Nheyo Inogara: Nei Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Kuchikosha?

United States Constitution, yakatenderwa muna 1788, yakatanga chirongwa chehurumende yehurumende. Asi vagadziri vayo vakanzwisisa kuti hapana gwaro raigona kufanoona chinetso chiri chose kurusununguko. Ndicho chikonzero nei vakabatanidza Chikamu V, chinogovera gadziriro yokugadziridza kana kuti kuwedzera. Musiano wekuchinja kwamazana maviri, kugadziriswa 27 kwakatenderwa, chimwe nechimwe mhinduro kukusaruramisira chaiko kana kuti kuchinja kwetsika dzenyika. Zvibvumirano izvi hazvingotaudzi kodzero chete; zvinorondedzera ukama pakati pomugari wemo nehurumende, uye zvinoramba zviri nhau yekurukurirano yakasimba mumatare, makirasi, uye nzvimbo dzavose. Nokuda kwavadzidzi navadzidzi, kunzwisisa zviri mukati mazviri mudungwe (8) uye mashoko enyika yeAmerica amene anokosha pakunzwisisa.

Muitiro We Amendeko: Nzira Yakasununguka Yokuchinja

Kutsiva Bumbiro reMitemo kwakaoma namaune. Kugadziriswa kungakarakadzwa nevhoti yedzimba mbiri nenhatu dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress kana kuti nekokorodzano yenyika yakakumbirwa nembiri dzedzigaro mbiri dzakazvidzwa (pashure hakuna kutongoshandiswa). Kudzorwa kunoda mvumo nedzitatu dzedzitatu dzemisika yehurumende (kana kuti nekokorodzano dzehurumende, dzinoshandiswa bedzi nokuda kwePendementmentation). Iyi danda rakakwirira rinovimbisa kuti chinjo dzinotsigirwa zvikuru dzinova rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Somuuyo, muganhu mumwe nomumwe unova nouremu hukuru hwezvamatongerwe enyika nerefuro yepamutemo.

Bhili Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Kugadziridzwa Kwemitemo Gumi Kwokutanga

Ratisimudzwa muna 1791, Bill of Rights yakanga iri muuyo weAnti-Federalist yairaira dziviriro dzakajeka pakunyengera kwehurumende. James Madison pakuvamba akanyoresa mazai ane gumi namaviri okutsiva; maviri okutanga (kugovera nokupa mari yesangano) mari yesangano (jeresa rehurumende) haina kutenderwa pakuvamba. (Mubhadharo pakupedzisira wakatenderwa muna 1992 seWe Amendement yechi 27.) Vasara gumi vakava chinhu chinokosha cherusununguko rweAmerica.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Rusununguko Rushanu

First Amendment inorambidza kuita Congress ipi neipi "inoremekedza kutangwa kwerudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvinobudisa nhau; kana kuti maruramiro avanhu okuungana norugare, uye kukumbira Rumbidzo dzezvichemo. Iyi mifungo mishanu inodzivirira kutora rutivi kwehurumende. Chisarudzo chikuru cheDare Gurusa chakawedzera kodzero dzavo. [[FL:] Tinsker v. Des Mos[[FLT:] [196], Dare rinotsigira kodzero yavadzidzi kupfeka tsvina mukutsutsutsutsumwa kwapachena kwehondo, rinozivisa kuti vadzidzi havasati vadzikisi kodzero dzavo dzemitemo dzavo dzerudzidziso kusununguka kukutaura kana kuti kutaura kwechikoro. [F.][2]

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

"Militia inosanodzorwa, kuva iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Revo yeChipiri yePramende yakakurukurwa kwenguva refu kusvikira chinyorwa cheDare Gurusa muna . [[FLT:]] Heller[FLT] [5] akasimbisa munhu worudyi kuva nepfuti nokuda kweyeyeye amene, mukati memusha, DCC.'svon. [[FFLT]] [FFLT]] [FFLT] [5] , zvinobatanidza miraudzo yepfura, zvinopfura.

Wechitatu: Kubatanidzwa Kwevarwi

Iyi gadziridzo isingawanzoitiki inorambidza nguva yerugare yezvikamu zvina zvamazana amakore muimba ipi neipi pasina kubvumira kwomuridzi. Yakanga iri davidzo yakananga kumiitiro yeBritain yakatsamwisa vadzori vemo. Nepo zvikurukuru isina kusimba nhasi, inosimbisa nheyo yokudzora chiuto uye yakadudzwa mukupesana kwapachivande kunowirirana.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kutsvakurudza Nokunyengetedza

Gemende yeChina inodzivirira "kodzero yavanhu kuva vakachengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha. Chinokosha ndeche "kunzwisisa" --inoda zvikuru rugwaro runotsigirwa nezvinobvira. Mutemo wekubvisa, wakagadzwa mu Mapp v. Ohio [1961] [1961]), unorambidza kushandiswa kwoufakazi hunowanikwa mukupunzwa kwechibvumirano. Zvinetso zvazvino zvinobatanidza kuva wogaro, sechisarudzo cheDare mu . California[FLT] [20] [12] (1960]]] mapurisa anoda pamutemo kunzvera chiitiko kuti vatonge.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Findre Amendment ine dziviriro dzakawanda: kupomera mhaka kukuru kwedare rinobetsera vatongi nokuda kwemhosva dzakakomba, kurambidza njodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, kudzivirira pakumanikidzwa kuzviita kuti uzvisarudzire, uye muripo wakarurama nokuda kwenzvimbo yomunhu oga yakatorwa nokuda kwokushandiswa navanhu vose. "Miranda kodzero" yakakurumbira inobva Miranda v. Arizona [1966], ichida mapurisa kuzivisa kufungira kodzero dzavo kuti dzirambe dzakanyarara uye kuva negwetabheti ripo mukati mvuriro inopiwa. Muitiro wakafanira unorambidzawo mitemo isina kujeka uye unobatanidza Bill Regitionss patwo.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kutonga Kusina Zvakunopomerwa

Dare reSikisi Remisi yePendeko rinovimbisa kutonga kwechitanhatu kwokukurumidza uye kwokusarura, vatongi vasingasaruri, chiziviso chemhosva, kodzero yokutarisana nezvapupu, muitiro wokumanikidzwa nokuda kwezvapupu zvakanaka, uye kodzero yokupa zano. Gideon v. Wainwright[ [1963]) yaidavira kuti hurumende inofanira kupa gweta kuvanopomerwa mhosva vasingasaruri (chinjo inochinja yakaita kuti iende kugadziriro yazvino uno yomudziviriri wedare revoruzhinji. Ruramiro rwokutonga mumhaka mumhaka dzinotonga dzinoramba dziri dziviriro mudzvinyiriro yehurumende.

Kuchinja Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Mumhosva Dzevagari Vomunyika

Mumitemo inozivikanwa navose inopfuura $20, Seventh Amendment inochengetedza kodzero yokutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi uye inodzivisa matare kudzorera maidi anowanwa nedare rinobetsera vatongi kunze kwemitemo yakati. Iyi gadziridzo inoshanda bedzi mudare rehurumende; hurumende hadzidikanirwi kugovera kutonga kwedare redare ravagari vemo, asi zhinjisa dzinodaro nebumbiro radzo remitemo.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Beilry yakanyanyisa, faindi yakanyanyisa, uye "chirango chechienzi" zvinorambidzwa. Chitsama chemashoko chine utsinye nechisina kurovedzeka chave chiri hwaro hwenharo pamusoro pechirango chorufu. Mu Furman v. Georgia[ [772], Dare rakabviswa miraudzo yerufu panguva iyoyo sechinofungwa nechakaipa, inotungamirira kugadziridza. [FLT:] [FLD]] gg v.[[FFLT]][3] [7] [7] [7] 76] yakatsigira mitemo yakagadziridzwa inotungamirira kutongwa kwedare. Zvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvakarambidza chirango cherufu nokuda kwevaduku ([FLT:]]] vFFFF], 2005 [5]] uye kuremanwa pamutemo (vFtkst orgoktion, 2002]).[3]

Mitemo Yechina Neyechigumi: Kodzero Dzakabviswa uye Simba Rakachengetwa

Ninth Amendment inonyevera kuti kuronga dzimwe kodzero hakudzivisi dzimwe dzinochengetwa navanhu. Yave ichikumbirwa kudzivirira kodzero dzakavanzika, somu Griswold v.Connecticut (1965), iyo inobvuma kodzero yokuva voga muroorano pamusoro pokudzivisa kubata pamuviri. Tenth Amendment inochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti masimba asingapiwi kuhurumende kana kuti kurambidzwa kunyika. Inheyo inokosha mugakavadzano yehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakadai sokuvakwa kwemba kwapamutemo, murairo wemhoteredzo, uye tarisiro youtano.

Kugadziridza Kuchinjira Kumwe: Rusununguko Rwokuderedza Kuenzana

Pashure peHondo Yavagari Vemo, chinjo nhatu dzakagamuchirwa kubvisa uranda ndokutanga chinzwano chapamutemo nokuda kwavaAmerica veAfrica.

Kuchinja Kwechi13 (1865)

Pesvedzero yechi13 inorambidza uranda nouranda husingazvipiwi, kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Inopawo Congress simba rokuita kuti iyi gadziriro itsive kupfurikidza nomutemo wakafanira. Nepo yakagumisa uranda hwekurukurirano, "chirango" chakatungamirira kumutongi anorerutsira kugadziriro yokusunungura uye gare gare kunharo dzokusungwa. Kugadziriswa kwacho kwave kuchishandiswa kudenha zvimiro zvazvino uno zvebasa rokumanikidzirwa nokutengesa vanhu.

Wegumi Negumi (Epumende 1868)

Zvichida chitsama chakaenzana zvikurusa chemitemo inosimudzirwa, Iwenath Amendment inorondedzera kuva mugari wemo worudzi, inorambidza kubva kukuvadziko dzinodzorwa "ropafadzo kana kuti nhomba dzevagari vemo," uye inovimbisa muitiro wakafanira nedziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Chitsama chakafanira chakashandiswa kubatanidza zvizhinjisa zveRegiontions pahurumende. Chikamu chinodzivirira chakaenzana chaiva hwaro hwe [[FLT:] Brown v. Board yeDy [1954], iyo yakaderedza kubatana kwedzinza muzvikoro zvavose, uye zvisarudzo zvakadzivirira maruramiro akaenzana nokuda kwavakadzi, LGTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe. Andmentedment inobatanidzawo chinodikanwa che "chiito chapamusoro" chinodikanwa chapashatiko chamatengwe chakabatanidzwa zvakananga.

Mutezo Wechigumi Neshanu (1870)

Kodzero yokuvhota "haisati ichizorambwa kana kuti kuvharwa neUnited States kana kuti neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yedzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Pasinei zvapo neichi chipikirwa, nyika dzokuMadokero dzakaisa kuedza kurava nokunyora, mitero yokuvhota, uye masimba masimba kudzvinyirira kuvhota kutozosvikira Voting Rights Act of 1965. Chitegiso chokudzika mutemo wokushandisa kunyoresa pamutemo weid dzevota, kudzosa, uye mutoo wePreciance yakarovanisa warova mu Shelby County v. Haver

Kuwedzera jira reFranchishe: Pepa regumi namapfumbamwe, ramakumi maviri namashanu, nerechimakumi maviri namatanhatu

Muganhu wenhau yeAmerica unobatanidza kurwisa kurefu kwokutambanudza vhoti. Kugadziridza kutatu kunokosha kunoratidzira fambiro mberi.

  • Ninetenth Amendment (1920): Pashure pamakumi amakore echiito, vakadzi vakawana maruramiro okuvhota kupfurikidza negadziridzo yebumbiro remitemo. Vhoti yokupedzisira muTennessee yakasarudzwa nomutengi mumwe wemitemo akapfeka maruva matsvuku. Kugadziriswa kwakashandura matongerwe enyika eAmerica nemabasa avakadzi muupenyu hwavo hwose.
  • Thy-Fourth Amendment (1964): Mitero yeBhosve, yakashandiswa zvikurukuru munyika dzokuMaodzanyemba kubvisa vaBlackv vakaderera vvuno, yakarambidzwa musarudzo dzehurumende. (Mitero yevhotera yenyika yakabviswa gare gare neDare Rapamusoro pasi pechitsama chakaenzana mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFUVTS, 1966])
  • Thy-Sixth Amendment (1971): Kupindura kugakava rokuti avo vakanga vakura zvakakwana kurwa muVietnam vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuvhota, kugadziriswa kwakaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18 mukusarudza kwose. Kwakatenderwa muchinyorwa nguva inongopfuura mwedzi mitatu chete.

Kugadziridzwa Kwegadziriro: Kuzviruramisa Pachako Kwehurumende

Hadzisi dzose dzinochinja kodzero dzevanhu.

  • SSixteenth Amendment (1913): Akapa Dare simba rokubhadhara mutero wemari usingaugoveri pakati pehurumende.
  • pamue Sevententh Amendment (1913): Yakaitirwa vhoti dzakananga dzeU.S. dzakasarudzwa navanhu, kuchitsiva kusarudzwa nedzimba dzehurumende. Ikoku kwakawedzera kuzvidavirira kwehurumende yehurumende uye kudzorwa kwemichina yebato yakaneteswa.
  • Miromo-Second Amendment (1951): Mapurezidhendi akaganhurirwa kumashoko maviri, mhinduro yakananga kuna Franklin D. Roosevelt yaisamboitika.
  • [Miviri-Seventh Amendment (1992: yakakarakadzwa pakuvamba muna 1789, iyi bvumirano inorambidza mubhadharo wesangano unobvisa kushanda kutozosvikira pashure pesarudzo inotevera. Yakatenderwa pakupedzisira anopfuura mazana maviri amakore gare gare, ichigadza chinyorwa chokunonoka kuvaka.

Kunzwisisa Kodzero Dzako Mukushandisa

Kuziva nezvekugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kunobatsira vagari vemo kuti varambe vaine kodzero dzavo uye kuti vaite mabasa avo.Hedzi nzira dzokunzwisisa zvakadzama zvinhu zvedzidzo uye upenyu hwezuva nezuva:

  • [[FLT: 0]] Mitongo yeChinyorwa cheDare gurusa. Mifungo mu Marbury v. Madison, [[FLT:]] Brown v. Board yeDzidzo[, [[FLT]]] [[FLT] r., uye [[FLT:] Obergefell v. Hodges[FLT:] inoenzanisira sei kuti manyuko anodudzirwa pamusoro penguva. [FL: 10] projects [F]
  • [ Manyuko makuru.[[FT:1] [[FT:2] Tchareko reNyika [ rinopa mifananidzo yakakwirira yokugadziridza yezvisakiso zvapakuvamba nezviwanikwa zvedzidzo.
  • Mifungo yegakava yazvino uno. Nhau dzakafanana nokudzora pfuti, kutaura kwakasununguka pasociation, mitemo yemivhoti, uye maruramiro okubvisa pamuviri zvose zvinobatanidza kududzirwa. Gakava rinoumbwa rinobetsera vadzidzi kuona mifungo mizhinji.
  • [ Kubatanidza chinjo kuruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwomunhu oga. Nguva iri yose apo munhu anotaura ndangariro dzake, anoshandisa rudzidziso rwavo, nyorerana negweta, kana kuti vhoti, vari kushandisa maruramiro ebumbiro remitemo. Kuita kuti batano iyoyo yomunhu oga idzorese musha wemupimo wezvigadziriso.
  • shandisa mameseti akawanda. Manyoro akafanana ne [[FT:2] Dare rapamusoro-soro [PBS], mapepa akadai se [ Constitution Center yeNational Center's "Isu Vanhu", uye marusaiti enguva anoita kuti kudzidza kuve nesimba.

Mugumisiro: Nhaka Mhenyu YeMitemo Yakagadziriswa

Kugadziridza kweBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. hakusati kuri zvidimbu zvemiyuziyamu; izvo mitoo inoshingaira yeruramisiro nerusununguko. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinozvinzverazve muchiedza chezvinetso zvitsva. Masangano ezvibvumirano, ugandanga hwenyika yose, kusaenzana kwetsika, uye tsika dzinochinja. Bill of Rights yakadzosa hurumende yehurumende pakuvamba bedzi, asi kupfurikidza neGadziro reMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo inoshanda kuhurumende. Kudzivirira kukurusa kwechine 145 zvino zvinoshanda kumitengidzira kuenzana rinovimbisa kuenzana asi kunoda kurwisana kwezana ramakore kuti rizivikanwe. Kuda kwemagariro echipfumirire echipfupi nemitemo kwakazarusa kumamirioni mamirioni mamirioni mamirioni mamirioni kumamirioni mamirioni avana. Kureva kuti, kurangarira kupfurikidza nokubvunza, uye kuzivisa: Nhetembo, uye kuzivisa kuti: