Sangano Rokuzvizadzikisa uye Kuguma Kwouranda

Sangano rokugumisa, iro rakawana simba mukuvamba kwezana ramakore rechi 19, rakatsvaka kugumisa uranda muUnited States.Vashandi vakadai saFrederick Douglas naHarriet Tubman vakabatsira mukusimudzira kuziva nokureverera kodzero dzeAfrica.

Frederick Douglas, aichimbova muranda uyo akava mutauriri mukuru nomunyori, akabudisa mashoko ouwandu hunoverengeka anorondedzera zvakaitika zvake. Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglas, Muranda weAmerica (145]) akasvika kuvateereri vamarudzi ose ndokufumura utsinye hwesangano. Harriet Tubman, seriyo, akatungamirira mabasa ake akawanda kununura vanhu vari varanda kupfurikidza neUndernster Railroad, achiratidzira simba rechiito chakananga nechivako chapanete.

Sangano racho raivimbawo nedenho dzapamutemo nokuronga zvamatongerwe enyika. American Anti-Moderry Society, yakavambwa muna 1833, zvikumbiro zvakatsinhiraniswa, hurukuro, uye zvinyorwa. Kunyange zvazvo Dare Gurusa re 1857 Dred Scott v. Sandford chisarudzo chakaramba kuva mugari wemo weAfrican America, chisakiso chokubvisa chinopfuurira kuvaka simba. Sarudzo yaAbraham Lincoln muna 1860, yakatevera neHondo yeChiviligi, yakaita migariro yokushandura mutemo.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvepamutemo

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  • 13th Amendment (1865)[[FLT: 1]: Kuparadza chose chose uranda muUnited States yose, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Iyi bvumirano yakanga iri mugumisiro wakananga wechiito cheReginoism neUnion.
  • 14th Amendment (168): Kuziva pamutemo vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muU.S., kubatanidza vaichimbova varanda, uye vakavimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana pasi pemitemo. Iyi ndima yakava faundesheni nokuda kwekodzero dzenguva yemberi dzevagari vemo.
  • 15th Amendment (170): Yairatidzira kurambwa kwekodzero dzokuvhota pahwaro, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Kunyange zvazvo kudzika kwemitemo kwakanga kusina kusimba kumaodzanyemba kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore, yakasimbisa nheyo yebumbiro remitemo.

Kubudirira kwesangano rokuparadza kwakaratidza kuti kutsigira tsika nezvamatongerwe enyika kunopfuurira kwaigona kukurira kusaruramisira kwapamutemo kwakadzika midzi, asi kurwisa kuenzana kwechokwadi kwakanga kusati kwapera.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwourombo

Sangano ravakadzi rairwira kodzero yavakadzi yokuvhota, richiguma nokupfuura kwePramende yechi 19 muna 1920. Vatungamiriri vakafanana naSusan B. Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stanton vakaronga misangano, vakanyora maturakiti, uye Congress kuti vachengetedze iyi kodzero inokosha. Sangano racho rakabuda mumubatanidzwa wevatsigiri vehurumende, sezvo varwi vazhinji vechikadzi vakaziva kuti vakanga vasinawo simba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Muna 1848, Seneca Falls Convention yakaratidzira mavambo esangano ramaruramiro akarongwa ravakadzi. Chiziviso chekokorodzano cheMitemo yehurumende , yakaratidzwa paDeclaration of Independence, yakaronga zvichemo pamusoro pemitemo iyo yakaderedza vakadzi. Mumakumi amakore akatevera, vashingairi vakashandisa gadziriro dzakawanda: nhimbe dzenzvimbo yehurumende, kudzorwa, uye pane dzimwe nguva kusateerera kwavagari vemo.

