Nheyo Mhenyu Yorusununguko rweAmerica

United States Constitution yakagadzirwa sebumbiro remitemo rine simba, gadziriro inokwanisa kuchinjira kuzvinodikanwa zvorudzi runowedzera. Nepo nyaya dzayo nomwe dzapakuvamba dzakasimbisa gadziriro yehurumende, idzodzodzo (chaizvoizvo idzo dzinodzivirira maruramiro omunhu oga) dzinopa rugwaro rwacho simba rarwo retsika. Idzi dziviriro dzinobatira sedziviriro dzinogara pakudzivisa hurumende kutsoropodzwa, dzinorondedzera miganhu yesimba rehurumende nekodzero dzisingachinjiki dzavanhu. Kunzwisisa idzi dziviriro hakusiwo zvako basa redzidzo; rutivi runokosha rwokuva mugari wehurumende inopinzwa muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Mvumo dzavagari vemo ivimbiso dzomunhu oga nerusununguko izvo hurumende isingagoni kuganhurira nomutemo kana kuti kududzira kwokutonga. Dzinoiswa muBill of Rights nedzokugadziridzwa kwakatevera, dzichiumba mavambo orusununguko rweAmerica. Kubva kumaruramiro okutaura ndangariro yomunhu kusvikira kuvimbiso yokutonga kwakarurama, idzi gadziriro dzinodzivirira vanhu kubva kuchiremera chounyengeri. Nyaya inonzvera gadziridzo huru dzinodzivirira rusununguko urwu, dzichipa kunzvera zvikuru nhau yavo, revo, uye mushandiro wapanguva ino.

Nokuda kworugwaro rwakazara rwezvigadziriso zvakakurukurwa, Nhevedzo yeNational Archives inogovera mashoko ane chiremera. Mukuwedzera, American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU)[FLU] inopa kunzvera kunopfuurira kwemashandisirwe ekodzero idzi muhondo dzazvino uno dzemitemo.

Bhili Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Ratisimudzwa pana December 15, 1791, Bill of Rights inomirira kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira pakati paFederalists, uyo akadavira kuti hurumende yenyika yakasimba yakanga iri madikanwa, uye Anti-Fedalist, avo vakatya kuti simba guru raizotsika rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Iyi miuyo gumi yakanga isiri wedzero yakafungwa asi wedzero yamaune kuvimbisa maruramiro anokosha ayo Constitution yapakuvamba yakanga isina kudzivirirwa zvakajeka. Vanoshandisa zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende uye, kupfurikidza neGaramendementation ye145th Reservendice Processs Classiace, vakabatanidzwa kuti vashandise kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomowo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rushanu

First Amendment ndiyo honzeri yehurumende yeAmerica inosarudzwa navanhu, ichidzivirira rusununguko rukuru rwokutaura, rudzidziso, zvinobudisa nhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Idzi maruramiro anotsamira pamunhu: kutaura norusununguko kunobvumira kutsinhana pfungwa, muchina wakasununguka unopa hurumende basa, uye kodzero yokuunganidza inoita kuti vagari vemo vakwanise kuronga kuchinja. Chibvumirano chaClausle chinodzivisa hurumende kudzivirira rudzidziso rupi norupi, nepo Free Ex Express Clausce achidzivirira kodzero yevanhu kuti vateve kutenda kwavo.

Kwamazana amakore, Dare Gurusa rakadudzira urwu rusununguko rwakafara. Mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969], Dare rakaramba kuti kutaura kunotsigira chiito chisiri chepamutemo kunodzivirirwa kutoti kwainyandura "chiito chokusateerera mutemo." Dare rakadzivirirawo kutaura kweruvengo mu [FLT:] , kunodzora mu [[FLT] . Phelperv (20)] kuti kutsutsutsumwa kwokusha kwemhosva pamusoro penhau dzavose kunodzivirirwa. Kusunungura kwakasimbiswawo mu [FLD:4] Times.[FFFF:]

Zvinetso zvazvino uno zvinosanganisira mitemo yezvikamu zvemasangano enhau, dzikamo pakati pokutaura kwakasununguka nokuchengeteka kwepachikoro, uye kusawirirana kuri pakati perusununguko rwechitendero nemitemo inorwisana nenzanga.First Amendment inoramba iri nzvimbo huru yekurukurirano yepamutemo, sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu ruchichinja nguva dzose nzira iyo vaAmerica vanoshandisa nayo rusununguko urwu rukuru.

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Dare reChipiri reMilitia rinoti: "Ichi chisakafanira kuchengeteka kweHurumende yakasununguka, kodzero yavanhu yokuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haisati ichizodziviswa. Kuzhinjisa kwenhau yeAmerica, iyi gadziridzo yakarondedzerwa sekodzero yakabatanidzwa kubasa rehondo. Zvisinei, mu Driquean of Columbia v. Heller (2008), Dare guru rakaziva kodzero yomunhu yokuva nepfuti yepfuti mukati momusha. Ikoku kwakatambanurirwa kukutaura kupfurikidza nezvinotaurwa MDonald. City of Chicago[FFFFF:][F]

Kukakavadzana pamusoro pekodzero iyi, kusanganisira kurambidzwa kwemarudzi akati ezvombo, kuongororwa kwenzvimbo yazvo, mitemo tsvuku yomureza, uye kutakura pfuti pachena.The Second Amendment ndeimwe yenzvimbo dzinopomerwa zvikuru mune zvematongerwo enyika dzemutemo webumbiro remitemo, zvichiratidza kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pekuchengeteka kwevanhu uye kuzvitonga.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechitatu: Kutarisira Varwi

Try Amendment inorambidza hurumende kumanikidza vagari vemo kuti vagare mumisha yavo munguva yorugare pasina kubvumira kwavo, uye bedzi nomutoo wakanyorwa nomutemo mukati menguva yehondo. Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzogadziriswa, iyi gadziridzo inoratidzira kusavimba kwaVavambi vemauto akamira nechishuvo chavo chokudzivirira utsvene hwomusha. Yakataurwa muzviitiko zvine chokuita nokuva voga, zvakadai se Griswold v.Connecticut[[FL:1] [1955], sezvinoratidzira kodzero huru yemitemo yemitemo yekuti musha utsvene.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Hurumende inodzivirira vanhu pakutsvaka kusina musoro uye kubatwa nepfari.

Mu Mapp v.O. (1961), Dare Rapamusoro rakatanga mutemo wokubvisa, unodzivisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGadziro rechina pakushandiswa mukutongwa kwehurumende. Kuvakwa kwemichina yemakombiyuta kwakatanga mavara matsva: Dare rakagadzwa mu Ry v. California [[2010]] (2010] kuti mapurisa adikada maruramiro okunzvera chiitiko cheserura chokusunga, kupiwa chitsamanyuko makuru emashoko omunhu oga ane izvi zvishandiso. Nenzira yakafanana, [FLT:] Courtenter.[FFFF:]V.[FLT]

Mutemo wazvino uno weFramendment weChina unorwisana nenhau dzakadai sokunzverwa kwezvisaririra, ruzivo rwokuziva zviso, kunzvera muganhu kwemidziyo yemagetsi, uye kuwana mashoko kuhurumende kunoitwa nemativi echitatu akadai sevashandi vepaInternet.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kodzero Mumhosva Dzematsotsi

Gadziridzo yeshanu inogovera mativi anokosha edziviriro nokuda kwavanhu vanopomerwa mhaka. Inovimbisa kuti hakuna munhu anogona kunyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti chinhu pasina muitiro womutemo [. Inodzivirira pa [[[FLT:]] iyo imene [[FLT]]] [[FLT]] [[FLT:]] inodawo kuti mhosva dzakakomba dzisimukire kuMirnda yakakurumbira ("Une maruramiro okuramba wakanyarara..."). Inodzivisa [[[FLT:]] kuidzwa kaviri nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo. Zvinodawo kuti mhosva dzakakomba dzenyika dziitwe nedare guru uye kurambidza kutora zvinhu zvakavanzika zvakavanzika nokuda kwokusashandiswa kwapachena. [FLT][5]

Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzviparadzanisa kwaive chinhu chikuru ku Miranda v. Arizona (66]), yakaraira kuti vanofungira kuva vane mhaka vaziviswe nezvekodzero dzavo. Chitsama chapamutemo chakashandiswa kubatanidza Bill of Rightss pahurumende. Kutora Claus kunovimbisa kuti apo hurumende inoshandisa nzvimbo yakatanhamara, inofanira kuripira ukoshi hwakarurama hwenzvimbo inobvumwa, kunyange zvazvo Klo v. City yeNew London (2005] rondedzero ye "kushandisa vanhu vose" kubatanidza kukura kwemarikisa.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare reSikisi Remisi yePramende rinovimbisa dare redare revoruzhinji kupfurikidza nedare rinosarudza remhaka apo utsotsi hwakaitirwa. Rinovimbisa maruramiro ku [ zvapupu zvakatarisana [[[FLT:] [[FLT]] [[[GUT]] [--"Kupesana], ku [FLT]] muitiro [[FLT:]] [[FLT]] kuti uwane zvapupu zvakanaka, uye kuva ne kugovera zano repangiro [[FLT] nokuda kwezvisarudzo]. Kururamakwa zvinoshamisa [Foct:G] v.[FT]

