Bumbiro reMitemo reUnited States, rakatenderwa muna 1788, rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende. Bva vaFramers vakanzwisisa kuti gwaro rimwe chete raizova risina kukwana kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga munguva dzinochinja. Kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokugadziridza wakarongwa muChikamu V, Bumbiro reMitemo rakura kukurukura nhau dzinokosha dzerusununguko, kuenzana, uye ruramisiro. Kugadziriswa kweBumbiro remitemo kwakashanda sechirongwa chikuru chokudzivirira rusununguko rwevagari vemo, kururamisa kusaruramisira kwenhau, uye kukudza chipikirwa chehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nyaya ino ino inonzvera maruramiro makurusa akaumba rusununguko rwevagari vemo rweAmerica, kubva kuBhill of Rights to gestry on contion on comtion and unity.

Bhuku Rekodzero Dzevanhu: Chinotadzisa Munhu Woga Woga Kusunungurwa

Kugadziridza gumi kwokutanga, kwaizivikanwa seBill of Rights, kwakatenderwa pana December 15, 1791. Kuumbwa kwavo kwakanga kuri mhinduro yakananga kuitiro hanya dzeAnti-Fedalist mukati mekurukurirano dzokubatanidza. Vazhinji vakatya kuti hurumende huru yaizotsika kodzero dzakawanwa muRevolution. James Madison, pakuvamba achipanikira maruramiro, akatsigira idzi gadziridzo muFirst Congress. Bill of Rights inoshanda zvikurukuru kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeInegamend Reformation parameter yakazo rePremeter yakazorameter yakazotaura gare gare gare.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Chivako Chokutaura

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rushanu runokosha: rudzidziso, kutaura, kubudisa, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inorambidza Congress kutanga rudzidziso kana kuti kurovedza kwakasununguka, uye inovimbisa maruramiro okutaura, kubudisa, kuunganidza, uye kutsvaka hurumende. Nhau dzeDare Gurusa dzakadai se [[FLT: 0] New York Times Co. v. Sullivan[[FLD:1] [1964]) yakagadza dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwokutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, nepo [[FLT:] Chinoisei United. FOLT[F:][FFF: 3] [20]

Kuchinja Kechipiri: Kodzero Yokutakura Zvombo

Gemende Yechipiri inozivisa, kuti: "A Militia inosanodzorwa, ichiva iri madikanwa kuchengeteko yeHurumende yakasununguka, maruramiro avanhu okuchengeta nokutakura Zvombo, haasati achizodziviswa. Kududzirwa kwayo kwachinja zvinoshamisa munguva. Nhoroondo zhinjisa yeAmerica, matare akatsigira Hurumende yakafara nemitemo yokudzora pfuti dzomunzvimbomo. Kududzira kwazvino uno kwakawana utanhamari ne Diverzity of Columbia v. [2008], iyo yakarova chirambidzo chemaoko muWashington, DC., uye [FLT] [FLD2].[FD] DCOD]. . City of Chicagow[FFFFF] [FLT] [20], iyo yakabatira kuhurumende kweChimbiso cheChimbiso chenyika yeGenetic.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechitatu: Kutarisira Varwi

Kunyange zvazvo isingawanzopindurwi, Third Amendment inorambidza nguva yerugare yezvikamu zvina zvezvina zvevarwi mumisha yavanhu pasina kubvumira kwomuridzi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechina: Kudzivirirwa Pakutsvakurudza Nokunyepedzera

Gadziriro yeChina inodzivisa kuvhozhokera kwehurumende kwokuzvidira muvanhu, dzimba, mapepa, uye miuyo. Kunoda chisakiso chinobvira chezvibvumikiso uye chinotaura kuti zvibvumikiso zvinofanira kuiswa. Dare Gurusa reChinai rakatambanudza dziviriro kuvandika kwemapikicha, zvikurukuru mu Riliy v. California [2014] [2014] (2014, iyo yairangarira kuti mapurisa anowanzoda maruramiro okunzvera chinoitika cheserura kuti asungwe. Surveillance purogiramu dzeDramendence, kumisa-fit-frisk, uye kurukurirano dzemashoko okupetwa kupfuurira kuedza miganhuro yeidzo yeidzo yeidzi.

