Kunzwisisa Nheyo Ye Amendedzero Yechina

Chibvumirano chechina cheMitemo yeU.S. chinodzivisa nzvero isina mufungo nepfari. Chinotaura kuti vanhu vane maruramiro okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, uye kuti maruramiro haasati achizoparirwa pasina chikonzero chinobvira, achitsigirwa nemhiko kana kuti bvumirano, uye zvikurukuru kurondedzera nzvimbo inofanira kunzverwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Iyi dziviriro inoshanda kuvatambi vehurumende − mapurisa, hurumende, uye kuchengetwa kwomutemo kwomunzvimbomo. Nhevedzo dzoudzo dzomunhu oga dzakaumbwa namazana amakore enhau, uye inoramba ichinzvera simba rehurumende.

Kuongorora kwose hakudi pamutemo; mupimo wokunzwisisa unodzora mamiriro ezvinhu akawanda. Somuenzaniso, kuongorora kupfupi kunobva pakunyumwira kune mufungo kunobvumirwa, uye kunzvera kusina kufanira kunobvumirwa pasina kupanikirwa. Kunzwisisa apo uku kushambadza kunogona kukubatsira kuziva kana kunzvera kwapamutemo uye kuti ungapindura sei kana kusvikwa namapurisa.

Nokuda kwokupinda kwakadzama murugwaro nenhau yegadziridzo, ona [[FLT: 0] Cornell Legal Information Institute yepfupiso yeFirence [[FLT: 1].

Nheyo Huru: Kuva Nomufungo, Vasingakundi, uye Vasingaparadzaniswi

Kutsvaka kunoitwa nebumbiro repamutemo rine mufungo. Kuti vawane rugwaro, vakuru vakuru vanofanira kupa mejasitiriti pamutemo anoratidzira chisakiso chinobvira. Chitendero chinofanira kurondedzera nzvimbo chaiyo inofanira kusechwa uye zvinhu zvinofanira kubatwa. Kana pamutemo ukawanwa, vakuru vakuru vangapinda ndokunzvera mukati mawo.

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaona kuti pane dzimwe nguva matare anenge achiedza kuongorora pasina chikonzero kana aine pfungwa.

  • Consis - munhu anobvuma nokuzvidira kusecha.
  • Chiono choMutemo [ - vakuru vakuru vanoona ufakazi pachena munzvimbo yapamutemo.
  • [[FT:0] Mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha – chinhu chakakomba, zvakadai sokuronda nokukurumidza kana kuti ruparadziko rwava pedyo rwoufakazi, anoda chiito chokukurumidza.
  • Chinoitika chokutsvaka kusunga [ - pashure pokusungwa kwapamutemo, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera munhu nenharaunda zviri pedyo nokuwana zvombo kana kuti ufakazi.
  • Kusiiwa kwemotokari kunoitwa nemotokari kusingashandiswi [ – kana pane chikonzero chinobvira chokudavira kuti motokari ine ufakazi hweutsotsi, vakuru vakuru vanganzvera motokari yose namabhokisi api naapi ari mukati mayo pasina maruramiro.
  • Kutsvaka [ - kunzvera kwomuitiro pamiganhu yenyika uye zvienzaniso zvazvo hazvidi mafaro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira.
  • Zvinodikanwa zvinooneka[ - kunzvera kwokutarisira (musati, nzvimbo dzokunzvera kudhakwa, chengeteko yenhandare yendege) zvingava zvine mufungo pasina nyumwiro yomunhu oga.

Somuenzaniso, dzidziso yakajeka inoshanda bedzi kana mukuru mukuru aripo nenzira yapamutemo uye rudzi rwokupomera rwechinhu chacho ruchioneka nokukurumidza. Kubvuma kunofanira kupiwa nokuzvidira, kwete kumanikidzwa, kwete kungoti unenge wanyarara hako hakugoni kutaura kuti wabvuma.

Mienzaniso Chaiyoiyo Yenyika Yezvirongwa Zve Amendeji Yechina

Kunzvera Kwomusha

Musha unogamuchira mwero wakakwirira weFreendment yeChina inodzivirira. Vakuru vakuru kazhinji kazhinji vanoda maruramiro okupinda mumusha, kutoti chakasiana chichishanda. Somuenzaniso, kana mapurisa ane chisakiso chinobvira uye achidavira kuti ufakazi huri kuparadzwa, vangaita kupinda kusingatongokwanikwi mumigariro yakashata. Brigham City v. Stuart (2006), Dare raidavira kuti vakuru vakuru vaigona kupinda mumusha pasina pamutemo apo vanocherekedza kurwisana kwamasimba masimba mukati uye kunodikanwa kudzivirira upenyu. Pane rumwe rutivi rwemusha kuti vadzivise ufakazi hwekurumidziro hwekurumidziro.

Muenzaniso: Mupurisa anogogodza pasuo rako ndokukumbira kupinda mukati kuzotsvaka zvinhu zvakabiwa. Kana ukati kwete, havagoni kupinda kunze kwokunge vane rugwaro kana kuti vanogona kunongedzera kuchinhu chinopesana sechinodzivisirwa kana kuti tyisidziro yapakarepo. Kana vakapinda, ufakazi hupi nohupi hungawanikwa hungava mumutemo wokubvisa.

Nokuda kwemienzaniso yokutsvaka yapamusha, ACLU’s Know Your Rights arlage [[[FLT: 1] inopa migariro inoshanda.

Kunzvera Kwechinonzi Vehicle

Nzvero yeVehicle inodzorwa nemotokari dzinosiiwa nemimwe mitemo. Nemhaka yokuti motokari dzinofamba uye dzinodzorwa nekariro shomanene dzakavanzika, vakuru vakuru vane chisakiso chinobvira vanganzvera motokari yose, kubatanidza mabhokisi akavharwa mukati, pasina maruramiro. Zvisinei, kumira kwemotokari hakungopi vakuru vakuru chinobvira chisakiso chokutsvaka. Vanoda zvimwe chisakiso, bvumiro, kana kuti nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti wakashongedzerwa uye une ngozi (kubvumira gira mudhuri une tsvina yakaganhurirwa).

Muenzaniso: Unokweva nokuda kwokumhanya. Mukuru mukuru anobvunza kuti, “Une chinhu chipi nechipi chisiri pamutemo mumotokari here?” Kana ukati kwete uye ipapo vanokumbira kunzvera bhutsu yako, unogona kuramba. Kana vakapfuurira pasina rugwaro, chisakiso, kana kuti kubvumira kwako, kunzvera kungabvira kupesana. Asi kana mukuru mukuru wacho akanhuwidza mbanje kana kuti akaona chombo muchiono chakajeka, zvimwe chingavapo nokuda kwokunzvera kwakazara.

Mu Rodriguez v. United States (2015), Dare Rapamusorosa rakataura kuti mapurisa haagoni kutambanudzira kumira kwemotokari kupfuura nguva inodikanwa kupedza donzo rayo (mutoo, kunyora tikiti) kungoita bedzi kufemba motokari, kutoti kana ivo vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yemimwe mibato youtsotsi.

Zvishandiso Zvemagetsi Zvinoshandiswa Pachako

Gemende yeChina inoshanda kumikoto yemitemo. Riley v. California [2014] (2014, Dare rapamusoro rakabvumirana kuti vakuru vakuru havagoni kunzvera serura yakabatwa mukati mokusungwa pasina judha(hasi pasi po “sei kutsvaka chinoitika chokusunga” nokuti foni dzazvino uno dzine mashoko akawanda omunhu oga. Nenzira yakafanana, kunyorwa kusina mutengo kwenzvimbo yomunhu kupfurikidza neGPS pamotokari kunoda rugwaro ([]] United States v. Jones[FL:3], 2012]).

Muenzaniso: Kana ukasungwa nokuda kwomufambiro usina nhevedzano, mapurisa angakunyudza ndokutora runhare rwako, asi haagoni kunzvera nemifananidzo yako, magwaro, kana kuti kuridza runhare pasina mvumo. Kana vakaita kudaro, ufakazi hupi nohupi hunowanwa (mutoo, mapikicha outsotsi) angaderedzwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro pezvakavanzika zvemakombiyuta, [[FLT: 0] percentage percentages Know Your Rights Foundation’s mapeji [[FLT: 1] inofukidza zvinhu zvemagetsi uye kuongorora.

Kunzvera Mucheto

Muganhu inzvimbo yakasiyana. Hurumende ine chiremera chikuru chokunzvera vanhu pasina maruramiro uye nzvimbo inopinda muUnited States(8) kubatanidza kunzvera marapy nefoni. Dare Rapamusoro harisati rapedza zvizere ukuru hwokunzvera magiramu kunobvumirwa pamuganhu, asi matare maduku akakamurana pamusoro pokuti kunyumwira kune mufungo kunodikanwa nokuda kwokunzvera kune mufungo. Routine, zvakadai sepatàwded nenzvero dzemitoro, hakudi kunyumwiswa.

Muenzaniso: Panzvimbo yokunzverera muganhu wenhandare, mumiriri angakukumbira kuzarura mabhegi ako uye anganzvera runhare rwako nokuda kwemifananidzo inoiswa mumugwagwa pasina mvumo. Zvisinei, kana ichida shoko rako risingabvumirwi ndokupedza maawa achikopa mashoko, mamwe matare akarangarira kuti ikoku kunopfuura kunzvera kwomuitiro uye kunoda nyumwiro.

Kunzvera Kwechikoro

Vadzidzi muzvikoro zvavose vakaderedza kariro dzekuva voga. Pasi pe New Jersey v. T.L.O.[[FL:1] [1985], vakuru vakuru vechikoro vangatsvaka mudzidzi kana vane nyumwiro ine mufungo yokuti kunzvera kuchawadza ufakazi hwokuputswa kwemitemo yechikoro kana kuti mitemo. Hapana pamutemo unodikanwa. Kunzvera kunofanira kuva kune mufungo muukuru uye kwete kunyanyoisa mutsinga kupiwa zera romudzidzi uye rudzi rwekunyumwina kunofungidzirwa.

Muenzaniso: Mudzidzisi anonhuwidza mbanje mukoridho uye anoona mudzidzi ane meso matsvuku. Mudzidzi anogona kukumbira mudzidzi kurasa homwe dzake kana kuti kutsvakisisa bhegi. Asi kutsvakisisa mudzidzi pahomwe isina kujeka kungava kusanzwisisa.

Mazano Anoshanda Okudzivirira Kodzero Dzako Pavaisangana Nemapurisa

Mazano aya anobatsira haasi mazano epamutemo anowanzopiwa nevakawanda.

Ramba Wakadzikama uye Uchinyatsotaura Nezvekodzero Dzako

  • [[[FT:0] Kumbira kana wakasununguka kuenda.[[FT:1] Kana mukuru mukuru akati hungu, ungaenda wakadzikama; kana vakati kwete, uri kusungwa.
  • [ Une maruramiro okunyarara. Haufaniri kupindura mibvunzo pamusoro pemibato yako, nzvimbo yaunoenda, kana kuti kana uchiziva chikonzero nei wamiswa. Kana ukasarudza kuramba wakanyarara, taura zvinonzwika, kuti: “Ndiri kushandisa kodzero yangu yokuramba ndakanyarara.”
  • Usabvuma kunzvera. Unogona kuti: “Handibvumiri kunzvera;” Kunyange kana uchidavira kuti hauna chinhu chokuvanza, uchitaura kuti hauna kodzero dzako dzapamutemo. Kana mukuru mukuru ane rugwaro, vachatsvaka zvisinei, asi hausi kuda kubvuma.
  • Usadzivisa mumuviri. Kana kunzvera kukaitika pasinei zvapo nechirambidzo chako, usarwa. Gare gare, gweta rako rinogona kudenha pamutemo wokutsvaka mudare. Dzivisa gare gare, kwete mumuviri.

Kupindirana Nomutemo: Zvokuita

Muchimiswa chemotokari: PUSA muhomwe yangu yakakotsekana, dzima injini, dzikisa hwindo rako zvishoma, uye chengeta maoko ako achioneka. Paunokumbirwa rezinesi nokunyoresa, zivisa mukuru mukuru pairi (g., “Chikwama changu chiri muhomwe yangu yeshure, ndinoda kuchisvika”. Unodikanwa kugovera rezinesi yako, kunyoresa, uye chibvumikiso cheinishuwa. Haudikadiwi kupindura mibvunzo yakafanana ne “Uri kubva kupi?” kana kuti “Unoziva kuti nei ndamira?"

Kana mukuru mukuru akakumbira kunzvera motokari yenyu, iti: “Mutarisiri, handibvumi kusecha.” Kana vakapfuurira zvisinei, musadzongonyedza. Cherekedza udzame hwuri "badge, nhamba yemotokari, mazita echapupu (*) uye dana gweta nokukurumidza sezvinobvira.

Mumugwagwa: Kana mukuru mukuru akasvika kwauri nokuda kwokubvunzurudza, bvunza, kuti: “Ndiri musungwa here, kana kuti ndakasununguka kuenda?” Kana usina kusungwa, ungaenda. Kana vakakudzivisa (kunyumwira kune mufungo), ungaramba ukanyarara. Ipa bedzi zita rako kana richida kutendwa nomutemo wehurumende (dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuti uzvizivise umene mumigariro yakati). Kana zvisizvo, uti: “Ndinosarudza kuramba wakanyarara uye unoda kutaura kugweta.”

Nokuda kwenhungamiro ine udzame pamusoro pechokuita mukati mezvimira, ona bhurocha [[FLT: 0] reNational Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers’s Know Your Rights [[[FLT: 1].

Kana Mapurisa Achida Kutsvaka Musha Wako

  • [ Kumbira kuona chibvumikiso. Kana vane rugwaro, unogona kururava. Iva nechokwadi kuti runobatanidza kero yako yakarurama, runosainwa nomutongi, uye kuronga nzvimbo chaidzo dzokunzverwa nezvinhu zvinotsvakwa.
  • Kana rugwaro rwacho ruchinge rwava nekodzero, unofanira kubvumira kuti vapinde, haufaniri kuvabetsera kutsvaka, asi haugoni kuvadzivisa mumuviri.
  • Kana vasina rugwaro, unogona kuramba kupinda nokuti: “Haubvumi kupinda.” Dzimai suo makadzikama; musakakavara kana kudanidzira.

Kunyora Kuonana Kwacho

Kana zvichibvira, batano dzakanyorwa navanochengeta mutemo (_asi ita kudaro nenzira isingadzongonyedzi basa ravo. Mumativi mazhinjisa enyika, une maruramiro okurekodha mapurisa munzvimbo dzavose. Zvisinei, mitemo inosiana, naizvozvo ngwarira. Kana uri kurekodha, zivisa mukuru mukuru, kuti: “Ndiri kunyora uku kufambidzana nokuda kwekotsekano yangu ndimene.”

Pashure pokusangana kwacho, nyora chinhu chiri chose chaunoyeuka: nguva, nzvimbo, mazita evakuru vakuru nenhamba dzemabheji, zvakataurwa, zvakasechwa, uye kana wakabvumira. Chengeta marisiti api naapi, mapikicha, kana kuti mavhidhiyo. Mapepa aya anogona kuva anokosha kana ukazonyora chinyunyuto kana kuti wiridzi wako akadenha kunzvera.

Nguva Yokuonana Neattorney

Kana uchidavira kuti kodzero dzako dzeGendement yeChina dzakaputswa — somuenzaniso, mapurisa akanzvera musha wako kana kuti motokari pasina rugwaro kana kuti bvumidzo uye pasina kusiiwa kunoshanda — unofanira kutaura negweta rinodzivirira utsotsi nokukurumidza sezvinobvira. Gweta rinogona kuhwirudzura mhaka yako, kuona kana kunzvera kwacho kwakanga kusiri kwapamutemo, uye kuronga chiito chokudzvinyirira ufakazi hupi nohupi hunowanwa nenzira isiri yapamutemo. Muteveri wokurega mutemo kazhinji kazhinji unoita kuti ufakazi hwakadaro huve husingabvumiki mudare.

Kunyange kana usina kupomerwa, kupunzirwa kwemitemo kungakupa zvikonzero zvokunyoresa mhaka yekodzero dzevanhu pasi pa 42 U.S.C. . . . . . . . rimwe gweta rinogona kukupa zano pamusoro pokuti kutaura kwakadaro kunoshanda.

Mutemo Wokugumisa Neganhuriro Dzawo

Mutemo wokubvisa mutemo mushonga unodzivisa ufakazi hunowanwa mukuputswa kweGadziro yeChina pakushandiswa mukwiridziridzwa. Donzo rahwo nderokudzivisa kusazvibata kwamapurisa. Mutemo unoshanda mukuita utsotsi kwakawanda, asi kune kupesana kunokosha. Somuenzaniso, kana vakuru vakuru vakavimba nokutenda kwakanaka parugwaro rwakazoonekwa kuti rwakanga rusingashandi, ufakazi hungava huchiri husingabviri mu “kutenda kwakanaka kwapakarepo” ( United States v., 1984]). Nenzira yakafanana kana ufakazi hungadai hwakawanikwa nenzira isingadzivisiki, hungabvumwarirwa.

Mutemo wokubvisa vanhu munyika haushandi mukutongwa kana kuti kudzorwa kwenhau. uyewo haushandi kana kutsvaka kwacho kuchiitwa nomunhu oga asingashandi munhungamiro yehurumende.

Nokuda kwetsananguro huru yomutemo wokubvisa, hwirudzura Kubuda kweMutongi mukuru pamutemo wokubvisa [[FLT: 1].

Kupedzisa: Kuramba Uchiziva uye Uchitya

Gadziriro yeChina yeFizirence idziviriro mhenyu iyo inochinjira kuruzivo rutsva rwezvigadzirwa zvamapurisa uye kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nheyo dzayo huru nedzisingawirirani navanhu vose, unogona kudzivirira zviri nani kuva woga wako ndokupindura nenzira inobudirira apo kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunoshanda newe. Kusimbisa kodzero dzako noruremekedzo. (Nokubvunza kana wakasununguka kuenda, kuramba kunzvera, uye kuramba ukanyarara miitiro yamapurisa.) kuchengetedza mano ako okudenha zviito zvisiri zvapamutemo gare gare gare. Kana ukanyumwira kodzero dzako dzaputswa, nyora chibvumirano ndokubvunza murwi. Zivo yeGeneset Remendement ndechimwe chezvishandiso zvine simba zvikurusa zvaunazvo mukudzivirira kodzero dzako dzebumbiro remitemo.