Table of Contents
Chitanga: Chivako Chechivimbo Chemwana
Muitiro wokukanda bhotoroti inongova hafu yenhau muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Mwero wechokwadi weperero yevhoti uri muchinoitika pashure pokunge muvhoti asiya nzvimbo yokuvhota: kuverenga nokurevera kwemavhoti ose. Kunzwisisa makambani ari kuseri kweiyi nzira kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbwa navanhu vose, sezvo kunyange gadziriro yemiitiro yevhoti yakaisvonaka inogona kukundikana pasina kujeka, yakarurama, uye kubatwa zvakanaka. Kubva muchiito chokuvhota mapepa anovhota mapepa kusvikira kumichina yekombiyuta inokasha kunzwisisa michina yemagetsi, nhano inopfuudzira mikana yose iri mizhinji nokuda kworumano ose maviri nezvikanganiso. Iyi nhungamiro inopfuudzira inonzvera mitoo yazvino unosano yokuvhotera, mitengo yakakomba inogadzirirwa kukunda zvikanganiso, uye kugadzirwa kwegadziriro yemitemo inogadzirwa zvinogadzirwa zvinogadzirwa pasi pose kuti isimbise chipikirwa chokusimbisa gadziriro yehurumende yehurumende.
Kupfupikisa Kwemagetsi Netapuro Yawo Pakuwanda
Nzira iyo vhoti inoisirwa nayo (negadziriro yesarudzo iri pasi) inoumba nenzira yakananga nzira iyo kuvhota ikoko kunofanira kuverengwa nayo. Miitiro yakasiana inoda nzira dzokuverenga dzakasiana-- siyana, kuisa pfungwa pachinhu, uye unyanzvi hwechokwadi. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinhu zvinokosha pamberi pokupinda muudzame hwemichina.
Masangano Makuru Okugadzira Zvinhu
- Kutanga-Past-The Post (FPP):[[FTP:1] Inoshandiswa munyika dzakafanana neUnited States neUnited Kingdom, FPTP howa chigaro kumwongi nevhoti zhinjisa muruwa rwenhutu imwe. Kuverenga kwakananga: blackot imwe neimwe inogadzirirwa mudanho rimwe, uye hwerengedzo yakakwirira zvikurusa.
- Chosarudzo Voting (RCV): Vadari vemavhoriyamu kupfurikidza nedanho. Kuverenga kunobatanidza midungwe mizhinji; kana pasina munyumwiri anosvika vhoti zhinjisa dzechoto rokutanga, mushandi wedavi wedanho anenge abviswa, uye mabhorate iwayo anoparadzirwa kuvasara vakavakirwa pane zvinoda. Muitiro uyu unopfuurira kusvikira muwani abuda.
- Propagation (PR): Mutsika mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji, PR inopa zvigaro zvichitsamira pachiverengero chevhoti dzinogamuchirwa. Kuverenga kunogona kubatanidza masvomhu akaoma akadai seD'Hondt kana kuti mitoo yeSaint-Laguë yokushandura goverano mumigove yezvigaro.
- Vavongi vane vhoti dzakawanda sedzine zvigaro zvokuzadza, uye vanogona kudziparadzira pakati pavadaviri. Vanoda kuhwina vavhoti vazhinjisa. Kuverenga kwakapfava asi kunogona kutungamirira kukukoromoka kukuru.
- Chimwe chinopfuudzwa Vote (STV): Chimiro chokuvhota kwakarongwa kunoshandiswa mumaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. MaBallots anoverengwa achishandisa chiverengero (zvikurukuru chiverengero cheDroop) uye mavhoti akasara anochinjwa. Uyu mutoo unoda kuoma, kuisa mativi ose.
Kusarudzwa kwegadziriro hakungorevi kuoma kwokuverenga mavhoti asiwo rudzi runodikanwa. Somuenzaniso, RCV neSTV hazvibviri kuverenga zvakarurama nemaoko pamwero mukuru, kuita scan yemaziso kana kuti zvigadzikiso zvemagetsi zvinokosha. FPTP, mukupesana, zvinogona kuverengwa nemaoko nenhano yakati.
Nzira Dzokuverenga Nadzo Mari: Kubva Pamapepa Kuenda Kumapikicha
Mitoo mikuru mitatu inodzora kuverengwa kwevhoti kwazvino uno: kuverenga maoko, kutara kwamaoko, uye kugadzira michina yemagetsi yakananga. Imwe neimwe ine kuwanda kwakasiana kwebasa, rondedzero dzenhema, uye dziviriro.
Kuverenga Mabhuku
Kuverenga maoko kunoramba kuri mutoo unopenya zvikurusa, unowanzoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo duku, mabhorati aishaikwa, kana kuti mavhozhokero epashure pomuvhozhokero. Vashandi vemivhozhonga yezvisarudzo .(kazhinji kazhinji) zvikwata zvebipartisants (zvinorongedzerwa) zvinorongedzwa nokunyorwa pamapepa epepa. Vashandi vaviri kana kuti vakawanda vanoverenga muboka rimwe chetero, uye migumisiro yavo inofanira kuwirirana. Kana vasingabvumirani, nhamba yechitatu inoitirwa.
Kuverenga mabhukwana imhaka inodzorwa nemhesano yebasa uye inononoka, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemiganhu mikuru. Chikanganiso chavanhu chakadai semark asina kutsarukana, kuneta, kana kuti mhosho dzemasvomhu dzinoita kuti zvisave zvisina kururama. National Institute of Direference and Technology (NIST) yakapupurira kuti nhamba yemaoko yakakomba kumipimo yakakwirira kupfuura nhamba dzinodzorwa nemotokari, zvikurukuru apo mapurani ebhorasi anenge akaoma kana kuti apo vavhoti vanoita mavaraiti asina kujeka. Zvisinei, kurangarira kwamabhuku kunopa nzvero yakakomba pakuyera uye kuvaka chivimbo chavose kupfurikidza nokuoneka, kutarisira kwavanhu.
Kuverenga Chiono Chinooneka
Gadziriro dzokunzvera dzinoshandiswa zvikurusa muUnited States. Voters dzinozadza mapepa blockot (anenge akazadzwa mumiseve yakabatana) ayo anopinzwa ipapo munzvero yeoptical. Scanner anorava zviratidzo achishandisa reza yechiedza ndokuzvidudzira sevhota nokuda kwavadaviri chaivo kana kuti zviyero. Miuyo inodzorwa nekombiyuta yapakati, kazhinji kazhinji munguva chaiyoiyo sezvo mabhora anopinzwa munzvimbo yokuvhota kana kuti pakati pehofisi yesarudzo.
Betsero dzemichina yokunzvera kuona dzinobatanidza sipidhi yakakwirira (zviuru zvemabhorat anogona kunzverwa paawa), chinyorwa chepepa chokunzvera, uye mano okubata mapurani akaoma. Zvisinei, havana kutapurwa nezvikanganiso. Mitemo yokuisa panzeve, michina yepepa, kana kuti zviratidzo zvakatsauka zvinogona kuparira muchina kukanganisa mabharakiti. 2020 kufunda ne Voristending Foundation[ yakawana kuti kukundikana kwemichina yokuona zvinooneka kwakashumwa kwakashumwa mumbiri. Kudzodzodzo hurusa iyi, mativi ose emitengo yemipimo yemifungo yemifungo yemiedzo inoenzanisa narongedzero yechipo yemichina.
Michina Inogadzira Mafoni Akananga (DRE)
MINININDHU inobvumira vavhoti kuvhota zvakananga panzvimbo inovhura kana kuti bhatani. Mavhoti anochengetwa pakombiyuta muyeuko yomuchina uye kazhinji kazhinji anopfuudzwa kugadziriro yokufambisa mapeji. Mimwe michina yeDRE inobatanidza Voter Verifinified Paper Rail Rail (VVPAT), chinyorwa chakadhindwa icho muvhoti anogona kuona seri kwegiramu pamberi pokuvhota kunyorwa pamutemo. Mumativi akawanda umo mapepa asingashandiswi, DRES anozivikanwa navose, zvikurukuru nokuda kwaVavhotera vane urema avo vanowana mapepa akaoma kubata.