Zvinokosha

  • Namashamcial Woman Suffnge Association (NWSA) uye American Woman Suffrage Association (AWSA): aya masangano, gare gare akabatanidzwa muNational American Woman Suffnge Association, akabatanidza nhamburiko munyika yose.
  • Foreitury (1869): Chitendero chokutanga kupa vakadzi kodzero dzokuvhota, kugadza muenzaniso nokuda kwedzimwe nyika.
  • Hurumende yeUnited States (1920)[FLT: Pashure pamakumi amakore okukwikwidza nokuchinja kukuru mumurangariro wavose mukati meHondo yeNyika I, chinjo yakatenderwa. Yakati: “Kodzero yavagari veUnited States yokuvhota haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kudzorwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano.”

Sangano revatambi rakapa vakadzi basa rokuvhota asiwo rakasimbisa zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvokuenzana kwevanhukadzi munguva yemberi zvakaratidza kuti mutemo waibvira nokudzvinyirira kwouswa hwairamba huripo uye kuvaka kwakabatana munzvimbo nemapoka. Rubudiriro rweGaramende rechi19 rakazokurudzirawo kuti pave nomubhadharo wakaenzana, kodzero dzokubereka, uye kudzivirirwa nemitemo pakusarura vanhu pabonde.

Musangano Wekodzero Dzevanhu (1950s - 1960)

Chivil Rights Movement of the 1950 ne 1960s yakavavarira kugumisa rusaruro rwedzinza nerusaruro muAfrican America. Nhamba huru dzakadai saMartin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, naMalcolm X dzakaoneka mukati menguva ino, vachitsigira kuenzana kupfurikidza nokuramba kune rugare, denho dzapamutemo, uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, mitoo inorwisana zvikuru. Sangano racho rakabvisa Jim Crow yetsika inobvumirwa nomutemo yakanga yapfuurira chifo chomugumo weReconvolution.

Kukunda Kwapakuvamba Nokubudirira Mumutemo

Pamberi pokuramba kukuru kwama 1960, NAACP Legin Defense Fund, yakatungamirirwa naThur Good Marshall, yakaronda gadziriro yapamutemo yokudenha muganhu. Mhaka ya 1954 Brown v. Board of Educa yakazivisa kuti “kuparadzana asi kuenzana” zvikoro zvavose zvakanga zvisingaenzaniswi, zvakaputsa 1896 PV. Ferguson chisarudzo. Ichi chisarudzo chakagovera nheyo yebumbiro remitemo nokuda kwedese Consolation mune dzimwe nharaunda dzoupenyu.

Montgomery Bus Boycott ya 1955-1956 yakanga iri chiitiko chinokosha chakaratidza simba rechiito cheboka. Pashure pokunge Rosa Parks akaramba kurega chigaro chake, vagari veAfrica vakashora mabhazi eguta kwerinopfuura gore. Mukomana weBhizi racho akapera bedzi apo Dare Gurusa rakatonga kuti bhazi rakanga risiri rehurumende. Kuramba ikoko kwakaisa Martin Luther King Jr. mukurumbira worudzi ndokutanga kusateerera kwavagari vemo kusina masimba senzira huru.

Mitemo Mikuru Nechinjo Yebumbiro Remitemo

  • Civil Rights Act ya 1964: rusaruro rwakabva padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, kana kuti mavambo orudzi mudzimba dzavose, basa, uye purogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Runoramba rwuri mumwe wemitemo ine simba zvikurusa inorwisana norusaruro munyika.
  • Vating Rights Act ya 1965: Kuedza kurava nokunyora nemimwe miitiro yaishandiswa kubvisa vaAmerica muAfrica. Yaida mativi akati nenhau ye rusaruro kuti awane mvumo yehurumende pamberi pokuchinja mitemo yokuvhota ([[FLT:]] SAUD5 preftwarence). Ikoku kuita kwakawedzera zvikuru kunyoresa kweBlack revhotarter nokutora rutivi rwezvamatongerwe enyika muSouth.
  • Chirevo cheNhau dzedzimba cha 1968: Rusaruro rwakaziviswa mukutengeswa, kurenda, uye kupiwa mari kwedzimba dzakavakirwa padzinza, rudzidziso, mavambo orudzi, uye (pashure) vatano nourema. Ikoku kwakatevera kuurawa kwaMartin Luther King Jr. uye kwakanga kuri rutivi rwenhamburiko huru zvikuru yokutaura nokusaenzana kwetsika mudzimba nenharaunda.