Kugadziridzwa Kwechishanu: Kuitwa Kwakakodzera Nokuzvipopotedza

Find mendment ine dziviriro dzinoverengeka: kupomerwa kukuru kwemhosva dzakakomba dzedare redare, dziviriro panjodzi dzakapetwa kaviri, dziviriro pakumanikidzwa kuzviita kuti uzvisarudzire, vimbiso yemuitiro wakafanira, uye kurambidzwa kwokutora zvinhu zvakavanzika pasina muripo. Chitsama chakafanira chegadziriro yedare chave chichishandiswa mumhaka dzinobatanidza utsotsi, mirau yezvemari, uye roorano imwe cheteyo yezve. Ropafadzo mukurwisana nokuzvitonga kwoutsotsi inovakwa muMiranda inotutsirwa mumiitiro yeutsotsi uye inoratidzirwa muMira.

Kuchinja Kwechitanhatu: Kodzero Yokutongwa Zvakanaka

Dare reSikisi reMitemo rinovimbisa kutonga kwapamhene, kwokukurumidza, kunoitwa nedare rinosarudza mumatare anopomerwa mhosva. Rinovimbisawo kodzero yokuziviswa nezvemhosva, kupomera zvapupu, kumanikidza zvapupu zvinodzivirira, uye kuva nezano repamutemo. Kodzero yokupa zano rakawedzerwa zvinoshamisa mu Gideon v. Wainwr [1963], inoda kuti magweta ape magweta kukupa vapomeri mumipomendi mumhosva dzemhosva. Imendmentment iko pakati pedare rinotonga dare uye kudzivirira vaipomerwa.

Kugadziridzwa Kwenguva Yechinomwe: Miedzo Yehurumende

Seventh Amendment inochengeta kodzero yokutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi mumhaka dzehurumende umo ukoshi hwokukakavadzana hunopfuura $20. Inoganhurirawo mano evatongi vomuhurumende okunzverazve zviwanwa zvavatongi.

Kuchinja Kwezvisere: Utsinye uye Chirango Chisiri Chomuzvarirwo

Dare reFLT:0] Furman v. Georgia[[[FLT: 1]] [77] [77], Dare rakamisa kuuraya nokubudirira munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzakazodzokorora mitemo yokuranga rufu kuti ipfuure mutemo wemitemo. Kugadziriswa kwemhosva kunoramba kuri muganhu mukuru mudare rinotonga mhosva, kubatanidza kukwikwidzwa kwemhosva.

Mugadziridzi Wechine Chine Chine Chinetso: Kodzero Dzisina Kubviswa

Ninth Amendment inoti: “Kuronga muBumbiro reMitemo, ramaruramiro akati, hakusati kuchizorangarirwa kuva kunoramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Kwakaitirwa kupesana nebvumikiso yokuti kuronga dzimwe maruramiro kwaizoreva kuti hurumende yehurumende yaigona kudzvinyirira dzisina kunyorwa. Matare haasati atongoshandisa Night Amendment sehwaro huru yezvisarudzo, asi inotsigira gakava nokuda kwechivande, udzo, uye dzimwe maruramiro makuru asingadudzwi zvakajeka muBumbiro remitemo.

Kuchinja Kwechigumi: Simba Rakachengeterwa United States

Tenth Amendment inosimbisa kuti masimba asina kupiwa kuhurumende yehurumende kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika anochengeterwa hurumende kana kuti vanhu. Inobatanidza nheyo yehurumende uye yakakumbirwa kuganhurira chiremera chehurumende munharaunda dzakadai sezvokutengeserana, kudzora pfuti, uye kurapa. United States v. Lopez[FLT] [1995] chisarudzo chakamutsidzira kunzvera kukuru kwegumith Amendment pamusoro pesimba rehurumende, kurova Gun-Free School Zoners Act nokuda kwesimba rePrescesters.

