Kutanga: Kusawirirana Pakati Pesimba Renyika Nekodzero Dzezvinhu

Mitemo yehurumende inopa masangano anochengeta mutemo chiremera chokutora mari, motokari, nzvimbo, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvinofungidzirwa kuva zvakabatana nemubato woutsotsi. Kusafanana netsotsi, uko kunoitika pashure pekutenderwa, kuraswa kwezvinhu pachako panzvimbo pomuridzi, kuchibvumira hurumende kutora zvinhu kunyange kana muridzi asingatongopiwi mhaka. Gadziriro iyi yapamutemo yechienzi yakamutsa kwenguva refu mibvunzo pamusoro pechinodikanwa chekodzero yenzvimbo isati yagona kutorwa.

Gadziriro yeChina yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. inodzivirira vanhu pakunzvera kusina mufungo nehosha, zvikurukuru kuraira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana maruramiro akavakirwa pachingabvira pachinhu chisati chaiswa panzvimbo yomunhu oga.

Nyaya ino inonzvera pamutemo wezvinodikanwa zvepfuma yehurumende, kunzvera gadziriro dzehurumende, kuchinja kwenzvimbo yehurumende, magakava makuru, uye nhamburiko dzokuchinja dzinopfuurira. Panosvika mugumo, varavi vachava nomufananidzo wakajeka weapo rugwaro runodikanwa, apo rwunenge rusati rwadikanwa, uye kuti izvozvo zvinorevei nokuda kwaavo vangatarisana nokutapurwa kwezvinhu.

Mamiriro Ezvinhu Enhau Nebumbiro Remitemo

Gene Amendment inotaura kuti “maruramiro avanhu okuchengeteka muvanhu vavo, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo, mukunzverwa kusina mufungo nepfari, haasati achizoshatiswa, uye hapana Warrants ichabudiswa, asi painobvira.” Mumutemo wegamuchidzanwa wetsotsi, ikoku kunoreva kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera musha kana kuti kubata ufakazi. Asi kurasikirwa kwavagari vemo kunoshanda munzvimbo yakasiana nemutemo [[[FLT:]] rem] anorwisana nepfuma, kwete [[FLT:]] munhu.

Vatsoropodzi vanoti kusiyana uku hakufaniri kubvisa kudzivirira zvinhu. Dare repamusorosoro reUnited States rakaziva kuti kubatwa nemhosva kunogona kuva “kukanganisa” muchisiko uye kuti muridzi wezvinhu anofanirwa nedziviriro dzetsika. Zvisinei, Dare rakatiwo zvinodiwa nemitemo yeFreadterment hazvingoshandi pamhaka dzose dzezvinhu. Panzvimbo pezvo, tsika yacho inowanzotsamira pakuti kubatwa nechisimba kwacho kunonzi“ kutsvaka” kunoda pamutemo, kana kuti “kungoda hakwo chinhu chatoonekwa sechinhu chagara chiri pachena kana kuti chinongoda kunzi hachisi chinhu.

Muitiro, mitemo yakawanda inorega kubatwa nepfuti inobvumira kubatwa nemhaka nemhaka yezvikonzero zvingabvira bedzi, pasina musengwa wokutonga usati wasvika. Ipapo muridzi anotakura mutoro wokudenha kurasikirwa pashure peidi, muitiro unogona kuva murefu uye unodhura.

Zvinodikanwa Zvinotsigira Hondo muMutemo Wavagari Vemo Wemhosva

Kurasikirwa nehurumende kunodzorwa zvikurukuru neChivil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act (CAFRA) ya2000, yakasimbiswa muna 18 U.S.C. sa 981 nemirau ine chokuita nayo. Mupasi peCAFRA, hurumende inogona kutora zvinhu muhurumende kana ukoshi huri pasi pe $50 000 uye pasina zvinyorwa zvinozvitaura. Nokuda kwekubatwa netsaona kupfuura chikumbaridzo ichocho kana kuti apo kutaura kunoiswa, hurumende inofanira kutanga chiito chokutonga chehurumende.

Nenzira inoshamisa, CAFRA haisati ichida zvakajeka kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuti uwane rugwaro pamberi pokutora zvinhu. Panzvimbo pezvo, mutemo unobvumira kubvuta kana kuchibvira kuchiparira kudavira kuti chinhu chacho chinotapurwa. Chisakiso chinotapurwa chingava chakavakirwa pacherekedzo, tsinhiro, kana kuti ufakazi hunounganidzwa mukati mokunzvera. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, vakuru vakuru vanotora zvinhu pasina tendero yapamberi pedare, vachitsamira pamuitiro wokutarisira unovamba pashure pokubvuta.

