Chitanga Kunzi: Pfungwa Dzechidhiya Dzinova Sei Mutemo Wenyika Yacho?

Gadziriro yemitemo inzvimbo yeinjini yehurumende inomiririra hurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu. Inochinja zvinhu zvinofungwa nevanhu, vanorumbidza nyanzvi, uye zvematongerwo enyika kuva mitemo inodzika mitemo inotonga upenyu hwezuva nezuva — kubvira pakumhanya nokupa mitero kusvika pakudzivirira kodzero dzevanhu. Vadzidzi, vadzidzi, vadzidzi, uye varongi vakabatana, vanonzwisisa nhanho imwe neimwe kubva papfungwa dzokuti munhu aende kunzvimbo iyi haisi nzira yokungodzidzirawo hayo yokudzidzisa; kugadzirira kunokosha kwokutora rutivi muupenyu hwehurumende. Nyaya inopa kuputsika kwakakwana kwemitemo muUnited States Congress, ine udzame pamabasa anonetsa ematare, mauriri, kukurukurirana kwedare, uye chiito chapurezidhendi. Nepo muitiro wacho uchigona kusiana nomutemo, muenzaniso wehurumende unopa muenzanisiro wakadzamazvo, uye kubvumirana kwemitemo inoramba mutemo unovapo.

Kugadzwa Kwomutemo: Kwakatanga Pfungwa Dzakatangira

Mutemo uri wose unovamba sepfungwa. Zviguva zvemitemo zveGenestitus muCongress, zvinoreva bedzi mutezo weImba kana kuti Dare zvinogona kusuma nenzira yakarongwa mutezo. Zvisinei, manyuko epfungwa dzemitemo [ akafara zvikuru kupfuura Capitol Hill. Masangano ebazu anotungamirirwa nehurumende, masangano ehurumende, masangano edzidzo, nyanzvi dzedzidzo, uye masanganowo zvawo adzo ose anopa migove. Somuenzaniso, Cean Air Act al ar arendices ar ar ar agement ya 1990 akakweverwa zvikuru pakunzvera kubva kuNyakarestal Protection, neActs Act yeChiito cheUS yeUswaracticss anoshanda nechirongwa nechirongwa chakabatana.

Kana mutarisiri wemitongo angozivisa dikanwo yomutemo mutsva, pfungwa yacho inofanira kuiswa mumutemo wetsika. Irori rinobatanidza zita rokunyora, kutanga kutaura chinangwa, uye zvikamu zvakanyatsonyorwa zvinorondedzera zvinodikanwa zvitsva, zvirango, kana kuti purogiramu. Mazano ezvemitemo — magweta anoshandiswa neImba neDare — anobatsira vagadziri vemitemo mukugadzira mutauro wakarurama unodzivisa denho yapamutemo. Rurimi rungava rwechipo paruzhinji (aibatanidza munhu ari wose) kana kuti kuva munhu ari oga [[FLT]] [FLT] [3] [anobetsera munhu anozivikanwa, akadai sevhizi dzinonzirwa, asi zvizhinji zvikuru zvemutemo ndezvavose.

Kwakafanira kucherekedza kuti Purezidhendi anogona kukarakadzawo mutemo. Nepo Purezidhendi asingagoni kutanga chibvumirano zvakananga, utarisiri hunowanzotumira chibvumirano kumugadziri wemitemo ane ushamwari anochitsigira — muitiro unonzi "Mutezo weHlawulo". Mienzaniso yazvino uno inobatanidza Inslateation Reduction Act neInfracustre Investication and Jobs Act, zvose zviri zviviri zvakabva muWhite House.

Marudzi Ezviito Zvemitemo

Kupfuura mutezo wapamutemo (wakasarudzwa H.R. muNyumba, S. muDare), Congress inoshandisa zvimwe zvimiro zvinoverengeka zvemotokari dzemitemo:

  • Zvisarudzo zvechisarudzo (H.J.Res. kana kuti S.J.Res.) — zvakafanana kubhiri asi kazhinji kazhinji zvinoshandiswa nokuda kwokugadziridza kwebumbiro remitemo kana kuti kubvumira ndyiko yekurumidziro. Zvinoda kusaina kwaPurezidhendi kutoti vachikarakadza kugadziriswa, kunoda matatu maviri edzimba dzose nereshiyo nehurumende.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zvapanguva ino (H.C.Res. kana kuti S.Con.Res) — zvinoshandiswa kugadza bhajeti, kugadza mirau nokuda kwebvumirano, kana kuti kutaura pfungwa yeCongress. Havana simba romutemo uye havapiwi kuna Purezidhendi.
  • [ Zvisarudzo zvakapfava (H.Res. kana kuti S.Res) — batai nhau dzomukati dzekamuri rimwe, dzakadai sokugamuchira mitemo kana kuti kukudza vanhu vamwe navamwe. Hazvisaikwi naPurezidhendi.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunokosha nokuti shoko rokuti “bill" rinowanzoshandiswa zvisina kutsarukana, asi nzira yokubva nayo inosiyana zvishoma zvichienderana nemotokari.

Kutanga Kwebhiri racho: Kutanga Kwemarongerwo Ezvinhu

Pashure pokunyora, mutongo wacho unosumwa zvakanaka mukamuri rimwe. Muimba, nhengo inoisa rugwaro rwacho mu "homwe" — bhokisi remiti padhesiki romunyori weimba. MuDare, mutengi anousuma ari pauriri. Sumo inomutsa zviito zvitatu zvinokosha:

  • Mutengo unogamuchira nhamba (mue., H.234 kana kuti S. 567) iyo inogovera musiyani wechigarire.
  • chipoto [ chakanyorwa — zvikurukuru munyori mukuru nomutsigiri.
  • Mutengo wacho unogoverwa ku dare rakavakirwa panhau yenhau (mutoo, chikwereti choutano chinoenda kuUtano, Education, Basa, uye Penssion Committee).

Sumo inovambawo chinyorwa chavose. Mashoko echibvumirano akazara, rugwaro runotsigira, uye mashoko ezvokutumira anobudiswa paIndaneti kupfurikidza neHofisi Yokubudisa yeHurumende nenzvimbo dzakadai se .Gov — chiwanikwa chakaisvonaka nokuda kwavadzidzisi nevadzidzi vanoronda mutemo wenguva chaiyoiyo.

Basa Remacosponsor

Nemhaka yokuti bhiri rimwe rinogona kuva nepesvedzero yakaganhurirwa, vatsigiri vanowanzotsvaka vamiriri vemitemo — vamwe vaiti vemitemo vanoratidzira tsigiro kupfurikidza nokuwedzera mazita avo pamberi kana kuti pashure pesumo. Ndaza huru yepepa inoratidzira tsigiro yakafara uye inovandudza mikana yepepa yokugamuchira ngwariro yedare. Zvisinei, kosponsorship haivimbisi kuti mutemo; zvikwereti zvakawanda nezvinopfuura 100 zvinovhotera hazvitongogamuchiri vhoti youriri.

Kuongorora kweDare: Basa reCommittee Congress

Matare anowanzonzi "masangano maduku okutonga" nemhaka yokuti anoita basa guru reudzame. Nemitezo 535 muCongress, hakubviri kuti muiti womutemo ari wose aongorore bhiridzi riri rose. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutemo unoendeswa kumatare chaiwo anodzorwa nenyanzvi dzemitemo dzinochengeta kutonga, dzinonzvera maidi, uye dzinotara pamutemo.

Kunzwa Nouchapupu

Kana mari yangotaurwa chete, dare — kazhinji kacho nhengo yebato ravakuru — rinenge ratoita mapurogiramu okuteerera.

  • Vakuru vakuru vehurumende (muchiito, vakuru vesangano, vatongi vehurumende)
  • Nyanzvi nenzveri dzezvokudzidza
  • Vamiririri vemapoka anofarirwa, mabhizimisi, masangano, kana kuti vasingawani mhindu
  • Vanhu pachavo vanokanganiswa nemutemo waitaurwa

Kunzwa mhaka kunoitwa pachena uye kazhinji kazhinji kunobudiswa pafoni, kuchigovera hwindo mumuitiro wokusada kunyora.

Chikamu Chokucherekedza

Pashure pokunzwa, dare rinopinda chikwangwariro — musangano umo mitezo inokarakadza kugadziriswa, chinjo, uye vhoti pashanduro yokupedzisira yomutemo uchatumirwa kuuriri. Markup inogona kuva nzvimbo yehondo: boka roruzhinji rinoedza kusunda zvirongwa zvaro, nepo vashomanene vachipa dzimwe nzira. Chipo chinobudirira chinobudisa "rusando chakachena" kana kuti "chipusce amendice" chinotsiva rugwaro rwapakuvamba chose chose.

Haisi yose mitero inopukunyuka dare. Vazhinji "vanogara mudare" nemhaka yokuti chigaro chinoramba kuronga kunzwa kana kuti kuisa sutumu — muitiro unozivikanwa se "pigeonholing". Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, chikumbiro chokuburitsa (kutsvaka vazhinji veImba) chinogona kumanikidza chibvumirano, asi ichi hachiwanzobudirira.

Mishumo yeDare

Kana dare rikavhota kuti ripe mushumo wacho zvakanaka, rinoparira mushumo wedare — gwaro rinotsanangura chinangwa chegweta, kupfupikisa mirangariro, uye kurondedzera kugadziridzwa kupi nokupi. Mushumo uyu unokosha kuti unzwisise chikonzero nei rugwaro rwacho rwakaumbwa nenzira yarwakanga rwakaita uye kazhinji kazhinji runobatanidza kunzvera kwechikamu. Nokuda kwavadzidzi, mishumo yedare imavambo makuru anoenzanisira kurangarira kwomutemo nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.

4 Kukakavadzana Nokukurukura Mudare Rokutanga

Kana dare rangotaura bhiridha racho, rinoenderera mberi richinzi rirangarire uriri. Miitiro yacho inosiyana zvikuru pakati peImba neDare.

Midziyo Yepamba

Imba, ine mitezo 435, inotsamira paganhuriro dzenguva dzakasimba nemirau yakarongeka. Dare rine simba rinopa dare "mutemo" rinodzora kurukurirano, nhamba yezvigadzikiso zvinobvumirwa, uye kana kugadziriswa kunofanira kuva kwechirema (kuzvidzora). Kutonga kwakakomba kunodzivisa ganhuriro dzipi nedzipi; "kugadziridzwa" kunobvumira mutemo wakajeka". Kutonga kumene kunofanira kutenderwa nevhota hurusa mutongo usati wagona kukurukurwa.

Gakava riri muImba rinokamuraniswa pakati pavatsigiri navashori. Mitezo inotaura kubva panzvimbo inoganhurirwa panguva — kazhinji kazhinji maminiti mashanu parutivi rumwe norumwe. Imba ipapo inovhota ichishandisa gadziriro yemagetsi; mavhoti anonyorwa ndokubudiswa. Kana mari inopfuura, i "inoonwa" (inodhindwa muchimiro chokupedzisira) uye inotumirwa kuDare.

Mifambiro Yedare

Dare, rine mitezo 100 bedzi, rinobvumira pesvedzero huru zvikuru yavanhu. Hakuna dare remitemo rakarongwa; panzvimbo pezvo, Dare rinorangarira zvikwereti pasi pechibvumirano "chibvumirano choMubvumirano" chinotaurwa navatungamiriri vebato. Mutarisiri mumwe anogona kuramba ndokudzivisa chikumbiro chokubvumirana chakabatana, achimanikidzira mutungamiriri kushandisa miitiro yemitemo yakarongwa inoda mavhoti 60 kugumisa kurukurirano.

Rutivi rwakakurumbira zvikurusa rwekurukurirano yeDare ndiro filibuster — unyanzvi umo musengi anotaura kwamaawa kunonoka kana kuti kuuraya bhiri. Munguva yakapfuura, filbusters yakamanikidzira marusando edaro refu; nhasi, tyisidzirowo zvayo yemonicbuster yakakwana kudivirira mavhoti 60 okukumbira chinyorwa [ [kurukurirano yokupedzisira]. Zvikwereti zvakawanda zvinokosha, kubva kumutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo kuti vagadzirise utano, zvakaumbwa nehondo dzinoita mazamute. Somuenzaniso, Affordcable Carect muna 2010 anotsamira pamuitiro chaiwo unonzi kurukurirano yakaganhurirwa kumaawa 20 uye wakapfava bedzi.

Muti

Kana dare rikasataura, muDare, Mutungamiriri weSanihenzi anogona kuvhota. Kana mutengo wacho ukapfuura mukamuri rokutanga, unoenda kunzvimbo yechipiri nokuda kwegadziriro yakafanana — dare rinopa mashoko, kunzwa, kuisa mubatanidzwa, kurukurirano youriri, uye vhoti.

Kufunga Mune Imwe Dare: Kudzokorora Gauntlet

Mabhiri anofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana asati atumirwa kuMutungamiriri wehurumende. Kamuri rechipiri (kana mutemo wakavamba muImba, unoenda kuDare, uye zvichipesana) harisati richingova zvaro rependi yerabha. Rinonongedzera mutemo kudare, rinoita kuti rizvinzwire, uye ringaita chinjo. Mukushanda, kamuri rechipiri rinowanzopfuudza mutengo wechinyakare — shanduro yakasiana ichitaura nezvemusoro mumwe chetewo.

Kana mukamuri rechipiri rikapfuudza pasina kugadziriswa, rinoenda zvakananga kuna Purezidhendi.

6. Dare Romusangano: Kupedza Misiyano

Apo Imba neDare zvinopfuudza zvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana zvepepa repepa, dare rakabatana [[FT:0] rinounganidzwa kuti ritaurirane kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira. Dare rinoumbwa nemitezo yavakuru inobva kumatare ehurumende mumakamuri ose ari maviri — kazhinji kazhinji inonzi "vasonganisi." Vanosangana seri kwamasuo akavharwa kudiridza muromo mumwe uyo makamuri ose anogona kugamuchira.

Musangano wacho chiito chokusagona kudzikamisa. Vakonerwi vanogona bedzi kukurukura pamusoro penhau dzinosiyana pakati peshanduro; hadzigoni kusuma gadziriro itsva chose chose. Mushumo wokupedzisira wemusangano unofanira kusainwa nevoruzhinji vakapiwa muimba imwe neimwe, ipapo kudzoserwa kudzimba dzose dziri mbiri nokuda kwokuvhota kwapashure — hapana kugadziriswa kunobvumirwa. Kana kamuri rimwe risingatenderwi, mutezo ungafa, uye vadzori vedare vanofanira kutanga kana kuti kurega mutemo wacho uchirega.

Matare emisangano anobatanidza ayo akabudisa Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwa1850, Social Security Act ye1935, uye Teax Cuts neJobs Act ye2017. Mumakore achangobva kupfuura, kushandiswa kwamatare emisangano kwakaderera savatungamiriri vemasangano vanovimba zvikuru nekurukurirano dzemasanga ne "pallong" — kupfuudza chibvumirano nechinjo duku kutozosvikira imwe kamuri ragamuchira shanduro.

7. Chiito chaPurezidhendi: Chiratidzo, Veto, kana kuti Pocket Veto

Kana makamuri ose ari maviri abvumira mutemo wakafanana, mari yacho inonyoreswa papepa retehwe ndokuendeswa kuWhite House. Mutungamiriri wenyika ane zvisarudzo zvitatu pasi peChikamu I, Chikamu 7 cheBumbiro reMitemo:

  • [ Chiratidzo chemutengo [ — chinova mutemo pakarepo kana kuti musi wakataurwa unoshanda.
  • Mutengo [ — dzorera kuCongress nokuramba. Congress inogona kudzora vhoti netutatu mbiri mumakamuri ose ari maviri, uko kwakaoma asi kusingabviri. Kuvhota kunowanzoda tsigiro yebipartis uye hakuwanzoitika; sezvo kuvambwa, pasi pe5% yevestoes kwave kusingashandisi.
  • Usaita chiito — kana Congress iri murusando, mutongo wacho unova mutemo zvamazvirokwazvo pashure pamazuva 10 (kubvisa maSvondo). Kana Congress ichiwirirana mukati mamazuva iwayo 10, muromo unofa ne petrocket veto, isingagoni kuoma.

Simba reveto rinobatira senzvero yokutsoropodza pakunzverwa kwemitemo. Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt vototem 635 (zvikurusa munhau), nepo Purezidhendi George W. Bush aiva ne 12 bedzi mirwi. Tyisidziro yeveto inogonawo kuumba zviri mukati momutemo isati yasvika purezidhendi, sezvo vagadziri vemitemo vanoedza kunyora zvikwereti zvebasa reWhite House ichasaina.

Mugumisiro Wokutonga

Kana Purezidhendi angoisa chibvumirano mumutemo (kana kuti Congress inopfuura vhato), mutemo unobudiswa mu unodzidzisa paMakuru uye unosimbiswa mumuitiro United States Confect [[[FLT:]]. Zvisinei, muitiro wemitemo haugumiri ipapo. Mitemo mizhinji inogadza chiremera kumasangano ebazu kuti anyore miraudzo ine udzame inotsanangura nokuita mutemo mutsva. [[FLT:]] uyu [[FLT:]] unobatanidza ziziviso dzavose, nhambo, uye zvinetso zvapamutemo — mumwe nhandare apo vagari vemo vanogona kutora rutivi.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo: Kubva Pakudzika Mirayiro Kuenda Kuchokwadi

Kushandisa idi rekupedzisa umo mutemo unotapura vanhu.Congress inowanzotaura misi inoshanda, manyuko emari, uye miitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo. Somuenzaniso, Child Chinosiiwa Seri muChiito cha2001 chinodikanwa kuti zvitange gadziriro dzokuedza dzinotevedzerwa uye kuzvidavirira mukati menguva yakati, nepo Affordable Care Act yakadzorwa mumakore anoverengeka. Kutemerwa kunogona kunonotswa nedenho dzedare, kushaikwa kwemireza, kana kuti chinjo dzokutarisira apo purezidhendi mutsva anova nehofisi.

Vadzidzisi vanogona kushandisa chikamu chinoitwa senguva inodzidzisika: mitemo haisati iri kuzviparadza vamene. Vanoda vashandi vehurumende, vakuru vakuru vanozviisa pasi, vatongi, uye vagari vemowo zvavo kuvatevera nokuvamanikidza. Mutemo unopfuura nefereferi ungatora makore kuti ushandise zvizere, kana kuti ungabviswa nemirairo isina kutemwa uye miganhu inodzorwa.

Kupedzisa: Nei Kuronga Kunoita Mutemo Kuchikosha

Kutsvaka chibvumirano chekutora chirongwa chokutora hurumende yehurumende kunoratidza zviito zvehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu, zvakaoma, asi zvinotodavidza. Muitiro wacho unononoka noune uye unobatanidza michina yakawanda kuisa pachena kuti mitemo inoratidzira kubvumirana kwakafara uye kuongorora. Vadzidzi, vanodzidza muitiro wemitemo wokusakurira kurava nokunyora, kufunga kwokutsoropodza, uye kuonga magadzirirwo emitemo. Kuvadzidzisi, unopa musoro mukuru wetsinga unobatanidza nhau, hurumende, nharaunda, uye zvinoitika zvazvino.

Kunyudza zvikuru, rangarira zvisakiso zvikuru zvakabva muNational Archives, uchitevera chitsama pa Conforn.gov, kana kuti kutarira rusando rweimba kana kuti Dare kupfurikidza neC-SPAN. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei inopa simba vagari vemo kuti vaite chimwe chinhu chine revo — kungava kupfurikidza nokuonana navamiriri vavo, kupupurira panzeve, kana kuti kungovhota noruzivo pamusoro penzira dzinoitwa nemitemo yemitemo inoumba upenyu hwavo.

Nokuda kwemashoko akapoteredza pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzeparamende dzinosiana sei, website yeParamende inogovera enzanisa yakaisvonaka, uye USA.gov incato yenhau [ inopa pfupiso yapamutemo. Kudzidza nhano dzemuitiro wemitemo hausi muitiro wekirasi bedzi — iko unyanzvi hwehwaro hwekuva mugari wemo mudemori ipi neipi.