Zvakanakira zvikuru DRES kuwanikwa (zvinogona kupa masvomhu ezvikamu zvemashoko, mapepa makuru, uye kusveta-pfudza mavhesi emota dzinobatanidza mashoko) nemigumisiro inokurumidza. Zvisinei, zviri nyore kuti zvisave nengozi dzakakomba kukuvadziko yakakomba. Muna 2018, mushumo weVirginia wakaratidza kuti dzimwe DRES dzaiva nebatano dzenetsi dzemakombiyuta dzaigona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, uye 2019 CFFCON yakaratidza kuti maDE anogona kutemwa mumaminitsi mashoma. Pasina VVVPAT, hapana chinyorwa chakavimbika chokuongorora /ireva kuti programunzi programuve kana kuti kudenha kwakaipa kungagona kuchinja pasina kuonekwa. Ndicho chikonzero nei masangano akadaro [FLT:] Transctal Commistions trations transs transworks, uye mapepa akawanda evhactic anoshandisa mapepa okunyora.
Zviito Zvokusimbisa: Kuongorora Zvinhu Zvose Zvakagadzirwa Nejeri
Kuverenga mavhota zvakarurama ihafu bedzi yehondo. Kusimbisa kunovimbisa kuti nhamba yacho yakarurama, kuti hakuna vhoti dzakawedzerwa kana kuti kubviswa, uye kuti muitiro wacho wakasangana nemipimo yapamutemo. Uchokwadi hwazvino uno hunotsamira pamubatanidzwa wenzvero dzepashure pekusarudza, kudzoresa, uye nzira dzepepa.
Mitemo yePurefu yeSarudzo
Mutoo unozivikanwa zvikurusa ndewokunzvera kwapashure pezvisarudzo, umo momuenzaniso wakasarudzika wemabhoroti unoverengwa nokunyorwa namaoko uye uchienzaniswa nemigumisiro yomuchina. Mitemo inogona kuva: [
- [[FLT]] .[FFF:] [FFF:5] [mute].[5] Matambudziko] akafanoro akarongwa ezvikamu kana kuti mabharatiro (S. FL] [3], 5% kana 10] zvinoongororwa. Izvi zvingaramwa zviri nyore asi zvinopa zvikanganiso zvikaidzwa.[FFFFFFF:] [FFUN:] manyuko] [muto:] [53] .[3] .NFFUP]
- [FLT]] mabhuku ePolg vs. Bolot inoverenga:[
Kudzoserazve Kumwe uye Kusimbisa
Pamberi pekupedzisa, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanoyambuka-revera mashoko kubva kumanyuko akawanda:
Midungwe yemabhuku yakaziviswa (VVPAT)
VVPATs chishandiso chakakomba chouchokwadi chemichina yeDRE. Pashure pokunge muvhoti aita zvisarudzo zvavo pamadziro, mudhindi wepepa anogadzira ndaza yakatsikirirwa yamavhoti (kazhinji kazhinji akavanzwa seri kwechikamu chegirazi). Muvhoti anopupurira kuti chinyorwa chinowirirana nevavariro yavo pamberi pokunyora nyora bhita. Muchinoitika chekunyora kana kuti bvunzurudzo, vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanogona kutora VVPAT rollroll uye kuzviverenga. Pasina VVVPAT, hapana nzira yokuyera nayo chinyorwa chemagetsi. Seizvo 2024, 32 anotaura kuti VVPATF pamichina yose yeDE, uye vazhinji vari kutora tsvikidzwa chose chose chose muvhiki yepepa reotalation rorks.