Zvisinei, kana kubatwa nechisimba kuchibatanidza kupinda mumusha kana kuti kutsvakisisa, rugwaro runowanzodiwa.

U.S. Department of Asset Forfeiture Policy Manual inogovera nhungamiro, ichicherekedza kuti pfari inofanira kuitwa “mutoo unowirirana neGaramende yeChina. Kunyanguvezvo, kushaikwa kwechinodikanwa chakajeka chomutemo kwakatungamirira kutsoropodzwa kwokuti zvinhu zvinogona kubatwa zviri nyore zvikuru, nokutarisira kuduku kwedare panguva yokubatwa nechibharo.

Kupesana kweHurumende: Basa reApeapes

Nemhaka yokuti nyika dzine mitemo yadzo dzimene inozvidza, zvinodikanwa zvinosiana zvikuru munyika yose. Dzimwe nyika dzakaita dziviriro dzakasimba idzo zvikurukuru dzinoda murairo kana kuti murairo wedare pamberi pokubvuta kupi nokupi.

Nyika Dzine Zvinodikanwa Zvisingachinji

California iri pakati pedziviriro hurusa. Pasi pomutemo wekurasikirwa weCalifornia (Health & Safety Code 76469 et seq.), kudzikamisa kwomutemo kunofanira kuwana chisarudzo chedare chechisakiso chinobvira pamberi pokutora zvinhu, kunze kwemigariro yekurumidziro. Nenzira yakafanana, North Carolina na New Mexico zvakapfuudza chinjo dzinoda kupwiswa netsotsiro pamberi pokurasikirwa kwakawandasagona kuitika / zvinobudirira kubvisa chose chose chose kubatwa kwavagari vemo kwavagari vemo vazhinji vasingabvumirwi.

Zvisinei, mapoka anochengetedza mutemo anotaura kuti kurambidza kwakadaro kunodzivisa kuedza kuvhiringidza kutengeswa kwezvinodhaka uye utsotsi hwakarongwa.

Nyika Dzine Kuongorora Kuduku Kusati Kwaitika

Kuno rumwe rutivi rwenzvimbo, dzinotaura saTexas naGeorgia munhau dzakabvumira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kutora nzvimbo pasina rugwaro, kwakavakirwa chose chose pachisakiso chingave chakatanga mukati mokunzvera. muTexas, Bumbiro reCriminal Procedure Chitsama 59 rinobvumidza kubatwa kwechibharo “pasina pamutemo” kana mukuru mukuru wacho ane chisakiso. Varidzi vanogamuchira chiziviso uye vanogona kudenha kurasikirwa mudare, asi mutoro wacho unovatsinhanhamisa kazhinji kazhinji kuti vabvumikise chinhu chacho kuti chibvumidzwe utsotsi.

Ohio inogovera mumwe muenzaniso. Pasi paOhio Revised Code 2981.03, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kungatora nzvimbo “pane chiratidzo chechingabvira” kuti nzvimbo yacho inotapurwa. Nepo rugwaro ruchidikanwa nokuda kwokutora zvinhu kumunhu kana kuti nzvimbo kana kuti kana rugwaro rwokutsvaka ruchizodikanwa, kubatwa nehosha kwakawanda sokubva pakumira kwemotokari.

Vafambi vanotakura mari vachipfuura nemunzvimbo vangatarisana nedziviriro dzakasiyana - siyana zvikuru.

Kushandiswa Kwehurumende: Muitiro Usina Kufanira

Mitengo mizhinjisa yehurumende inobatwa nenzira yokutarisira. Pasi pomutemo wehurumende, kana pasina munhu anoisa faira kutaura mukati mamazuva 30 pashure peziviso, chinhu chinoraswa pasina fambiro ipi neipi yokutonga. Hapana mutongi anombohwirudzura chinobvira chinoparira kutsunga. Uyu muitiro, pane dzimwe nguva unodanwa kuti “kupfurikidza napanguva yakarongwa,” wakatsoropodzwa zvikuru nemhaka yokuti vanamuri vezvinhu vangasagamuchira ziviso yakakwana, uye kushaikwa kwoutarisiri hwedare kunosimudzira itiro dzakafanira.

American Liberties Union (ACLU) yakatsikirira zvinoitika umo vanhu vakarasikirwa nezviuru zvamadhora nemhaka bedzi yokuti havana kuziva nzira yokudenha nayo kurasikirwa kana kuti kugona kuva negweta. Kushaikwa kwechinodikanwa kunotambudza zvikurukuru muidzi migariro, sezvo chinhu chinotorwa pasina mutongi upi noupi anotongonzvera ufakazi.

Dare rapamusoro zvikurusa rakataura zvimwe zveizvi zvinhu mu United States v. James Daniel Good Real Presafe [1993], richifunga kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera ziviso nebanza rokutonga isati yatora zvinhu chaizvo. Asi mari nemotokari, kutonga kusati kwaitika. Dare harina kutongotonga kuti maruramiro anodikanwa nokuda kwetsaona dzose dzevagari vemo.

Mutoro Woufakazi Netapuro Yawo Pavaridzi Vezvinhu

Kunyange kana rugwaro rukasadikanwa, hurumende inofanira kuratidza chisakiso chinobvira chokubvuta. Mukurasikirwa, mutoro ipapo unochinjira kumuridzi wenzvimbo kubvumikisa kuti zvinhu hazvina chokuita noutsotsi. Uku kubviswa kunokosha kubva kunheyo yomutemo woutsotsi ye “pamberi kusvikira wabvumikiswa kuva nemhaka.”

Somuenzaniso, kana mapurisa akabata $10,000 kubva kumutyairi mukati mokumira kwemotokari nemhaka yokuti anofungidzira kuti imari inobhadharwa, muridzi anofanira kutanga kutaura ndokubvumikisa mari yacho kuva yakabva kumanyuko apamutemo. Pasina maruramiro, kubatwa nepfambi kwokutanga kunogona kuvakirwa paufakazi hwakaganhurirwa, zvakadai somufambiro wetsinga, nhau dzisingawirirani, kana kuti kuvapo kwemhevedzo dzembwa dzinoshandisa zvinodhaka. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti mhesvi dzembwa dzingava dzisina kuvimbika, bva dzinogona kutsigira chisakiso chinobvira.

Dare reRuramisiro rakatsikirira zviitiko zvakawanda zvavanhu vasina mhaka vanorasikirwa nemari yavo youpenyu. Mu State v. $43,574.00 [Arizona], mumwe mukadzi akabvutwa mari yake pashure pokumira kwemotokari, pasinei zvapo nokuva namapepa anoratidza kuti akanga abvisa mari yacho muakaundi yake yebhangi. Kwakatora mwedzi yakawanda yehondo dzepamutemo kuti awane mari.

Nhau Dzinozivikanwa Nezvinetso Zvepamutemo

Mitongo mizhinji yedare yakaumba gakava pamusoro pezvinodikanwa zvekodzero dzehurumende mukurasikirwa nehurumende. Mu United States v. Indaneti [$2 700 000 muU.S. Mari (9 Kir. 2012), dare rakaramba kubvumwa kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti mapurisa akanga asina pamutemo uye kubatwa nepfundero kwakaputsa Pendeji yeChina. Dare rakasimbisa kuti nepo kurasikirwa nehurumende kungasada pamutemo pagore rimwe, kubatwa nepfutindiro kunofanira kuva kune mufungo.

Chimwe chiitiko chinokosha ndi Leonard v. Texas (2017), umo Dare Gurusa reU.S. rakaramba kunzwa denho kumitemo yeTexas, richisiya mipimo isina kusimba yemitemo yenyika yakabatana. Mukusabvumirana, Mutongi Thomas akapikisa kuti Dare rinofanira kurangarira kana Civil Asset Forfeiture Reform Act inodzivirira zvakakwana kodzero dzenzvimbo.

Zvichida chinoitika chakakurumbira zvikurusa ndi Kelo v. City of New London (2005], iyo yaibatanidza nzvimbo yakatanhamara panzvimbo pokurashikirwa, asi yakawedzera kuziva kwevoruzhinji kwesimba rehurumende pazvinhu zvomunhu oga. Kurasikirwa nevagari vemo kwazova nhau yakatanhamara, nenhau dzapamusoro dzevaridzi vebhizimisi vasina mhaka dzinorasikirwa nezviito zvavo.

Mu Horne v. Department of Agriculture (2015]), Dare rakatonga kuti hurumende haigoni kutora zvinhu pasina muripo chete. Nepo mhaka iyoyo yaibata namazambiringa, kurangarira kwayo kwakadudzwa mudenho dzokusagona kutaura kuti varidzi vezvinhu vakafanirwa nedziviriro dziri nani, kubatanidza maruramiro.

