Munzanga dzedemocracy, mutoo uyo mavhota anoshandurwa nawo muzvigaro unoita musengwa wemireza yezvamatongerwe enyika. Gadziriro yokuvhota haisati iri muitiro wounyanzviwo zvawo; inoumba anosarudzwa, imitemoi inoiswa, uye kuti inoratidzira zvakanaka sei zvisarudzo zvakasarudzwa zvakasarudzwa. Mumazana amakore, gadziriro dzakawanda dzakagadzirwa, imwe neimwe ine kutengeserana kwakasiyana pakati pokureruka, kubatana, uye kuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo. Iyi shoo inonzvera kushanda kwegadziriro dzinoverengeka dzekuvhotera dzakatanhamara — Chokutanga-Past- Post, Ristate- Post, Portgation, Proportionation, uye Mixtevet-Pergation — uye mifanikiso yakasiyana yemitemo yokuvandudza. Kunzwisisa uku, vatengidzira, uye vatengidzira zvisarudzo pamusoro pezvisarutsiridza.

Kunzwisisa Maitiro Okutaura: Mupimo Wekunzvera

Kubudirira kwegadziriro yokuvhota mukusimudzira kuratidzwa kunogona kuongororwa kupfurikidza nerenzi dzinoverengeka. Chokutanga, gona kuyera kuti mugove wenzvimbo yokuvhotera unowirirana sei negoverano yayo yevhoti yakakurumbira. Yechipiri, [[FLT:]] mufananidzo wenzvimbo yazvo [[FLT:] unobvunza kana nzanga iri nemumiririri akatsana. [[FLT:], [FLT]] chisarudzo chaidzo chezvigaro chinotapa purofiti kuti vagari vemo vagone kuratidzira zvisakiso zvisina dzvinyiriro., [FLT:], [FLT] inova] uye kuwanda, inovakwa namashoko makuru. [FM]

Kupfuura aya maminu akareba, nhau dzakapoteredza dzakafara: ukuru hweruwa, marongedzero okugadzira, zvikumbaridzo nokuda kwokugoverwa kwezvigaro, uye kuvapo kweprimmist kana kuti mifarwa zvinogona kuchinja miuyo zvinoshamisa. Zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoparadzanisa gadziriro dzinokurukurwa zvikuru, zvichishandisa mienzaniso yenyika chaiyoiyo uye mashoko kujekesera miuyo yazvo inoshanda pamufananidzo.

Kutanga-Past-the Post (FPTP)

Kutanga - Pest-Pst — inozivikanwawo seboka rimwe rezvikamu — igadziriro yakapfava zvikurusa: muvhoti zvikurusa muruwa anowana chigaro, pasinei zvapo kana vachiwana voruzhinji zvikurusa. FPTP inoshandiswa musarudzo dzorudzi muUnited States, United Kingdom, Canada, India, uye nyika dzakawanda dzeCommonwealth. Kutsungirira kwacho kunobva mumagadzirirwo ayo akajeka uye mutoo wakarovedzeka wemuwi mukuru.

Betsero dzeFPTP

  • [[FT:0] Kurongeka: Migove inoisa mudariro mumwe, uye miuyo inodzorwa nokukurumidza. Uyu mutwaro wakaderera wendangariro unowedzera, zvikurukuru pakati pavagari vemo vashomanene vakapikirwa mune zvamatongerwe enyika.
  • Ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiriri mumwe, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore kuti vamiriri vazive ndokuita kuti mutezo wavo weparamende uve nomutoro.
  • Migumisiro: Kuverenga kwakananga, kunobvumira zviziviso zvesarudzo yousiku uye kuderedza kusava nechokwadi.
  • Hurumende dzechikamu chimwe: FP inowanzoita kuti pave nezvikuru zvemitemo kunyange apo pasina boka rinowana ruzhinji rwevhoti, kuchigonesa udzori husingachinji (muchib., UK’s Conservative Party yakahwina chigaro 56% ne 43.6% yevhoti muna 2019).

Dzisiri Betsero DzeFPTP

  • Mavhoti akarongerwa: Mavote akakandirwa kurasikirwa navakundwi — uye kunyange mavhoti akasara nokuda kwavakundi vari kuseri kwedanho — haapi mumiririro. Muvhoti yehurumende yeCanada ya 2015, inopfuura 50% yamavhoti “yakatorwa" mupfungwa iyi, maererano naFair Vote Canada.
  • Miuyo yePropotione: FTP inodzorwa nenzira yenhevedzano muruwa uye inoranga avo vanotsigirwa nokuparadzira. Somuenzaniso, musarudzo yeUK, Scotland National Party yakawina zvigaro 56 ne 4.7% zvevhoti renyika, nepo Riberal Democrat yakawana zvigaro 8 bedzi ne 7.9% zvevhoti.
  • Murau (kana kuti wakagadzirwa): Mudanho anogona kuwina ne 30-40% yevhoti kana vashori vakakamura mugove wasara, kuchitungamirira kumibvunzo pamusoro poukombi hwehurumende yedemokrasi. Sarudzo ya 2000 yeUS yapurezidhendi inhau yakakurumbira: Al Gore akawina vhoti yakakurumbira asi akarasa Electoral College — iyo imene gadziriro yeFPTP-fix.
  • Kuvhota:[[FLT: 1] Vatambi vanowanzosiya mudikani wavo kuti vadzivise mutungamiriri asingadiwi, vachidzvinyirira kutaura kwechokwadi uye vachideredza mhatsa yepfungwa muparamende.
  • Makwikwi akakudziridzwa: zvigaro zvakakotsekana zvinokurudzira betsero dzakaganhurirwa nedzinobuda dzakaderera, sezvo vavhoti vanonzwa chivhoti chavo “hachiverengeki.”

Pasinei zvapo nezvikanganiso zvayo, FPTP inopfuurira nemhaka yokuti mabhurokwani anobetserwa nemamiriro ezvinhu, uye zvikumbiro zvetsika zviri nyore zvokuvhota zvinongwarira zvimwe zvinotsiva zvakaoma. Zvisinei, kukura kwokusagutsikana ne “vhoti dzakavhota” uye kudzorwa kwakanyandura masangano okuchinja munyika dzinoverengeka dzeFPTP.

Kurumidza Kusingadzorwi (RCV)

Kuvhota Kusingadzorwi — kunonziwo kuvhota kwapakarepo mumaruwa ane mitezo mimwe — kunobvumira vavhoti kuti vadzore munhevedzano yedanho. Kana pasina mutevedzeri anogamuchira vhoti dzechikwata chokutanga, muvhoti yokutanga zvikurusa neareveres anobviswa, uye mabhora avo anodzorwa kumunhu anotevera anotora muboka rimwe nerimwe. Muitiro uyu unodzokororwa kusvikira mumwe anodarika chikuvanguro cha 50%. RCV anoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvorudzi muAustralia (Imbavamiriri vezvitendero), Ireland (zvisarudzo), uye mumaguta akawanda eUS akadai seNew York City, San Francisco, uye Minneapolis. Main naAlas anoshandisawo RVive.

Betsero dzeRCV

  • Muwinyi worusarudzo: RCV inovimbisa kuti mutengi ane tsigiro yakafara, kudzivisa “mukundi worumwe [1] chinetso cheFPTP. Mukuvhota kwa2018 Maine gabernator, Democrate Janet Mills akahwina 55% pashure peRCV, kunyange zvazvo iye akanga ane 50.9% murusarudzo rwokupedzisira.
  • [[FLT: 0] Inorerutsa kuparadzana kwevhoti: Vanopinda muzvikuva zvakafanana vanogona kukwikwidzana vasingatyi kuti vachapa sarudzo kumushori nemirangariro yakasiana. Ikoku kunokurudzira kurukurirano dzinoda kutendwa dzakawanda nedzakawanda dzinonyandura zvikuru.
  • protes dzakanakira kutsigira: Nemhaka yokuti vanoda kusarudzwa vanoda vhoti yechipiri neyechitatu, vanowanzofadza vatsigiri vevamwe vanoda kuendeswa kuhondo, vachideredza kudenha kwakaipa. Nzvero dzeAustralia dzinoratidza kuti nhimbe dzeRCV dzinokombamira kunyanduka zvishoma pakuvhota uye kuwedzera pakusiyana kwetsika.
  • Kuvhota kukurusa kwakananga:[[FLT: 1] Vaongorori vanogona kuronga nenzira yokutendeseka vadaviri pasina kunetseka pamusoro po “kurasa” kwavo; mutsigiri weGreen Party anogona kuronga chiverengero cheliberi chechipiri nechechitatu cheDemocratic pasina kupinza mungozi muuyo unoshatisa.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeRCV

  • Kuoma kwemabhangi: Vavhoti vakawanda vanogona kuvhiringidza vamwe, kuchitungamirira kumwero yakakwirira yemabhora akashatiswa (g., nzvimbo inomirira vaviri vanotora se “5”. Mumibatanidzwa mizhinji yedzidzo, miraudzo yedzidzo yavose iri madikanwa kuderedza ikoku.
  • Kudziya kwaparefu: Kuverenga michinjikwa mizhinji kunononoka uye hakunyanyi kuoneka; migumisiro ingatora mazuva kuti ipedzise, sezvinoonekwa mu2021 yemeyal. Iyi nguva inogona kubvisa chivimbo chavanhu kana isingagoni kuoneka zvakajeka.
  • Nhevedzo nokuda kwe “zvisingabvumiki”: Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, rukundo rwomukwikwidzi runogona kuchinjwa kana vakagamuchira vhoti yokutanga. Nepo zvichibvira mumitemo, ufakazi hwemifungo hunoratidza “kundikano dzechimiro chavanhu” hahusati huri hwenguva dzose musarudzo chaidzoidzo.
  • Njere dzezvinoitwa: Michina mitsva yokuvhota nepurogiramu yekombiyuta zvinofanira kutengwa kana kuti kuvandudzwa, uye vakuru vakuru vesarudzo vanoda rovedzo. Mumasangano ane ganhuriro yakaganhurirwa, iyoyi inogona kuva danda rinokosha.

Pasinei zvapo neizvi denho, RCV yakawana simba muUnited States sechinjo inoderedza muganhu uye inovandudza gutsikano yavavhoti. Nzvero inobva kuFairVote inoratidzira kuti RCV inowedzera kurondedzerwa kwevakadzi uye vanhu vashoma, sezvo vanoda kumhanya vakasiyana - siyana vachidisa zvikuru kumhanya apo vanenge vasinganangi tyisidziro.

Mufananidzo weProto (PR)

Gadziriro dzePropotional mediagramme dzinovavarira kugovera zvigaro mudivi reimba yomutemo mukuenzana kwakananga kusvikira kumavhoti anogamuchirwa munyika kana kuti munharaunda. Kune mhikano zhinji, kubatanidza murairidzi PR (yashandiswa muIsrael, Netherlands, neSouth Africa) uye [[FLT:]] kusimudzirwa kusingabvumirwi (STV) inoshandiswa mumaruwa akawanda muIreland neMerita. Munda yakachena PR, Rehovhai, sarudza boka, uye zvigaro zvinogamuchira zvigaro muwiro zvegoverano. [kamwe 3]] chikumbano chakarongwa kudzivirira kuparadzanisa. [kamwero 3][FLT]