Matambudziko Nezvinetso
Pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yakasimba youchokwadi, kurangarira kunoramba kuchitarisana nezvinetso zvinobva kuzvikanganiso zvomunhu, kukundikana kwounyanzvi, uye tyisidziro dzechengeteko.
Chikanganiso Chomunhu
Kuverenga mabhukwana inhano hurusa yemhosho. Nzvero dzakaratidza kuti kunyange mapoka akarovedzwa anoverenga zvikanganiso 1-2% zvemabhorati, zvikurukuru apo zvirongwa zvebhorati zvinovhiringidza (mutoo, "kuvhota bhii rebhora" muFlorida 2000). Mavoter amene anogona kuita zvikanganiso (kukanganisa) nokuda kwavada kufunda vakawanda, kusiya mavara akanyanya kupera nokuda kwezvipikiri, kana kuti kushandisa zvisina kufanira inki. Vashandi vekuvhotera vangakanganisawo chinangwa chokuvhotera, zvakadai sokusarudza kana zita repurotenzi repurotenzi reFiriyo richiita vhoti. Kujeka mipimo yemhizha nerovedzo yerovedzo yevashandi inoyera nokuda kwavashandi asi havabvisi chikanganiso chavanhu.
Kushanda Kwemakemikari
Michina inotadza kumira. Michina yeOptical scanner inogona kuminyana, kuvhura zvidimbu, kana kuti kuona zvikanganiso zvekadhi reyeuko. DRES ingavhuna, kutonhora, kana kuti kupa chimiro chebhorati isiriyo. Muna 2022, imwe nyika muPennsylvania yakashuma kuti inopfuura 10% yemichina yayo yeDRE yashandwa zvisina kushanda zvakanaka paZuva reKusarudza, ichida kuti vavhoti vasashandisa mapepa okuchengetera. Kundika kwakadaro kunogona kubvisa chivhotaro kana kuti kunonotsa migumisiro. Kugadziridza nguva dzose, kuongorora kuvamba, uye zvishandiso zvinochengetedza ikosha.
Ngozi Dzokuchengeteka
Gadziriro dzokuvhota dzamagetsi dzakava pangozi kukuvhota kwekombiyuta. Vatambi vanotyisidzira vangaedza kuchinja rondedzero dzechikafu, kuchinja miuyo yakachengetwa muyeuko, kana kuti kuisa mukombe mufekitari kupfurikidza nokupfigura. Chisarudzo chakakurumbira zvikurusa chokuchinja chinobatanidza ratidziro cha2017 pamusangano wemabhodhingi apo muchina weDRE wakashandiswa kuchinja vhoti mukusarudzo inonyengedzerwa. Nepo pasina kusimbiswa kukuru kwechinovhaira chambochichichichinjira chakachinja mugumisiro chaiwoiwo, bvumo riripo. Cybersecurity neInture Security Agency (CISAUSA) inogovera zvitengo [[FLT:]] kubetsera kudzora masangano avo mumhepo, makombiyuta, kuongorora, kuongorora.
Kuchinja Kwenguva Yemberi Kunoitwa Nounyanzvi
Kuti vagadzirise ganhuriro dzazvino, vanzveri navakuru vakuru vesarudzo vari kunzvera ruzivo rutsva urwo rungagona kuita kuti kuvhota kuve kunokurumidza, kwakachengeteka zvikuru, uye kunowanika zvikuru.
Kubudisa Mazai
Blockchain(a yakaparadzirwa, immukatable govern . yave ichikarakadzwa senzira yokuchengeta nayo kupfuudzwa kwokuvhota nokuchengeteka. Zvirongwa zvePilot zviripo muWest Virginia ne Utah nokuda kwavavhoti vehondo vokumhiri kwamakungwa, zvichizvibvumira kukanda mabhora kupfurikidza neapply yakavakirwa pabrischain. Ruzivo runovimbisa kuguma nokuguma, kureva vavhoti vanogona kusimbisa gare gare gare kuti vhoti yavo yakaverengwa pasina kuzivisa chisarudzo chavo. Zvisinei, vatsoropote vanocherekedza kuti brankchain haidziviriki pachishandiswa chevhotatorr kana kuti muchina wokuvhotera pacha, uye purogiramu yesoftware ingagona kubvumira kupesana. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinorumbidza kuti vasarukishinyiri, mavhotaro maduku kusvikira kuchengetedzwa zviri nani.
Kuzivikanwa Kwezvipenyu Nezvinhu
Urongwa hwemaminwe (maminunda), raisiochi, kana kuti kuzivikanwa kwechiso (zvinogona kudzivisa kuvhota nokuvhotazve. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neIndia, dzakatoshandisa uchokwadi hwebiometric panzvimbo dzokuvhota. MuU.S., zvirongwa zvendege zvakaedza kuongorora mafingandi emunhu anenge avhota, asi zvinonetsa kuti munhu aone kana ari oga uye kukanganisa kukuru kwevamwe vanhu zvakaganhurirwa. Ruzivo rwacho runobatsira zvikuru kana rwabatanidzwa negadziriro yokuongorora mapepa kuti vaone kuti vazokwanisa kutora.
Kure uye Kubudisa Magetsi Pakombiyuta
Kuvhota paIndaneti ijira dzvene nokuda kwavachinji vazhinji vesarudzo, vachipa betsero nokuda kwavashandi vehondo, vagari vemhiri kwamakungwa, uye vavhoti vane urema. Estonia akashandisa nenzira inobudirira kuvhota paInternet chifo cha 2005, nokusimbisa kwakawanda kwamativi mazhinji nokunyora mashoko enyasi. Zvisinei, kuvhota kwakapararira muU. inotarisana nemhinganidzo huru: makombiyuta apamusha haachagoni kuva ane ngozi kutsika, uye hakuna nzira yakavimbika yokuvimbisa nayo bhorati muchivande mumugariro uri kure. COM] COMFYFYFYM] yakatsigira kunzvera gadziriro dzokuvhotera dzakachengeteka dziri kure, asi mapepa anenge asisipo asara aripo zvino.
Masisitemu okupedzisa-kuendesa kumugumo (E2E)
Gadziriro dzeE2E dzinobvumira vavhoti vose vari vaviri kukanda fomu uye gare gare kusimbisa kuti yakabatanidzwa munhambo yokupedzisira, yose pasina kuputsa kuvandika kwomuvhoti. Iyi gadziriro inowanzoshandisa mariti ecrypotopt anoiswa paIndaneti. Muenzaniso mumwe ndi Urongwa hwekuvhota [, hunoshandiswa musarudzo yeguta ra2009 muFlorida. Voters dzinotara mapepa ebhurari nepeni chaiyo inozivisa bumbiro remitemo yakavanzika; khowudi inoiswa paIndaneti kuti ioke mavhoti ayo anogona kuyera.
Kupedzisa: Kujeka Sedombo Rokuvimbana
Vagadziri vezvokuvhota havasi mashoko ounyanzviwo zvawo; iko kunyorwa kwokuvimba kwavanhu nezvinoguma zvamademokrasi. Kuvambira pakuverenga kwebhuku rokutanga repepa kusvikira kuufakazi hwazvinocherekedzwa hwegadziriro yeE2E, nhano iri yose yakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kuda kwavanhu kunoratidzwa zvakarurama. Sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runochinja, nheyo yenheyo inoramba isingachinjiki: tsika ipi neipi yokuvhota inofanira kuva yakajeka, inorangarirwa, uye yakachengetedzwa mukurwisana nezvose zviri zviviri chikanganiso chavanhu nedenho yamasimba akaipa. Vagari vemo vanodzidzira pamusoro pemiitiro iyi (madaro sei michina yavo inoedzwa, uye sei inovatambira zvikanganiso zvavo kuti vave vachengeti vanongwarira vafukirwe. Decraccation isati iri puroficio; mutambo wokunzwisisa kuvhotera.