Kuedza Kuchinja Zvinhu uye Kukurudzira Kuchinja

Mukupindura kutsoropodzwa kwakapararira, vagadziri vemitemo pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende vakatanga chinjo dzakaitirwa kusimbisa zvinodikanwa uye muitiro wakafanira. Zvikarakadzo zvikuru zvokuchinja zvinosanganisira:

Kuchinja Kwenyika: Muitiro WeFAIR

Act yekuzvidavirira neTsunga rePursement (FAIR) Act, yaiswa yapindwazve muCongress, yaizoda kupwiswa noutsotsi pamberi pokuparadzwa kwehurumende. Ikoko kungabvisa nenzira inobudirira kudikanwa kwemitemo munhau dzavagari vemo, nemhaka yokuti kubatwa kwacho kwaizoitika bedzi pashure pokupwiswa. Zvisinei, rugwaro rwacho haruna kupfuura. Chimwe karakadzo, Asterective Mitemo yapamutemo yehurumende yaigona kuitika, kungada kuchengetwa kwomutemo kuwana maruramiro akavakirwa paufakazi hwakajeka uye hunopwisa panzvimbo pezvisaidzo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Hurumende

Mitemo inoverengeka yakatoita chinjo. New Mexico, somuenzaniso, yakapfuudza “Forfeiture Act” muna 2015, ichida kutenderwa utsotsi zvinhu zvisati zvagona kuraswa. Ikoku kunomanikidzira kuchengetwa kwomutemo kupoka munhu kana kuti kudzorera zvinhu, uye kunobvisa muitiro wokutora nzvimbo pasina maruramiro. Mitemo yakafanana yapfuudzwa muNebraska, Montana, uye California.

Muna 2020, Virginia akabudisa mutemo wairayira masangano anoona nezvokuchengetwa kwemitemo kuti audze basa rose raasina kuwana uye kuti awane mutongo wedare asati atora zvinhu zvinodarika $500 (Z $5 500).Colorado zvino anoda muchuchisi kuti atange kuita chiito chedare zvinhu zvisati zvabatwa, pane kuti abvumire mapurisa kuti atange kutora ndokubvunza mibvunzo gare gare.

Zviito Zvokutonga Nezvoutungamiriri

Department of Justice reU.S. rakabudisa chinjo dzemiitiro, dzakadai semhedziso yehurumende ya 2015 inoganhurira kugamuchirwa kwezvisakafanira zvehurumende. Mumuitiro unonzi “kuzviwanisa”, mapurisa emo angagona kupfuudza mitemo yehurumende kupfurikidza nokuita kuti hurumende itore zvinhu zvacho uye ipapo kugoverana mari yakabva. Mutezo wa 2015 wakaganhurira uyu muitiro, kunyange zvazvo wakachinjwa zvishoma muna 2017. Kutungamirira kwa2022 DOJ kunosimbisazve kukosha kwedziviriro dzemitemo asi kunomira kudisisa mvumo yokuita kuti pave nemhosva yokubatwa nepfariso.

Kutarisira Kunoshanda Varidzi Vezvinhu

Kana uchimiswa nemitemo uye zvinhu zvako zviri pangozi, yeuka zvinotevera:

  • Usabvuma kunzvera [ kwemotokari yako kana kuti zvinhu kutoti mukuru mukuru ane maruramiro kana kuti chisakiso chinobvira chiri pachena. Pasina maruramiro, kubvumira kwako kunovapa chiremera chose chavanoda kuti vatore zvinhu.
  • [[FT:0] Kumbira kana wakasununguka kubva pa[[FT:1]. Kana usina, kusangana kwacho kunenge kubatwa nepfuti, uye une maruramiro okuziva hwaro hwayo.
  • Usatakura zvitsama zvikuru zvemari pasina mapepa. Kana uchifanira kufamba nemari, chengeta marekodhi ebhangi, marisiti, kana kuti magwaro ebhizimisi anoratidza manyuko emari.
  • Kana chinhu chikabvutwa, nokukurumidza nyora migariro: mazita avakuru vakuru, nhamba dzebheji, sangano, uye chinhu chipi nechipi. Kumbira risiti nekopi yeziviso yokubvutwa.
  • Yangana negweta rinoona nezvokurasikirwa nezvinhu. Vazhinji vanorashwa havashatiswi nemhaka yokuti varidzi havazivi miganhu. Kurasikirwa kwehurumende kunopa mazuva 30 bedzi okunyora chitengo.
  • Firimu inotaurwa kuti kukwikwidza kurasikirwa. Mumativi akawanda, kuisa kutaura kunomanikidza hurumende kutanga chiito chorutongeso, uko kungada kuti varatidze chisakiso chinobvira kumutongi (__yedunhuro inonyandura hwirudzuro yakafanana nerugwaro.