Betsero dzePR

  • Mubatanidzwa mukuru: PR inobudisa masangano anosaidzira zvisarudzo zvokuvhota. Somuenzaniso, mujaho 2021 rehurumende yeGermany, chikamu cheBoundstag chakavimbisa kuti pesvorate ya25,7% yakabudisa 25.7% yezvigaro — muwirirano yodokukwana wakakwana.
  • Kumirira kukuru nokuda kwemapoka maduku namaduku: rudzi, dzinza, uye pfungwa duku dzinogona kuwina zvigaro pasina kuda kuisa pfungwa panzvimbo yazvo. MuNew Zealand, Māori Party yakawana zvigaro pasi pePR izvo zvingada kuva zvisingabviri pasi peFPTP.
  • Kuvimbisana kwevavhoti: Vagari vanonzwa vhoti yavo “mazita” nemhaka yokuti kunyange boka duku rinogona kuwina zvigaro, kusimudzira. Nzvero dzokuenzanisa dzinoratidza kuti nyika dzine muvhoti mukuru kupfuura nyika dzeFPTP — kazhinji kazhinji ne 5-10 mativi ezvikamu.
  • Futier yakapambadza mavhoti:[[FL:1] Pasi pePR, anenge mavhoti ari ose anogovera kugovera nzvimbo yokugara. Chikumbaridzo chinobudirira chakaderera (kazhinji 0.5-1% mumaruwa makuru), kureva vavhoti vashomanene zvikuru vanosiiwa pasina mimiririri.

Dzisiri Betsero dzePR

  • Kusatsiga kwehurumende yeManongedzero: PR haiwanzobudisa zvikamu zvikuru chimwe, kumanikidza kurukurirano dzakabatana idzo dzinogona kutungamirira kuruvara, makabhati mapfupi anogara, kana kuti kudzorwa kwehurumende neboka duku. Chinjo dzehurumende dzenguva dzose dzeItaly (anopfuura 60 chifo cheHondo yeNyika II) dzinodudzwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji sengano, kunyange zvazvo chinjo dzazvino uno dzakasimbisa dzikamo.
  • Chimiriro chomunzvimbomo: Mumunyorero wakavharwa PR, vavhoti havagoni kusarudza vadaviri vamwe navamwe; vadzori vemapati vanopinda paramende, vachinetesa batano pakati pemasangano navamiriri. Vholump PR (se muFinland) inoderedza ikoku asi inowedzera kuoma.
  • Kuparadza: Muzvimwe zviitiko, PR inogona kubvumira mapoka anonyanyisa kuwana nzvimbo dzeparamende (mutoo, Nazi National Democratic Party yeGermany), kunyange zvazvo mitemo yemichero ichidzivisa mibatanidzwa miduku.
  • Mabhuroti echikafu: Mumaruwa makuru ane mapati mazhinji, roti inogona kuva inokurira. Somuenzaniso, madatch anoronga mapati akawanda mumapeji akawanda, vavhoti vanogona kuvhiringidza.

Miitiro yePropotical inouya nezvinonaka zvakawanda, kuenzana kumwe nokumwe nokuzvidavirira.

MEMber Proportigal (MMP) yakavhenganiswa

Maruwa eMimeber Proportional akavhengana nenhengo imwe chete (FPP-style) nenhurikidzwa yemubato. Voters vanokanda mabhorati maviri: rimwe nokuda kwomudangwe womunzvimbomo (muruwa rumwe) uye rimwe nokuda kwebato (parusarudzo rwenyika kana kuti rwenharaunda). Hwerengedzo yezvigaro zvakagoverwa kubato rimwe nerimwe inosarudzwa negoverano yebato raro, uye “mitezo inovhota” inowedzerwa kukwidza nhume dzebato rimwe nerimwe kunzvimbo yaro. Nyika dzinoshandisa MMP inobatanidza Germany, New Zealand, Bolivia, uye Lesotho.

Betsero dzeMMP

  • Kumirira kwakarongwa: Muvhoti ari wose ane mumiriri womunzvimbomo (kubva muvhoti yoruwa) nepo paramende yose inoramba iri yakaenzana. Ikoku kunopedza kusawirirana pakati penzvimbo nepakati uko gadziriro dzePR padzimwe nguva dzinoshaiwa.
  • Yakabvisa mavhoti akapambadzwa:[[FLT: 1] Mapoka eboka mavhoti anogamuchirwa munyika (kana kuti munharaunda), naizvozvo kunyange vavhoti vane mutengi womunzvimbomo anorasikirwa navose vanopa mupiro kuchiverengero chenzvimbo yavo yose. Mukusarudza 2020 kweNew Zealand, kunopfuura 95% kwebato rinoverengwa kugovera nzvimbo yokugara.
  • Kubatanidza mibatanidzwa yakatsiga: Nemhaka yokuti MMP inoda chaizvoizvo kuumbwa kwakabatana, mapoka anofanira kukurukura muitiro womuchinjikwa unobvumiraniswa kuvambira pakutanga, kazhinji kazhinji kuchitungamirira kuudzori hune mwero zvikuru. “masangano makuru” eGermany pakati pepakati peruboshwe nepakati napakati nepakati kuratidzira uku simba.
  • Kusaoma: MMP inogona kurongwa noukuru hwakasiana, zvikumbaridzo (umh., 5% muGermany neNew Zealand), uye mazita emitsetse kudzikamisa mireza yomunzvimbomo neyomuwirirano.

Dzisiri Betsero dzeMMP

  • [[[FT:0] Kuparira: Vatsigiri vanofanira kunzwisisa makwikwi maviri akaparadzana uye kuti mutoo weripo unoshanda sei. Vakuru vakuru vemibato yokusarudza vanodawo rovedzo yakakwirira kuti vabate zvigaro zvakapetwa kaviri nezvinopfuura.
  • Zvigaro zvokudzikamisa: Apo mubato unowana zvigaro zvakawanda zvoruwa kupfuura mugove wawo unowirirana, unochengeta avo “zvigaro zvemubato”, zvingakanganisa kuva pakati chaipo. Germany inoshandisa zvimwe“ zvigaro zvapamusoro” kugadzira izvi, asi mutezo wedare unogona kuva mukuru zvikuru — Bundestag yakawedzera kusvika kumitezo 735 muna 2021, zvichikwira kubva muna 598.
  • Kuvhota kwakakomba kwasara: Vamwe vavhoti vachiri kukamura matura avo etikiti, kuvhota nokuda kwebato rakasiana muruwa. Ndaza yokuwedzera miuyo yemubatanidzwa. Ikoku kunogona kuvhiringidza muuyo unorongwa.
  • Nhau dzezuva dzinotevedzana: Mune dzimwe gadziriro, mukwidzi anogona kuwina zvose zviri zviviri chigaro choruwa nechigaro chine ndaza; zvikurukuru anoenda pachigaro choruwa uye chigaro chendaza chinoenda kune mumwe mubhadharo, asi mitemo inosiana, kuwedzera kutemwa nomusoro kwemichero.

MMP inowanzoonekwa se “yakanakisisa yenyika dzose dziri mbiri” uye inoramba ichigamuchirwa nenyika dzinochinja (muchib., New Zealand muna 1996, Paramende yeScotland neWelsh Assembly). Rudzi rwayo rusina kubatana runopa kubvumirana kwekuzvidavirira kwomunzvimbomo neruramisiro yemubatanidzwa.

Miitiro Yokufambisa Zvinotsiva Kupfuura Munzvimbo Yakakura

Kupfuura gadziriro ina dzinokurukurwa zvikuru, mitoo mizhinji yakasiana inogovera mitoo yakasiana kumireza. Kuvhota kwakaenzana , kunoshandiswa mukusarudza kweUnited States, kunobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira vose vavanoda kugamuchirwa; mudanho ane mvumo zhinjisa dzinodzoka. Kwakapfava uye kunoderedza kuvhota, asi hakuvimbisi muwirira mukuru uye kunogona kuita miuyo apo “chitendiro chenyama chinohwina. STORY [[FFT]] [PFRET] [RFOFOF] [inodzo yakazvisingadzo) inobvunza.[VVF] inobvumira vanhu vazhinjisa.

Chimwe nechimwe cheizvi zvinotsiva chinovavarira kururamisa zvikanganiso zvakati mumasangano makuru. Somuenzaniso, Maraise Voting ari nyore zvikuru asi achiri anoderedza miuyo inoshatisa. STAR Voting inodzivisa “kuviga” nzira inogona kukuvadza RCV. STV inobatanidza kuva musiyano nechisarudzo chavanhu. Nepo pasina akakwanisa kugamuchirwa kwakapararira, anopfuurira kukwezva kupfurikidza namasangano echinjo dzinogadziridza akadai se muteshi weECONTY uye [FLT:] na[FLT:][FLT][FLT][FL:2]

Kusarudza Muitiro Wokuvheneka: Nhau Dzakapoteredza

Kubudirira kwegadziriro ipi neipi yokuvhota kunotsamira patsika yezvematongerwe enyika yechienzi yenyika, ukuru hwenzvimbo, kuumbwa kwedzinza, uye nhau yesangano. Somuenzaniso, FPTP inoshanda zvakanaka mugadziriro dzeparamende dzine mapoka maviri makuru (zvikurukuru, United Kingdom isati yamuka zvamatongerwe enyika dzakawanda muma 2010), asi inoramba ichikundikana zvikuru kupa miuyo inowirirana sezvo nhamba yemakwikwikwi inowedzera. Miitiro yakadai sendaza yakarongwa yaPR inoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga dzine masangano makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuda kugamuchira kudzora kwakabatana — gadziriro inotsigarira yeNetherlands inhau yebudiriro. MMP inopa mutepi wenhau wakasiana, asi zvakaoma kushatisa.

Nzvero dzemipimo kubva ku International EA uye ACE ICHEC Knowlets yezivo [ inogovera mashoko okuenzanisa pamusoro pokuti gadziriro dzemipimo yakasiana----Indaneti dzinotapura sei. Zviwanwa zvikuru zvinobatanidza: uremu hweruwa hunowedzera uwandu hwemipimo; zvikumbaridzo zvakakwira zvinoderedza kuganhurana asi zvinogona kubvisa manzwi mashoma apamutemo; uye gadziriro dzemifungo dzakazarukira dzinowedzera kuratidzira mipimo yavakadzi mumibatanidzwa yakavharo.

Mugumo: KumaDemocracy Makuru Anomirira

Hapana gadziriro yokuvhota yakakwana; imwe neimwe inobatanidza kubviswa pakati pemipimo yedemokrase inokwikwidzana. Kutanga-Past- Post inopa kupfava uye hurumende ine chikamu chimwe chakasimba pamutengo wevhoti dzinopambadzwa nemigumisiro inodzorwa. Kuedza kwechisarudzo chePurcence Voling Voting transfices nevhoontation asi inowedzera kuvadziko yakaoma nerefu. Proportation Irectation inobudisa kuwirirana kwakakwirira pakati pevhoti nezvigaro asi kazhinji kazhinji inoda mibatanidzwa uye inogona kuderedza zvisungo zvoruwa. Mixtension-Mer Proportaral kuedza kudzikamisa mativi omunzvimbomo nemitekiso yomunzvimbomo asi inogona kuwedzera kuva mitengo mizhinji nezvinodzo inodzo-kudzo-dzo-dzo.

Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti kuchinja kwevasarudzo kunofanira kuwirirana nezvinodikanwa chaizvo nevavariro dzehurumende. Nyika dzinorangarira kuchinja dzinofanira kuyera ukoshi hwemireza yomunzvimbomo inopesana netsinhirano, uye kuva nyore mukuwirirana neruramisiro. Dzidzo, kujeka kunojeka, uye kunzvera kunokosha kuva nechokwadi chokuti gadziriro yakasarudzwa inoraira kuva yapamutemo. Sezvo kutora kwehurumende kuchavapo, gakava pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota richaramba riri pakati poutano hwevamiririri. Mukudzidza vagari navanogadzira mitemo vanofanira kupfuurira kunzvera chinjo dzinoita kuti nhau ipi neipi inovhota uye kuvimbisa kuti maparamende anoratidzira zvirokwazvo kuda kwavanhu.