Kuda kutonga kwedare kunoramba kuchidzivirira panhau dzepachivande, kunyange zvazvo matare angavhara dare kuti risakuvadzwe kana kuti paine zvikonzero zvishoma.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mhaka dzedare redare redare ravagari vemo umo ukoshi mugakava hunopfuura $22. Inodzivisawo kuwana kwechokwadi kwedare redare redare kuti risanzverwezve kunze kwemitemo yavose. Nepo iyi gadziridzo isina kubatanidzwa kuti ishande kuhurumende, mitemo mizhinji yenyika ine dziviriro dzakafanana. Inoratidzira kuzvipira kukuru kugaromo mudare, kuchibvumira vanhuwo zvavo kusarudza magakava panzvimbo pokuvasiya vari vatongi bedzi.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

[[FLT:] , [[FLT:] , faindi yedanho , uye chirango chechienzi [[[[FLT:]. Iyi igwehe rave iri giramu yemipimo inoyera muAmerica. Dare rapamusoro rairangarira kuti chirango chorufu hachisi chinhu chemibatanidzwa yezvimwe zvibvumirano zvevapanduki, kubatanidza zvirango zvendangariro zvendangariro ([FLT:]6]].[FLT]][FL:], 2002], [2],[FFLT]],[5]

Kugadziriswa kunoganhurirawo urefu hwemitongo yetorongo: mu Graham v. Florida (2010), Dare rakarambidza upenyu pasina kubvisa mhaka dzepwere dzine mhaka dzisiri dzekudzoka. Kurambidza kuripa faindi yakanyanyisa, kwakasimbiswazve mu Timbs v. Indiana (2029), inoshanda kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo, kudzivirira varidzi vezvinhu parasikidzo. Kudzivisa kunoenderera mberi pamusoro penzira dzakati dzokuuraya kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu okuvharirwa kunoumba chirango uye chirango chisiri chenguva dzose.

Mutezo Wechine Chine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzinotsigirwa Navanhu

Ninth Amendment inoti: "Kunyorwa muBumbiro reMitemo, kwamaruramiro akati, hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kwokuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Uku kugadziridza kwakaitirwa kudzikamisa chibvumikiso chokuti kana kodzero isina kurongwa zvakananga, haisati iripo. Yave ichikumbirwa kutsigira kodzero yebumbiro remitemo rokuva woga, zvikurukuru mu [[FLT:] Grislold v.[FLD][FOL] [1955] [195] pamusoro pokudzivisa kudzora pamuviri, uye [[FFLT:] r] v. [[5] Munegamendiro].[[FLT]] [[FLT]]] [3] [7] [7] [7] [7] [7] pamusoro pokubvisa mimba [FL:] .BB] v.[5]

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Simba Rakachengeterwa kuUnited States

Dare reThine Resimende rinosimbisa nheyo yehurumende: "Masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti anorambidzwa naro kuUnited States, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu. Iyi gadziridzo inoganhurira ganhuriro yechiremera chehurumende uye inochengeta nzvimbo youchangamire. Yave yataurwa muzviitiko zvinodenha mirairo yehurumende, yakadai seAffordcaid Act yeMédicaid ( National Federation of Independent Business v. Selius, 2012). Chibvumirano chegumi chinoenderera mberi kugadziridza kurukurirano pamusoro pokudzorwa kwemubatanidzwa, kushatiswa, uye muganhu wesimba munharaunda dzakafanana nedzino anogona kuisa pamutemo.

Kubuda - rega kweMitemo Yekodzero Dzevanhu Yakawedzera Kusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika

Pashure pekugadziridzwa kwokutanga kwegumi, Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadziridzwa kanoverengeka kuti ritambanudze rusununguko rwavagari vemo nokururamisa kusaruramisira kwenhau.

Kuchinja Kwechi13 (1865): Kubviswa Kwouranda

Pedziso ye13 yakarambidza uranda uye uranda hwokusazvidira kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Iyi yakanga iri yokutanga yeReconstruct Amendment uye yakamirira chinjo huru munzanga yeAmerica. Nepo yakagumisa nenzira yapamutemo uranda hwokutaurirana, "chirango nokuda kwoutsotsi" chakashandiswa kupfuudzira basa rokumanikidzirwa mukati megadziriro yetorongo, nhau yedenho dzinopfuurira dzapamutemo. Kugadziridzwa kunopawo Hurumende simba rokuita kuti gadziriro dzayo dziitwe kupfurikidza nomutemo wakafanira, kuchitungamirira kukodzero dzavagari vemo mumakore akatevera.

Wegumi Negumi (Gadziriro ya1868): Kuva Mugari Wemo, Muitiro Wakafanira, uye Dziviriro Yakaenzana

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment zvichida ndicho chigadziridzo chinokosha zvikurusa chawedzerwa pashure peBill of Rights. Chivigationshinishi Claus yakachinja Dare Gurusa Dred Scott chisarudzo kupfurikidza nokuzivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States vagari vemo verudzi uye vehurumende kwavanogara. [[FLT:] Dare reBatial Programme Claus rakatambanutsa dziviriro yeBHOCK] kupfurikidza nedzidziso yokubatanidza. [FLT:] .[FLT]

Iyi yave iri mavambo ekukunda kwakatanhamara kwekodzero dzavagari vemo, kubatanidza Brown v. Board of Education (154) iyo yakagumisa kusarurana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, Lovav. Virginia [1967] [1967]) yakamisa kurambidzwa kwemichato yemarudzi akawanda, uye Obergefell v. Hodges (20) inoziva roorano yogamubatanidzwa wenyika yose. Classime inoramba iri chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwemitemo inodenha yedhisikidzo nemiitiro yakadai serobharati, mabasa, uye dzidzo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi Nezvishanu (1870): Kodzero Yokuita Basa Pasinei Nedzinza

Pedzisimende yechi15 inorambidza hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kuramba kodzero yokuvhota mugari wemo yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Pasinei zvapo neiyi gadziridzo, nyika dzokumaodzanyemba dzinoisa mitero yokuvhota, kuedza kunyora, uye tyisidziro yamasimba masimba zvokubvisa vatema vaAmerican vavhoti kwerinodokei zana. Voting Rights Act ya1956 yakaiswa kumanikidza kuti Pendement ye15, uye zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa zvakatevera zvakapfuurira kuumba mutemo wekodzero dzokuvhotera. Zvisinei, kutonga kwazvino uno uno uno kwechipiri kwakadai se County v. Haker[FLT:] [F] [FG] [20])]

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe (1920): Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Demendi ye19 yakazivisa kuti kodzero yokuvhota "haizorambwa kana kubveswa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano. Iyi mhedziso yakanga iri mugumo werwisano yamakumi amakore nesangano ravakadzi, yaitungamirirwa nenhamba dzakafanana naSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, naAlice Paul. Yakawedzera zvikuru kuva mutongi ndokuva muenzaniso wekodzero dzavagari vemo dzinotevera. Kuchinja kwacho hakuna kungoerekana kwaita kuti vakadzi vose vadzoke, seNative American, Asian American, uye Vatemakadzi vachiri kutarisana nemiganhuro kutozosvikira pamutemo wavagari vemo.

Amakumi maviri neFour Amendment (1964): Kubviswa Kwemitero Inotengwa Netsika

Chibvumirano chamakumi maviri namana chakarambidza kushandiswa kwemitero yokuvhota muvhoti dzehurumende. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokumaodzanyemba kudzivisa kudzorwa kwakaderera kwevaAmerica pakuvhota. Kugadziriswa kwakabvisa mhinganidzo iyi yezvemari yokutora, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzichingowana dzimwe nzira dzokudzvinyirira vhoti. Dare Gurusarudzo yakatambanudzira chirambidzo kuvhota muna Harper v. Virginia State Board of Evolutions [19666], ichitonga kuti upfumi hahusi maruramiro evoti.

Amakumi maviri neSikisimende (1971): Nguva yokufara ya 18

Mutezo weChitanhatu weMitemo Wakaderera kubva pazera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvika ku18, wakurudzirwa nokutaura kwokuti kana vanhu vaduku vakanga vakura zvakakwana zvokunzi varwe muVietnam, vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote.

Kusangana Kunoita Iyi Mhedziso Noupenyu Hwazvino Uno

Kugadziridzwa kwacho hakupo pasina chinhu; kunoedzwa zuva nezuva paruzivo rutsva rwemasangano enzanga, uye zviito zvehurumende. Somuenzaniso, kuva pawandekwa kweFreadter yeChina kunotarisana nezvinodikanwa zvinobvumira kutendwa semiunganidzwa yemashoko nekambani dzezvoruzivo rwezvokugadzira zvinhu uye mapurogiramu ehurumende. First Amendment inotarisana nemibvunzo pamusoro pomutemo wokutaura kworuvengo pamasangano enzanga, kushandiswa kwemaatomu kuti mashoko akurungwe, uye kutsigira kutsigira masangano ezvematongerwe enyika sechimiro chokutaura.

Pesvet Amendment yeChipiri inoramba iri musimboti wenharo dzinorwisana pamusoro pokudzivirira chisimba, matare achidzikamisa kodzero dzevanhu pamitemo yokudzivirira njodzi. Dare reHeighth Amendment rinopfuurira kuzivisa kuti ruramisiro yetsotsi inoda kugadziriswa, kubatanidza kurukurirano pamusoro pemitongo miduku inorayirwa, kupfigirwa woga, uye chirango chorufu. Iwe 144th Amendment’s Expressial Protection Claus rinokumbirwa mukurwisana nekodzero dzeLGBTQ, eend, uye mutemo wokupinda munyika.

Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru kwemhaka dzazvino dzeDare Gurusa dzinobatanidza idzi gadziridzo, Project inogovera nhau dzakapetwa zvikuru nezvinyorwa zvezvibvumikiso zvokusataura. Kuwedzera, Constitution Center yeNyika inopa zviwiro zvetsinhiro netsinhiro.

Kurwisa Kunopfuurira Kwokuchengetedza Rusununguko Rwavagari Vemo

Rusununguko rwavagari vemo harusi rwokuzvirongera rumene; runoda kungwarira, kudzora, uye mutongi anoda kutsigira nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo kunyange mukutarisana nemurangariro wakakurumbira. Chinjo dzave dziri nharaunda dzehondo dzeAmerica dzinorondedzera rwisano dzenzanga. Kutyisidzira kukodzero idzi kunogona kubva kuvose vari vaviri vapamberi vehurumende navatambi vehurumende, kunyange zvazvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoganhurira zvikurukuru chiito chehurumende. Masangano eruramisiro yedzinza, uenzani hwechikadzi, LBTQ+ kodzero, uye kodzero dzevatorwa vose vanotsamira pamutauro weChivi chekodzero dzekodzero dzemunhu nedzero.

Vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye vagari vemo vanofanira kunzwisisa kwete bedzi rugwaro rwekugadziridzwa uku asiwo mashoko enhau umo vakagamuchirwa nedudziro dzakaumba revo yavo. Bumbiro remitemo risingadzivirirwi ibumbiro romutemo rinopinza mungozi kukuvadziko. Kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa nemagwaro aya ehwaro, vaAmerica vanotora rutivi muchirongwa chinopfuurira chokuumba mubatanidzwa wakakwana zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Simba Rinogara Redziviriro Yebumbiro Remitemo

Kugadziridzwa kukuru kweBumbiro reMitemo reUnited States hakusi zvisaririra zvenguva yakapfuura; izvo zvipikirwa zvipenyu zvinofanira kuvandudzwa nechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe. Kubva kudziviriro yeFirst Amendment yokupesana namashoko kuvimbiso yeMitemo ye 144 yedziviriro yakaenzana, iyi gadziriro dzinoumba kuvakwa kwepamutemo kwerusununguko rweAmerica. Nepo gakava pamusoro porudzi rwazvo nokushandiswa richaramba risingachinji, chinangwa chazvo chikuru chinoramba chisina kuchinjwa: kuganhurirwa kwesimba rehurumende uye kudzivirira chiremera chomuzvarirwo chomunhu ari wose.

Kunzwisisa idzi gadziridzo kunobvumira vagari vemo kuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo, kuziva apo maruramiro ari kudzorwa, uye kutsigira nokuda kwechinjo dziri madikanwa. Kurwira rusununguko rwavagari vemo hakutongopedzwa, asi Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera zvishandiso nokuda kwehondo. Seizvo Mutongi weDare Gurusa William Brennan akambocherekedza, Bumbiro reMitemo "ipepa rerusununguko rwakaipa (ichirevo) chinotaura izvo hurumende dzisingagoni kuita kwauri. Kudzivirira avo "Isununguko" ibasa rakananga nokuda kwavose vanoda rusununguko.

Nokuda kwaavo vanoda kunzverazve, Legal Information Institute paCornell Law[[FTL:1] inopa shanduro yakanyorwa yeBumbiro reMitemo ine batano nezvinoitika zvecherekedzo.