Kushandiswa kwemaitiro okuramba kusiri kwechisimba, kuunganidza vanhu vakawanda, uye kuronga zvinhu zvinoshanda kwakava mienzaniso yemasangano akawanda akazotevera.

LGBTQ+ Vashandi Vamaruramiro

Zvekodzero dzakarwirwa nokuda kwokuzivikanwa kwapamutemo nedziviriro murusaruro. zvinoitika zvepasi zvinobatanidza zviitiko zvakadai seStonewall Riots muna 1969 zvakabatanidza kukwidziridzwa nokuda kwokuenzana, kuchitungamirira kufambiro mberi dzapamutemo dzinokosha mumakumi amakore. Pamberi paStonellall, zviito zvoungochani zvakaparirwa utsotsi munyika zhinjisa, uye vanhu vamwe navamwe vakatarisana nokurasikirwa nebasa, kudzingwa, uye kunetsa kwamapurisa.

Pashure paStonewall, LGBTQ+ vanorwira kuumbwa kwemasangano akadai seGy Liberation Front neChirongwa chaMaruramiro avanhu. Vakashandisa nzira dzinobva kukodzero dzavagari vemo nesangano rinorwisana nehondo, kubatanidza kuratidzira kwavose, kukurudzira, uye denho dzapamutemo. Ma 1970 akaona budiriro dzapakuvamba: mamwe maguta akapfuudza miraudzo isina ganhuriro, uye American Psychiatric Association yakabvisa ungochani mundandanda yawo yevhiringidziko dzendangariro muna 1973.

Kukunda Kukuru Kwapamutemo

  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003)[FLT: 1] Dare Gurusa rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende yesodoma, richibvisa utsotsi hwebasa rimwe chetero revatano yevatano munyika yose. Iyi chisarudzo chakatendeutsa mhaka ya 1986 Bowers v. Hardweck[ uye yakasimbisa maruramiro kuva voga.
  • United States v. Windsor (2013) Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende yehurumende inofanira kuziva michato mimwe cheteyo yevatano yakaitwa pamutemo mumashoko ayo akavabvumira. Ikoku kwakaputsa gadziriro huru yeDefense of Marria Act (DOMA).
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015)[FLT: Dare rapamusorosa rairangarira kuti varoorani vane maruramiro makuru okuroora muPramende ye14. Iyi chinyorwa chakaita kuti roorano ive inoenzana nomutemo wenyika, rukundo rukuru pashure pamakumi amakore echiito.
  • Bostock v. Clayton County (2020)]: Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Thiti VII yeChibvumirano cheChivil Rights cha 1964, icho chinorambidza rusaruro rwevatano mubasa, chinodzivirirawo rusaruro rwakavakirwa pachimiro chevatano nechizivikanwo chomunhukadzi.

Kupfuura roorano nebasa, sangano racho rakashanda kudzivirira dziviriro dzisina shanje mudzimba, tarisiro youtano, uye pokugara pavose. Mutemo wakafanana neEcity Act (yakatangwa rapiwazve muCongress) unotsvaka kugadza dziviriro dzakajeka dzeLGBTQ+ America pamwero womubatanidzwa.

Kushata Kwekodzero NeADA

Kuvaka pamazano ezvirongwa zvapakuvamba, varemarari vaida kuwana dzidzo yakaenzana, basa, zvokufambisa zvavose, uye zvivako. Nhamburiko dzavo dzakaguma mune mumwe wemitemo yekodzero dzevanhu yakakwana munyika.

Zviitwa Zvinokosha

  • Kuisa 504 yeRehabilitation Act ye 1973: Rusaruro rwakaonesa vanhu vane urema mupurogiramu dzinotsigirwa nehurumende. Chikamu cha 1977 504 chinogara-mubatanidzwa(chirefu) chacho chakaitika pachivako cheSan Francisco chehurumende kushandisa mutemo.
  • Vanhu vane Mitemo yeDzidzo yeGumbi (IDEA) (1975): vakavimbisa dzidzo yapachena yapachena yakafanira nokuda kwavana vakaremara, kuvimbisa kuti vaigona kupinda zvikoro zvikuru netsigiro dziri madikanwa.
  • American neUlimilbecument Act (ADA) (1990)[FLT:]: Rusaruro runoratidzirwa pavanhu vane urema mumabasa, pokugara, zvokufambisa, nyika nenzvimbo dzinoshandira hurumende, uye kurukurirano. Muenzaniso weADA we “nzvimbo ine mufungo” uye kubviswa kwemiganhu yezvivako zvakagadza mupimo wenyika yose.
  • ADA Amendments Act (2008)[FLT:]: Yakabatanidza rondedzero yourema kudzorera kufukidzwa kwavanhu avo matare akanga anyanyodudzirwa, achivimbisa dziviriro dzeADA dzakaramba dzakasimba.

Sangano rekodzero dzohurema rakawinawo rukundo runokosha rweDare Rapamusoro, rwakadai se Olmstead v. L.C. (1999), iro rairangarira kuti kusarura kusina kururama kwavanhu vane urema kunopesana neADA. Iyi mhedziso yakasimudzira mabasa akavakirwa nzanga pamusoro pokuvambwa.

Kodzero Dzevagari Vemo veAmerica Nouchangamire

Nzanga dzemaIndian Citizeshi dzakarwira kodzero dzadzo kubvira pakutongwa nehurumende. Zana remakore rechi20 rakakunda nyaya huru dzine chokuita nouchangamire hwedzinza, kuzvitonga, uye kuchengetedzwa kwetsika. Dare reIndian Citizeshiship ra1924 rakabvumira kuti maIndian U.S. ave mugari wemo wemaIndian America, asi nyika dzakawanda dzichiri kuvarambidza kuvhota kusvikira kuma1950 kana kuti gare gare.

American Indian Movement (AIM) yakaumbwa muna 1968, ichinangidzira ngwariro pakodzero dzechibvumirano, utsinye hwamapurisa, uye ruramisiro yezvemari.

Kufambira Mberi Kwepamutemo

  • Indian Self-Donsetination and Education Act (1975): Marudzi akabvumirwa kutungamirira gadziriro dzehurumende idzo dzakanga dzamboshandiswa neBureau of Indian Affairs, achisimudzira kuzvidzora.
  • Indian Child Welfare Act (1978): Yaifanira kuchengeta vana vemaIndia nemhuri dzemaIndia, ichipa zano kumuitiro wenhau wokubvisa vana kuzvikoro zvebhodhingi kana kuti misha yokurera isiri yeManiti.
  • Act yeAmerican Graves Protection and Repatriation Act (1990): Masangano ehurumende namamiziyamu anodikanwa kudzorera zvisaririra zvohunhu zvemaIndia eAmerica nezvinhu zvetsika kuvazukuru vomutsara nendudzi.

Mumakore achangobva kupfuura aya, kutsutsumwa kweRock iSignaity (2017) paDakota Access Pippine kwakasimbisa kutamburira kunopfuurira kudzivirira zviwanikwa zvemvura nenyika dzesungano, nepo Dare Rapamusorosoro McGirt v. Oklahoma (2020) yakasimbisa kuti mabvazuva eOklahoma inoramba iri nyika yeNative American yakachengetedzwa nokuda kwamadonzo outsotsi.

Masangano Anotevera Nenguva Yemberi Yokuenzana Kwepamutemo

Pasinei zvapo nefambiro mberi inokosha, zvinetso zvinoramba zviri mukurondwa kwokuenzana kwapamutemo.

Upenyu Hwevatema Hune Basa Nokuchinja Kwetsika

Yakavambwa muna 2013 pashure pokurevererwa kwaGeorge Zimmerman mukupfura kwaTraevon Martin, Black Lives Matter (BLM) yazova simba guru mukudzivisa masimba edzinza nemufambiro wamapurisa. Sangano rinoshandisa kuronga kwemitauro, chiito chakananga, uye muitiro kuraira kuzvidavirira. Pashure pokuurawa kwaGeorge Floyd muna 2020, BLM yakabetsera kusunda Congress kuti arangarire George Floyd Justice muPolicillal Act, kunyange zvazvo Hurumende yakaguma. uye kuchinjwa kwemitezo kwapano. / zvakadai sezvirambidzo pamitezo zvemite, zvikwaro zvedare, uye kutarisirwa kwazvigaro zvakaitwa mumativi akawanda.

Kusimbisa kunoita sangano racho kumisiyano kunoratidza kuti dzinza, mamiriro ezvinhu, vanhukadzi, uye vanhukadzi vari mutsika dzinoshanda pamwe chete muudzvinyiriri.

Kugamuchira Kodzero Muzana Remakore Rechi21

Pashure pechisarudzo cheDare Gurusa ra2013 mu Shelby County v. Hoker] yakarova Chikamu 4 cheChibvumirano cheVoting Rights Act, icho chakasarudza kuti ihurumende ipi yaida kurongwa kwapamberi pekuvhura, hurumende dzinoverengeka dzakadzika miganhu inoganhurira, kuvhotera nzvimbo dzinovharwa, uye kubviswa kwemirongedze yevhoti. Mapoka echivocacy akarwisa iyi chinjo kupfurikidza nokutanga kuita basa rehurumende. John Lewis Voing Region Act Act (Retiverient Acts) vavariro dzokudzorera nokusimbisa marongerwo akaitwa.

Kodzero Dzokutamira Kumwe neDACA

Sangano rekodzero dzokutamira kune dzimwe nyika rakakurudzira kuti pave nokuchinja kukuru, kudzivirira hope, uye kuguma kwekuparadzana kwemhuri. Chirongwa cheDefered Action for Childhoopty Agewals (DACA) chakaitwa nenhungamiro yevakuru vakuru muna 2012, chakapa rusununguko rwechinguvana pakudzingwa kwevaduku vanopfuura 800 000. Zvinetso zvepamutemo kuDACA zvinoenderera mberi, uye vatsigiri vanotsvaka chigadzikiso chemitemo chenguva dzose.

Masangano acho anotaurawo nezvokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwevashandi, mamiriro ezvinhu okuchengetedzwa, uye kupiwa zano repamutemo.Masangano evatami, vaBlack, uye vashandi akasimbisa kukumbirwa kwegadziriro yokutama iri yoga uye isina kuzara.

mhedziso

Masangano ekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yose yeAmerica akaumba zvikuru gadziriro yapamutemo yerudzi, achisimudzira kuenzana neruramisiro. Sangano rimwe nerimwe rakavakira pabudiriro nezvidzidzo zvavatangiri varo, achitanga gamuchidzanwa rakapfuma rokuva noungwaru rinopfuurira kupesvedzera zvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi. Kuvambira pakubviswa kwouranda kusvikira kukuzivikanwa kwokuenzana kweroorano, kubva kuADA kusvikira kurwisano yazvino uno nokuda kwekodzero dzokuvhota, mubatanidzwa wenhau unochinjika kururamisiro bedzi kupfurikidza nezviito zvinopfuurira, denho dzapamutemo, uye ushingi hwavanhuwo zvavo vanoshuviwa kuti vabatirwe savagari vemo vakazara. Kunzwisisa aya masangano haasati achingokudza bedzi kuenzana isu kupfuurira basa rokuvaka maruramiro zvikuru.