Kugadziridza Kuitwazve: Kuderedza Ugari Hwomunyika uye Kuenzana

Hondo yevagari vemo yakagumisa uranda, asi kwakada kugadziridzwa kwebumbiro remitemo kuvamba kudzivirira maruramiro evaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa veAfrica.Conconstructions (15, 14th, uye 15th) yakakanganisa zvikuru ukama hweBumbiro remitemo norusununguko rwomunhu oga uye simba rehurumende.

Mutezo Wechi13: Kubviswa Kwouranda

Kuiswa mudariro muna December 1865, Pession yechi 13th Amendment yakabvisa uranda nouranda husingazvimiriri kunze kwechirango nokuda kwemhosva. Yaimirira chinjo yokuchinja mumutemo weAmerica, nokukurumidza ichisunungura vanhu vanenge mamiriyoni mana vari varanda. Zvisinei, ndima inopesana ne_disc commossion sechirango choutsotsi (h) yakashandiswa zvisina kufanira nehurumende dzeMadokero kupfurikidza nokuiswa muvasungwa, gadziriro yakapfuudzira basa rinomanikidzirwa nenzira inobudirira. Kuchinja kwacho kwakagoverawo Dare rine simba rokuchengeta, kuchitungamirira kumutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo. LPALY Information Institute paCornell Law School [FLT]

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechina: Dziviriro Yakaenzana Nemuitiro Wakafanira

Chibvumirano che14th Amendment, chakasimbiswa muna 1868, sezvinobvira igadziriro inokosha zvikurusa yebumbiro-mitemo nokuda kwerusununguko rwavagari vemo. Chiviko chayo Claus chakashandura Drid Scott chisarudzo, kuzivisa vanhu vose vakaberekwa kana kuti vakasikwa muUnited States kuva vagari vemo. Mutengo weBattle Claus watambanust Bill yekodzero dzavanhu kudzoro. Virginia V[FLT], 1996, uye muchato wakaita kuti:[[[FLT] V].[3][3], Fig.[3], Figlate], , , , , kana kuti , inopfuudza maruramiro.[5]

Mhedziso Yechigumi Neshanu: Kupa Kodzero Varume Vatema

Kusimbiswa muna 1870, Finute Amendment yakarambidza kurambwa kwevhoti yakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, kana kuti mugariro wekare wouranda. Yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kuMadokero eBlack Concental yaitsvaka kudzorera ukuru hwevachena. Pasinei zvapo nokugadziriswa, kutemwa kwemitero, kuedzwa kwokunyora nokunyora, kuranga kwasekuru, uye kutyiswa kwamasimba masimba kuti vadzikise vaAmerica. Yakatora anoda zana ramakore rechiito chechiito chechimubato neVoting Rights Acts of 1965 kuvamba chipikirwa chekudzora. Suprement Court mu [FL:0] County. Baker [FFFF.[FLD1:] [2011])

Kuchinja Nguva Kunofambira Mberi: Kuwedzera Utongi Hworuzhinji Nemutero

Zana ramakore ramakumi maviri rakatanga kugadziridzwa kugadziridza nhau dzezvemari nedzenzanga. Sumiteth Amendment (1913) yakabvumira mutero wemari yaibhadharwa nehurumende, kuchinja mari yehurumende kubva kumapurisa kuti iruramise mitero. Seventeenth Amendment (1913) yaida kusarudzwa kwakananga kwevatestamente, kumisa pesvedzero yehurumende yehurumende. Dare re 1859th Amendment (191919) rakabvumira Purogiramu, rakazodzorwa neAmakumi maviri eFind Amend Amendment (1933). Yainyanya kukosha nokuda kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo yakanga iri Iwechigumi Nechigumi Nechisere.

Mutezo Wechigumi Nechipfumbamwe: Kudzorwa Kwavakadzi

Yakasimbiswa muna 1920, Demendi Yomutemo weChine gumi nepfumbamwe pakupedzisira yakapa vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota pashure pamakumi amakore okushanda kwechikwata chakaitwa navakadzi vakadai saSusan B. Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, naAlice Paul. Kugadziriswa kwerugwaro rwenyika dzeUnited States kunzi vasairamba kana kuti kudzorwa neHurumende ipi neipi nemhaka yevatano. Kunyange zvazvo yakabatanidza mamiriyoni emamiriyoni, vakadzi veruvara, zvikurukuru vatema neMarudzi eAmerica, vakapfuurira kutarisana nemhinganidzo kwamakumi amakore. Kuchinja kwacho kunoramba kuri chinhu chinokosha mukurwisa vatano yeUnited States kana kuti kurwisana uye kwave kunokumbirwa muzviitiko zvazvino unoitirwa pamusoro pekodzero dzevakadzi zvechishanu.

Kuchinja Kwechimakumi Maviri Nezvina: Kubviswa Kwemitero Yetsika Dzinoshatisa

Yasimbiswa muna 1964, Kudzorwa kweMitero yeChinetso chaMakumi maviri neFour Amendment yakarambidzwa muvhota. Mitero yokuvhota yakanga yave iri chishandiso chikuru chokudzvinyirira vavhoti muSouth, ichitapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vatema veAmerica nemugamuchiri wakaderera. Congress yakapfuudza kugadziriswa netsigiro nebhiparti yetsigiro mukati moukuru hwesangano rekodzero dzevagari vemo. Dare repamusoro penhau rakatambanuro kurambidza kusarudza mu Harper v. Virginia Board of EFomatils[[FLT:] [1966], kukwidza mitero yokuvhotera sechioko yekodzero yekodzero yehurumende sechino. Dare racho gare gare gare gare gare rakawedzera chikanga riri nhanho yokubvisa miganhuro yemari mukuita kuvhoodharo.

Mhedziso Yamakumi maviri neMitanhatu: Mitemo nokuda kwaMakore 18 Ekare

Yakasimbiswa muna 1971, Pession yamakumi maviri neSixth Reformation yakaderedza zera rokuvhota kubva pa 21 kusvika ku18. Yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga yokuita chiito yakaitwa navanhu vaduku avo vairangarira kuti kana vakanga vakura zvakakwana kunyorerwa nokuda kwehondo yeVietnam, vakanga vakura zvakakwana kuti vavhote. Kugadziriswa kwakapfuudzwa nemvumo inoshamisa muna March 1971 uye kukwidzwa nehurumende mumwedzi mitatu chete. Kwakaratidzira chinjo yechizvarwa muvhoti, kunyange zvazvo muvhoti wepwere avhotera kunenge kwave kwakabatana nemapoka makuru. Kukwidziswa kunoramba kuri pamutemo nokuda kwekurukurirano yezera rokuvhotera muMarch 1971 uye kupfuurirazve 16.

Nharo Dzazvino Uno: Kugadziridzwa Kungaitwa uye Basa Risingadzorwi

Nepo Bumbiro reMitemo risina kugadziridzwa chifo cha 1992 (Pession yechimakumi maviri neJereta, pamusoro pemubhadharo wesangano rinokwidzwa), kurukurirano pamusoro pegadziridzo itsva dzinopfuurira. Zvikarakadzo zvakakwirira zvinoverengeka zvinoratidzira itiro hanya dzinopfuurira pamusoro pokuenzana, mari yenhimbe, uye chinjo yegadziriro.

Shanduro Yekodzero Dzakaenzana (ERA)

Kutanga kwakatangwa muna 1923, ERA yaizovimbisa kuti kuva nekodzero dzakaenzana pasi pomutemo hakugoni kurambwa kana kuvharwa nokuda kwevatano. Dare rakapfuvura ERA muna 1972, asi kwakaparara nyika nhatu dzakapfupikiswa nokunatsiridza nokumira nenguva ya1982. Muna 2020, Virginia yakava hurumende yechi 38 kuraving, kunyange zvazvo mibvunzo yepamutemo ichiripo pamusoro penguva yakarebeswa uye kana nyika dzinogona kudzorerazve kuvaka. ERA yave yaiswazve muDare rimwe nerimwe chifo. Kana yakaitwa, yaizogovera hwaro hwakajekajeka hwetsika hwetsika yetsika inodenha vatano nero yevatano, basa, uye dzimwe nzvimbo. Nokuda kwenhau yeERA, ona [FL:] Paul'Alic.