Kuonana nevaiti vemitemo vehurumende kuti vatsigire zvinodiwa kuti munhu anzwe achifanira kubatwa nepfari inzira chaiyo yokupesvedzera mutemo.

Nguva Yemberi Yezvinodikanwa Zvinoparadza Mukuzvinyima

Kusawirirana pakati pokurwisa utsotsi nokusimba kwekodzero dzezvinhu kunoramba kusingagadziriswi. Dare Repamusorosoro harina kutosarudza zvakananga kuti mutemo unodiwa nguva dzose kuti munhu afe nepfari. matare epasi apa asvika pamhedziso dzinopesana. Sezvo vanhu vava kuziva zvikuru nezvokubatwa zvisina kufanira, pane dzvinyiriro iri kuwedzera yokuita kuti vanhu vasadzorerwe nemitemo yeChina yeWedernerment.

Ruzivo rwemitengo runoitawo basa. Makamera neslashscam zvinogovera kuzvidavirira kukuru nokuda kwezvinoitika zvokusurumuka, asi hazvigoni kutsiva kuhwirudzura kusati kwaitika. Vamwe vatsigiri vechinjo vanokarakadza kuti nhumbu dzose pamusoro pechitsama chakati chedhora dzinofanira kuda rugwaro, rwakafanana nokutsvaka magwaro. Vamwe vanokarakadza kuti chisakiso chingada kuhwirudzurwa namejasi asingatori rutivi mukati mamaawa 48 okusurumuka, kupfurikidza nomutemo wokusunga kusingabvumirwi mu

Pakupedzisira, nhau yezvinodikanwa zvezvinodikanwa zvezviwiro zvehurumende zvinorashwa inhau yesimba neruramisiro. Seizvo Institute for Justice inotaura, “Mitemo inobvumira zvinhu kutorwa pasina maruramiro kana kuti pomero youtsotsi haina kururama zvikuru.” Kuchinja kunosimbisa kutarisira dare zvivako zvisati zvabatwa kunopa nzira yakajeka zvikurusa yokudzivirira nayo kodzero dzavaridzi vezvinhu vasina mhaka nepo kuchingobvumidza chiito chepamutemo chokuchengeta mutemo.

mhedziso

Zvinodikanwa zvinoshanda mumitemo yepfuma yavagari vemo zvinoramba zviri nzvimbo inokakavadzana yejeri reAmerica. Nepo Gadziriro yeChina inoisa musiyano mukurwisana nepfari dzisina mufungo, kushandiswa kwomupimo iwoyo mumashoko anorasika kunosiyana zvikuru. Pamwero wehurumende, hapana chinodikanwa chakananga chinobvumirwa chiripo; sezvinobvira chikonzero choga chinogona kururamisa kubatwa, nehwirudzuro yedare yapashure pejeriso yedare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoganhurirwa. Mitemo yehurumende inovambira pamitemo yorumano makurusa okutera.

Nokuda kwavaridzi venzvimbo, kusavapo kwechinodikanwa chekodzero kunogona kushandura kuva mutoro unorema: kudikanwa kwokurwa mudare kudzorera zvinhu zvakatorwa pasina mutongi upi noupi anenge asaina. Nhamburiko dzechinjo dzinopfuurira kumanikidza nokuda kwezvinodikanwa zvokupwiswa, kutongwa kwapamberi pekusvika, kana kuti zvibvumidzo zvinomanikidzirwa, asi fambiro mberi haina kuenzana.

Kunzwisisa kuti zvinodikanwa zvinoda kupiwa sei, uye apo zvinenge zvisipo, ndiro danho rokutanga mukudzivirira zvinhu zvako nokutsigira gadziriro yakadzikama. Chingava kupfurikidza nokuchinja kwomutemo kana kuti kungwaririra kwomunhu oga, nharidzano inoramba iri imwe cheteyo: kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba rokutora harisati richifukidza maruramiro okuzvimiririra.