza pashure pacho, achimuita purezidhendi bedzi weU.S. kuti abude pabasa. Mhaka yacho yakaratidzira basa redare mukunzvera simba roukuru nokuchengeta mutemo.

Griswold v. Connecticut (1965): Kuva woga

Mutemo weConnecticut unoita kuti kushandiswa kwokudzivisa kubereka kushandiswe navaroorani kuve kusingawirirani nemhaka yokuti vaAmerica vose vane maruramiro anodzivirirwa nebumbiro remitemo kuva voga. Ichi chisarudzo chakagadza maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo kuvandika, kunyange zvazvo shoko rokuti "uori" risingaonekwi muBumbiro reMitemo.

Dare rakawana kuti kuchinja kwakasiana - siana kwebumbiro remitemo kunoparira "penumbras" kana kuti nzvimbo dzakavanzika. Iyi maruramiro okuvandika akava hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvapashure zvaibatanidza kodzero dzokubereka, kubatanidza Roe v. Wade. chisarudzo cheGriswold chakaziva kuti zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga zvakati zvinokosha kwazvo zvokuti hurumende haigoni kudzongonyedza nazvo pasina pembedzo inogombedzera.

Nheyo Dzapamutemo Dzakasimbiswa Nemhaka Dzakatanhamara

Zviitiko zvinokosha zvakurukurwa pamusoro apa zvakasimbisa nheyo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka dzinopfuurira kuumba mutemo weAmerica:

Kuhwirudzura Kutonga

Matare ane chiremera chokunzvera kana mitemo nezviito zvehurumende zvichiwirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Iri simba rinobvumira vatongi kubatira senzvero pamapazu emitemo nevakuru vakuru, vachivimbisa kuti chiito chose chehurumende chinowirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Kuhwirudzura pamutemo kwazova rutivi runodzora rwemitemo yeAmerica uye kwakapesvedzera gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo munyika yose.

Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Gemendment ye14th Experial Protection Claus inoda kuti mitemo ibate nenzira yakafanana vanhu vari munzvimbo dzakaenzana. Iyi nheyo inorambidza rusaruro rwokuzvidira uye yakashandiswa kuputsa mitemo inosarura yakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, uye mamwe mavara. Nzvero yedziviriro yakaenzana inoda matare kunzvera kana nhevedzano dzehurumende dzichibatira madonzo apamutemo uye kana dzakagadzirirwa zvakafanira kuita madonzo iwayo.

Kodzero Dzemunhu Oga

Kunyange zvazvo isingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo, kodzero yokuva woga inodzivirira zvisarudzo zvakati zvomunhu oga pakanganisika nehurumende.

Kunyengera Kwokutanga Nekwenyeredzi

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinotanga mienzaniso inotungamirira nhau dzenguva yemberi. Dzidziso yeslach decisis (chiLatin nokuda kwe "kumira kupfurikidza nezvinhu zvinosarudzwa") inosimudzira kusabvumirana uye kudeya kutaurwa kwomutemo kupfurikidza nokuraira matare kutevera zvisarudzo zvapakuvamba zvinopindura nhau dzakafanana.

Federal Supremacty

Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, mutemo wehurumende unotekeshera pasi peSupremacy Claus yeBumbiro reMitemo. Iyi nheyo inovimbisa kushandiswa kwakafanana kwomutemo womubatanidzwa mudzimwe nyika dzose uye inodzivisa hurumende kusekesa mitemo yomubatanidzwa. Zvisinei, masangano anochengeta chiremera chinokosha munharaunda umo Bumbiro remitemo risingapi simba kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa.

Tarisira

Gadziriro dzeChishanu nerechigumi namana dzinovimbisa kuti hurumende haigoni kunyima vanhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu pasina muitiro wakafanira womutemo. Ichi chinodikanwa chinobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri muitiro wakafanira (miitiro yendege) uye muitiro wakafanira (kudzivirirwa kwamaruramiro makuru). Muitiro wapanguva ino unobatira sedziviriro inodenha muchiito chehurumende youshingi.

Kutsanangura Kunoita Bumbiro Romutemo

Kunzwisisa kuti matare anoumba sei mitemo yedu kunoda kuti tiongorore nzira dzinoshandiswa nevatongi kuti vadudzire mashoko ebumbiro remitemo.

Kurerutsa

Vatongi vemavambo vanotsvaka kutsanangura Bumbiro reMitemo maererano nerevo yaro yapakuvamba − zvimwe vavariro yavagadziri kana kuti nzwisiso yavose yorugwaro apo rwakagamuchirwa.Vatsigiri vemavambo vanotaura kuti mutoo uyu unodzivisa kutonga ndokuchengeta kuvimbika kuBumbiro remitemo sezvakanyorwa.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti umwari hwapakuvamba hunogona kuparira miuyo inopesana nemipimo yazvino uno uye kuti kusarudza revo yapakuvamba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kwakaoma kana kuti haibviri.

Kurarama Kwomutemo

Vatsigiri vebumbiro remitemo vanorangarira Bumbiro reMitemo segwaro rine revo huru rine revo inochinja nemigariro yenzanga nemipimo. Vanopikisa kuti vanyore Bumbiro remitemo nemashoko akafara kubvumira chaizvoizvo kuchinjika kumigariro isingadeyi kuonwa. Vatsoropodzwa vanonetseka kuti mutoo uyu unopa vatongi uchenjeri hwakanyanyowandisa uye unovabvumira kuisa zvishuvo zvavo zvomunhu oga panzvimbo pokuchengeta mirairo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kunyora mashoko

Nyanzvi dzemashoko dzinonangidzira ngwariro parevowo zvayo yorugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo, dzichinzvera mashoko amene panzvimbo pezvinangwa zvikuru kana kuti miuyo.

Kuzvitutumadza

Vatongi vane mwero vanorangarira miuyo inoshanda yezvisarudzo zvavo, vachitsvaka miuyo inoshanda zvakanaka munyika chaiyoiyo. Vangawana mitoo inoverengeka yokududzira uye kurangarira kwakadzikama kunokwikwidzana kuti vasvike miuyo ine mufungo.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kudzora kunogovera nhungamiro isina kukwana uye vanobvumira vatongi kutsiva zvisarudzo zvavo zvetsika nokuda kwokunzvera kwapamutemo.

Basa Repfungwa Dzisingabvumirani

Nepo mifungo mizhinji ichigadza muenzaniso unowirirana, kupesana kwemirangariro kunoitawo mabasa anokosha mukukura kwemitemo. Kupesana kwetsananguro dzinojeka uye kutsoropodza kurangarira kworuzhinji. Inochengeta nharo dzingagamuchirwa muzvinoitika zvomunguva yemberi uye pane dzimwe nguva kuchinja kwedzidziso.

Kusabvumirana kwenhau kwazova nzvimbo zhinji pakupedzisira. Mutongi John Marshall Harlan anopesana pachedu muPlessy v. Ferguson, achiramba kuti "Bumbiro remitemo yedu imhosho yeruvara," rakarevererwa apo Brown v. Board yeDzidzo yakatendeuka Plesley anenge makumi matanhatu amakore gare gare. Mutongi Louis Brandeis pazvakavanzika uye kutaura kwakasununguka kwakapesvedzera zvinoitika zvedzidziso gare gare.

Kusabvumirana kunoshandawo mabasa ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kupfurikidza nokuita kuti kusabvumirana mukutonga kuve pachena uye kugovera mashoko nokuda kwekurukurirano yavose pamusoro perevo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Dare

Chirongwa cheDare Gurusa chinopesvedzera zvikuru zvisarudzo zvaro. Mapurezidhendi anoisa matare mudare, uye Dare rinoasimbisa, achiita muitiro wokugadza zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Vatongi vanobatira upenyu (pamunonzi "mufambiro wakanaka"), kuvabvumira kuzvimirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika asiwo kureva kuti kugadza kwomunhu mumwe nomumwe kunogona kuumba mutemo webumbiro remitemo kwamakumi amakore.

Kudzikama kwepfungwa dzeDare kunotapura nhau dzipi dzarinobvuma kunzwa, kuti rinoita sei kuti mibvunzo yepamutemo ishande, uye kuti chii chinoguma nei. Dare rinodzorwa navatongi vetsika dzinoda kutsiva rinokombamira kusvika mhedziso dzakasiana - siana kupfuura imwe inodzorwa neruramisiro dzamadiro, zvikurukuru panhau dzinokakavadzana dzakadai sokubvisa pamuviri, kubvuta, maruramiro epfuti, uye ukuru hwesimba rehurumende.

Zvisinei, vatongi havasati vachitongofungidzira kuti nguva dzose vanoshamisa mapurezidhendi akavagadza, uye nhau dzomunhu mumwe nomumwe dzinogona kuparira mibatanidzwa isingakarirwi. Mirangariro yeruramisiro ingashanduka nokufamba kwenguva, uye kunzvera kwapamutemo pane dzimwe nguva kunokurira mapoka epfungwa.

Ganhuriro Pasimba Rokutonga

Pasinei zvapo nechiremera chamatare anokosha, matare anotarisana neganhuriro dzinokosha. Anogona bedzi kusarudza mhaka chaidzoidzo negakava, kwete kupa mifungo yokunyengera. Vanoshaiwa simba rokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo uye vanotsamira pabatira pamwe yebazu guru kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo. Vanofanira kurangarira kana mhaka dziri "dziri" nokuda kwechisarudzo uye kana mapati ane "mira" kukwidza.

Matare anoshandisawo kudzora kwemitemo kupfurikidza nokudzivisa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo apo mhaka dzinogona kupedzwa pazvikonzero zviduku. Vanofungidzira kuti mitemo itsika inobvumirwa nemitemo uye inoda ufakazi hwakajeka pamberi pokuzviparadza. Uku kuganhurirwa kunokarakadzwa kunobetsera kuchengeta maruramiro edare redare uye kuchengetedza dzimbahwe raro rehurumende nokuda kwenhau umo kupindira kwebumbiro remitemo kuri madikanwa zvirokwazvo.

Dare reHurumende nenyika dzinogona kuita chimwe chinhu kuchisarudzo chedare kupfurikidza nokugadziridza mutemo, kunyange zvazvo muitiro uyu wakaoma noune.

Zvinetso Zvenguva Ino uye Magakava

Nyaya dzinoverengeka dzemazuva ano dzinoratidza nyaya dzinoramba dzichikurukurwa pamusoro pokuti matare anofanira kuumba mitemo yedu sei.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu uye Kuva Woga

Zvigadzirwa zvemazuva ano zvinopa mikana mitsva yemitemo yepamutemo.Matare anofanira kusarudza kuti zvinodzivirira sei Kuongorora kweChina pakuongorora kusina musoro mashoko eserura, mashoko eemail, uye mamwe mashoko ekombiyuta.

Kutaura Wakasununguka Munguva Ino Yemazuva Ano

Masangano enhau dzenzanga anomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedziviriro yerusununguko rwokutaura.Matare anofanira kukurukura kana nheyo dzeFirst Amendment dzichishanda uye kuti dzinoshanda sei kugutsa mwero wemakambani ehurumende, kutevedzerwa kwekutaura paIndaneti, uye kuparadzirwa kwemashoko asina kururama.

Kupa Kodzero Nomutemo Wokusarudza

Dare rinoita mabasa anokosha mugakava resarudzo, kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, kudzorwa kwemiitiro, mari yenhimbe, uye kuiswa kwemibato. iyi nhau dzinotapura zvakananga kutora rutivi kwedemocracy nemirairo yezvamatongerwe enyika. zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakataura nezvinodikanwa zvevavhoti, uye ukuru hweVoting Rights Act.

Nyika Inotarisira

Masangano ehurumende anoshandisa chiremera chikuru chokudzora, achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuparadzana kwemasimba nokuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Dare rinofanira kusarudza kuti kunonoka kwakadini kupa dudziro dzesangano remirau nemirau. Nhau dzemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi dzakarangarirazve dzidziso dzakagara kwenguva refu dzichidzora kuhwirudzurwa kwechiito chesangano.

Kukosha Kwokudzidza Zviri Pamutemo

Kunzwisisa nyaya dzedare dzinoshamisa uye mitemo yadzinogadza kunokosha kuti munhu ave mugari wemo achiziva.Izvi zvisarudzo zvinotapura mativi makuru oupenyu hwezuva nezuva(kubva pazvikoro zvinodzivirira zvinowanika apo vanopomerwa mhosva, kubva pamashoko omunhu oga kusvika pakukwanisa kutora rutivi mumiitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunyora nokunyora pamutemo kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kunyatsoongorora zvisarudzo zvedare, vataure zvine musoro panyaya dzokududzira mutemo, uye vanoona kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vachazvidavirira pakugadzwa kwavo kwematare.

Nyaya dziri kutaurwa pano dzinongomiririra zvishoma chete zvezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvakatsanangurwa nemutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chine mibvunzo yacho pachacho, uye matare anofanira kutsanangura mitemo inogara kwenguva refu zvichienderana nemamiriro ezvinhu epanguva ino.

Mazano Okumwe Kudzidza

Nokuda kwaavo vanofarira kunzvera nhau dzenhau dzeDare Gurusa, zviwanikwa zvakawanda zvinowanika. U.S. website yedare inogovera zvitsama zvedzidzo pamusoro penhau dzinokosha. project inopa zvinyorwa zvemashoko zvezvibvumikiso uye nhau ine udzame. [[FLT:] Constitution Anconsion [ inogovera kunzvera kwakakwana kwegadziriro dzemitemo nenhau yakafanira.

Masangano ari mumativi ose ezvematongerwo enyika anogovera zviwanikwa zvedzidzo zvakasiyana - siyana zvinodudzira pfungwa. Kubatanidzwa nemaonero akasiyana - siyana kunobatsira kuti vanhu vanzwisise mibvunzo yakaoma yepamutemo.

Kupedzisa: Kushanduka - shanduka Kunopfuurira kwoMutemo weMitemo

Basa regadziriro yedare mukuumba mitemo yedu rinoratidzira chimiro chine simba chokudzora kwebumbiro remitemo. Kuvambira pa Marbury v. Kusimudzirwa kwaMadison kwehwirudzuro yedare kusvikira kunharo dzapanguva ino pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemichina nekodzero dzokuvhota, matare akaramba achidudzira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kuti apedze zvinetso.

Nyaya dzinonyanya kuzivikanwa dzinoongororwa pano dzinoratidza kuti zvisarudzo zvokutonga zvinogona sei kuchinja nzanga, kudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, uye kutsanangura miganhu yesimba rehurumende.

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi uye mitemo yadzinogadza kunoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kutora rutivi muhurumende inosarudzwa nemitemo, zvinopa mukana wokuongorora nharo dzemitemo dziripo iye zvino uye kutarisira zvichaitika mune ramangwana.

Nyaya dzinokurukurwa pano — kubva pakutanga kuongorora kwokutonga kusvika pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu, kubva pakurondedzera maitiro outsotsi kusvika pakukurukura rusununguko rwokubereka nejekeso yezvakakonzerwa nematare makuru paupenyu hweAmerica.) Zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kutsanangura kwebumbiro remitemo kunosanganisira zvisarudzo zvakaoma pamusoro petsika dzinokwikwidzana uye kuti vanhu vane mufungo vanogona kusabvumirana pamusoro penzira yokudzikamisa nayo rusununguko, kuenzana, kuchengeteka, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinokosha.

Nheyo dzakatangwa munhau dzinoratidza kuti zvinhu zvachinja, asi kushandisa kwadzinoita mamiriro ezvinhu matsva kunoda kunyatsoongororwa uye kufungisisa. Nokunzwisisa kuti matare akaumba sei mitemo yedu munguva yakapfuura, tinogona kunzwisisa zviri nani basa rawo pakupindura mibvunzo yemitemo yanhasi neyeramangwana.