Kuronga Kuchinja Mari

Vatsigiri venhimbe yenhimbe yemari vanotaura kuti kugadziriswa kwedare repamusorosoro kwaidzorwa nedare reUnited chisarudzo cha(2010) uye zvigaro zvakatevera zvinoenzanisa nenzira inobudirira nemari nokutaura, kubvumira kusatsakatwa kwesangano nemubatanidzwa. Kugadziriswa kwemitemo kwaizopa simba paDare uye hurumende kudzora mipiro yenhimbe. Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvakakarakadzwa, zvakadai se “Demoracy for All” transformation. Vatsoropodzi vanoramba kuti kugadziriswa kwakadaro kungaputsa nheyo huru dzePutsimisi yePutsiriz uye kuti mitemo yokuwanira imhinduro iri nani.

Kuzivisa Gadziriro Dzekodzero Dzevanhu

Chichitevera Chisarudzo cheShelby County, vatsigiri vakakarakadza kugadziridza kuvimbisa zvakajeka maruramiro okuvhota nokurwisa kudzvinyirira. “Kururama kwokuvhota . Kwaizotanga maruramiro okuvhota muvhoti yose, kurambidza zvikwaniriso zvemuvhoti zvinotsamira papfuma, kuvimbisa kunyoresa kwokuvhota kwoga, uye kudzivirira pakubvisa ganhuriro dzehurumende uye kugovera chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokuchengeta mubatanidzwa wehurumende.

Miganhu Yemisangano

Miganhu yemitemo yemitezo yeCongress yakakurukurwa kwamakumi amakore. Makumi maviri neSancond Amendment (1951) inoganhurira vapurezidhendi kumativi maviri, asi hakuna ganhuriro yakadaro iripo nokuda kwavamiririri kana kuti vamiririri. Vatsigiri vanopikisa ganhuriro dzeshoko dzingaderedza uori, kuwedzera, uye kubvumira mifungo mitsva. Vashori vanotaura kuti sarudzo inotobatira seganhuriro yenhambo dzinoshanda uye kuti ganhuriro dzenhambo dzamashoko dzingasekesa zivo yesangano rehurumende neunyanzvi hwemitemo. Nepo pasina muganhu wezita wapa muganhu wapfuura Congresssion, dzimwe nyika dzakaisa miganhuro yavo vamene pahurumende, vachigovera ufakazi chaihwo hwekurukurirano.

Mugumisiro: Bumbiro Remitemo Rinochinja Nenguva Yemberi Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vemo

Kugadziridzwa kweBumbiro reMitemo hakusi zvisaririra zvenguva yakapfuura; zvishandiso zvipenyu zvakakudza zvawedzerazve revo yorusununguko nokuenzana. Kuvambira paBill of Rights inopangidzira kudzoresano yeChibvumirano chevhuro chenyika, kubva kudzoreso yenzvimbo dzavakadzi kukuvhota, kugadziridza kumwe nokumwe kunoratidzira kuzivikanwa kwakabatana kwokuti Bumbiro reMitemo rinofanira kukura nerudzi. Kugadziridzwa kwomuitiro wamaruramiro kwakaoma noune une une une une urongwa, kuchida kuti mibato mikuru mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeChibvumirano uye kusimbiswa nemisoro mitatu yenyika. Chinetsoro chinovimbisa kuti chinjo dzinotsigirwa zvikuru bedzi, dzinotsigirwa zvikuru, dzinova rutivi rweBumbiro remitemo. Bva kuti kuchinjwa kwemitemo yapfuura nguva dzine makumi maviri namanomwe kunoratidza kuti kuchinjwa kunobvira vanhu.

Sezvo vaAmerica vanopfuurira kukurukura nzira dzakanakisisa dzokudzivirira nadzo rusununguko rwevagari vemo — kunyange kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa kutsva kana kuti kupfurikidza nokududzirwa kwokutonga kwedziripo — zvidzidzo zvenhau zvinoramba zvakajeka. Simba reBumbiro remitemo harisi murugwaro rwaro rwapakuvamba chete asi musimba raro rokuvandudza. Kunzwisisa gadziridzo dzinodzivirira rusununguko rwedu nhasi kunoshongedzera vagari vemo kutsigira vimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzamangwana.