Muitiro wokuronga mitemo rutivi runokosha rwekudzora runovimbisa mitemo nemirau zvinoshandiswa zvinobudirira. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunogona kubetsera vadzidzisi, vadzidzi, uye nyanzvi kunzwisisa kuoma kunobatanidzwa mukushandura donzo remitemo kuva mitemo inomanikidzirwa. Mitemo inoshandura mutauro wakafara kuva zvinodikanwa chaizvo izvo vanhu, mabhizimisi, uye masangano ehurumende zvinofanira kutevera. Nyaya ino inopa nzvero huru, nhano nhano dzinobva pamurangariro kuti dzitsigiswe, kusimbisa mativi emitemo, bvumirano yemitemo, zvishandiso zvokuisa pamutemo, zvishandiso zvinoshanda izvo zvinofanira kuumba muuyo wokupedzisira.

Kunzwisisa Kugadzirwa Kwounyanzvi Hwokugadzirisa Zvinenge Zvaitwa

Mitemo ndiyo jira remitemo yavose. Nepo mitemo inopiwa nemitemo inogadzwa nemitemo yose, mirau inogovera nhungamiro ine udzame iri madikanwa nokuda kwokuitwa. Muitiro wokugadzira unodzorwa nomutemo wehurumende(zvikurukurusa Administrative Procediture Act (APA) ye 1946 nemirau yakafanana mudzimwe zviremera) inogadza nhevedzano yakarongeka yokunzvera, kutora rutivi rwavose, uye kuzvidavirira. Iyi purogiramu inovimbisa kuti mitemo inovakirwa muufakazi, inoratidzira mirangariro yakasiana, uye inoramba iri mukati moukoshiyo yechiremera yakapiwa neDare rehurumende kana kuti chibvumirano chehurumende.

Muitiro wokuronga unogona kuputswa kuva nhetedzi sere: kuziva chinodikanwa, kunzvera nokunzvera, kunyora rugwaro rwemitemo, kubvunza voruzhinji, kunzvera pawarapirwo, kukumbira tendero yapamutemo, kuisa nokuyera mutemo wokupedzisira, uye kuyera kushanda kwawo nokufamba kwenguva. Chikamu chimwe nechimwe chinoda batira pamwe pakati pavashandi vesangano, nyanzvi dzemitemo, nyanzvi dzezvemari, masayendisiti, uye vatengi vemibato.

Kushandiswa Kwemitemo Nemitemo

Kunyora kupi nokupi kusati kwatanga, masangano anofanira kushanda mumurairo wapamutemo wakajeka. Uyu murairo unobva mumutemo unobvumira( somuenzaniso, Clean Air Act inopa Officen Protection Agency (EPA) chiremera chokudzora tsvina yemhepo. APRODUTSD inofanirawo kutevera mirairo yehurumende nemitemo yehurumende yose inoda kuongororwa kwechiteshi chemari inodzorwa, kuongorora kwezvokudzora, uye kurangarirwa kwezvimwe zvinhu. MuUnited States, Office of Management and Balment (OMB) inohwirudzura mitemo inokosha inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza neHofisi yeInformation and Regatative Affation (ORA).

Masangano anogona kumisa mitemo isingagoni kuongorora zvinhu zvakakodzera kana kuti kuisa pfungwa papfungwa dzisina kururama.

Chikamu 1: Kuziva Kudiwa Kwokudzorera

Simba rekudzora kutsva rinogona kumuka mumanyuko akawanda: njodzi (yakadai serasika rekemikoro rinoparira mitemo yekotsekano), nhungamiro yemitemo (Chikumbiro chinoda kuti sangano ripedze mipimo), chikumbiro chinobva muindasitiri kana kuti mapoka ezvokudzora, kana kuti chinjo dzapashoma napashoma muruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, migariro yemisika, kana kuti zivo yesayenzi. A Procetation inochengeta purogiramu dzemitengidzo nemuenzaniso, Agenda yaNgaratisiti yeFederal Regatation na Deregatation Acts]

Zvikonzero Zvokuita Rudzi

  • Misi yemisi mitsva yemirayiridzo [[FL:1]: Mitemo mizhinji inobatanidza miganhu nokuda kwemitemo inoshandiswa (su tab., kushandisa mupimo mutsva wemhoteredzo mukati mamakore maviri).
  • Tsika dzokuita utongi: Mitezo yavanhu kana kuti masangano anogona kukumbira nenzira yakarongwa sangano kuita, kugadziridza, kana kuti kudzosera murairo pasi peAPA.
  • [[FUT:0] Mirairo yedare: Dare ringada sangano kuti ripe mutemo wokugadzirisa kuputswa kana kuti kuwirirana nebvumirano yokugarisa.
  • [[FLT:]: Zvinhu zvitsva, zvinhu, kana kuti miitiro (mutoo., opioids yokugadzira, ungwaru hwokuisira) zvingaparira ngozi dzisina kuiswa pafoni.
  • Nhamo kana kuti nhevedzano yenhau [: Mitemo ingarongedzerwa kururamisa kundikano dzemisika (sumo, kushatisa) kana kuti kudzivirira zviverengero zvavagari vemo zvisina dziviriro.

Kana pangova nechinhu chinenge chada kuongororwa, sangano racho rinofanira kuona kana mitemo iripo kana kuti mitemo yokuzvidira yakakwana, uye kana zvikasadaro, rinofanira kuongorora.

Chinoumba 2: Kunzvera Nokunzvera

Nzvero yakakwana ndiyo hwaro hwemirau isingachinjiki. Zvirongwa zvinounganidza ndokunzvera mashoko pamusoro poukuru hwechinetso, zvisakiso, miitiro yazvino, mitengo inobvira, uye betsero dzemwero yakasiana-- siyana yokupindira. Iyi nhano inobatanidza:

  • [ Tsvakaro dzenzvero dzesayenzi, mishumo yezvemari, uye kunzvera kwakapfuura.
  • Kubatanidza nenyanzvi muminda yakadai sechepfu yeruzivo rwezvokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, uinjiniya, mari, uye utano hwevanhu.
  • bvunzurudzo dzemaindasitiri nenhume dzeindasitiri, vanzveri vedzidzo, masangano asiri ehurumende, uye nzanga dzakatapura.
  • [ Chiunganidzwa cheDHAB [ kupfurikidza nenzvero, kuongorora mhoteredzo, kana kuti kuziviswa kwemari.
  • [ Bhenccharking kupesana nemirau mudzimwe nyika kana kuti nyika.

Zvirongwa zvinowanzobudisa Impact Analysis (RIA) iyo inoisa chiverengero chinokarirwa ndyiko nebetsero, inozivisa dzimwe nzira, uye inotsanangura chikonzero nei mutoo wakasarudzwa uri nani. Nokuda kwemiraudzo inokosha (iyo ine muuyo wegore negore wamamirioni $100 kana kuti kupfuura), RIA inofanira kudzokororwa neOIRA. Iyi mirau inobetsera kuva nechokwadi chokuti mirau inoita nharidzano dzavo pasina kuisa mitoro isina kufanira.

Zvishandiso Zvinoshandiswa Mukunzvera

  • Kunzvera kweCost-benefit: Kubatanidza zvinokarirwa apo kunobvira, kubatanidza mipimo isiri yamapepa yakadai soupenyu hwomunhu (Kushandiswa kwenhamba yeMitemo yeMastatical Life) uye mabasa emhoteredzo nemhoteredzo.
  • URIsk : inoonesa bviro noukuru hwetapuro dzakaipa mumigariro yakasiana.
  • [ Kunzvera kusingachinjiki: Unyanzvi hwemichina, hwemari, uye hwekutarisira kuti huwirirane.
  • Kunzvera kwokugovera[[FLT: 1]: Nzvera kuti ndyiko nebetsero zvinotapura sei mapoka avagari vemo akasiana - siana, nharaunda, kana kuti maindasitiri.

Chikamu 3: Kuchinja Kudzokororwa

Kuchinja zviwanwa zvokunzvera nezvisarudzo zvemiitiro kuva mutauro wapamutemo wakananga. Mutemo chaiwoiwo une zvikamu nokuda kwedonzo, ukuru, rondedzero, zvinodikanwa zviduku, zvikamu zvenguva yokuteerera, zvinyorwa, kushuma, uye kudzikamisa. Vagadziri vanofanirawo kutaura kuti mutemo wacho unobata sei nemirau iripo (chib., zvinowirirana kana kuti zvinorwisana).

Zvinhu zvikuru zvemutemo wakasanogadzirwa zvinobatanidza:

  • bvisa rondedzero dzamashoko makuru kuderedza kusanzwisisana.
  • Mipimo yePerformation vs. mipimo yemagadzirirwo: Mitemo yebasa inoratidzira miuyo (umh., mirairo haifaniri kupfuura X pm") nepo mipimo yegadziriro inoratidzira mitoo chaiyo (mh., "inofanira kuisa rudzi Y rwekudzimisa).
  • [ Mitemo yokusagona kugadzirisika: yakadai sezviwitsi, nzira dzinowirirana, kana kuti kugadzirwa kwakarongwa.
  • [ Zvitsama zvamashoko [ kuitira kuti kana gadziriro imwe ikaputswa mudare, yasara inoramba ichishanda.

Kudzosa igadziriro inoderedza. Magweta eAgency, vaongorori vemitemo, uye nyanzvi dzenhau dzinoshanda pamwe chete kuva nechokwadi chokuti mutauro wacho uri wose uri wakarurama uye unobvira. Kuhwirudzura kwomukati kungaitika mutemo usati warongwa.

Chikuva 4: Kunzvera Pachena

Kunzvera kwavose chiratidzo chekudzora kwakajeka. Munyasi meAPA, masangano anofanira kubudisa Notices of Propaced Rulect (NPRM) mu [ Féderal Register[ (kana kuti magazini yepamutemo inowirirana mune dzimwe nyika). NPRM inobatanidza rugwaro rwemitemo runokarakadzwa, pfupi yechiremera chemitemo, kurukurirano yetsinhidzo, uye mirayiridzo yokupa. Nguva yavose inogara kumazuva 30, asi nhambo refu dzinobvumirwa nokuda kwemirauro yakaoma.

Zvimiro Zvokutora Rutivi

  • Tsinhiro dzakabatanidzwa: Dzinoiswa paIndaneti (mutoo, kupfurikidza ne mirau.gov[) kana kuti nepositi. Tsinhiro dzinowanzobatanidza madata, zvibvumikiso, kana kuti kukarakadzwa kugadziridzwa.
  • [[[FULT:0] Kunzwa kwechiPub [: Chipupuriro chamashoko chakaitwa mumunhu kana kuti murunenge, zvikurukuru nokuda kwemitemo inomutsa nharo.
  • Marobha okushandira namarusando okuteerera: Kurukurirano shomanene dzakarongwa idzo dzinobetsera masangano kuunganidza muuyo kubva mumapoka akati (mutoo, mabhizimisi maduku, nzanga dzamadzinza).
  • Kuongorora [: Nokuda kwemitemo yakaoma yesayenzi kana kuti yezvoruzivo rwekugadzirwa kwezvinhu, masangano angapa kuongorora kunotsigira kunyanzvi dzinozvimirira.

Masangano anofanira kurangarira [[[FLT: 0] aipinza tsinhiro ndokupindura kunhau dzinokosha musumo yokupedzisira yomutemo. Ichi chinodikanwa chinodzivisa masangano kufuratira ufakazi hunopokanidza muuyo wawo wakasarudzwa. Chinyorwa chetsinhiro nemhinduro dzesangano zvinova rutivi rwechinyorwa chokutonga icho matare anohwirudzura mudenho dzapamutemo.

Chikamu 5: Kudzokorora Nokugumisa

Pashure pokunge tsinhiro dzavose dzaguma, vashandi vesangano vanohwirudzura tsinhiro iri yose, kuronga misoro, uye kunzvera kana mutemo unokarakadzwa uchifanira kuchinjwa. Kugadziridzwa kunogona kuvambira pakujekeswa kuduku kusvikira kukugadziridzwazve kukuru kwakavakirwa pamashoko matsva kana kuti nharo. Somuenzaniso, tsinhiro ingazivisa kuti nguva inotevedzerwa haigoni kunzwisiswa, kusunda sangano kuitambanudza. Imwe tsinhiro ingaratidzira kuti mutoo wokuita nawo mumwe unosvitsa nharidzano imwe cheteyo pamutengo wakaderera.

Sangano ipapo rinoita [[[Nto] Kutonga kworumano kunobatanidza:

  • Rugwaro rwokuronga rwokupedzisira.
  • Sumo inotsanangura hwaro nechinangwa, kubatanidza mhinduro kutsinhiro huru.
  • [ Kuongorora Kusingachinji kana mutemo wacho uchitapura zvikuru mabhizimisi maduku.
  • Pepacey Reduction Act mutoro unofungidzira ( nokuda kwemitemo yeU.S.).

Mutemo wokupedzisira unoiswa kuOIRA kuti uhwirudzurwe kana kuri kunokosha. OIRA ingamutsa funganyo pamusoro peruramiso yendyiko yemari, tsinhirano nezvinokosha zvapurezidhendi, kana kuti rwisano dzinobvira nemimwe mibato yesangano. Pashure pokujekeswa, mutemo unosainwa nesangano ndokubudiswa muFederal Register. Kutoti zvimwe zvataurwa, kunoitika mazuva 30 pashure pokubudiswa (kana kuti gare gare nokuda kwemitemo mikuru).

Chinotarwa 6: Kubvumirwa Nokurerwa Nevana

Miitiro yetendero inosiana kupfurikidza nehurumende. MuU.S., mitemo mizhinjisa yesangano inopiwa zvakananga pasina tendero yemitemo, asi Congress inogona kuputsa mitemo yakati inoshandisa Congregational Review Act (CRA) chisarudzo chokusatendera icho, kana chikapfuudzwa ndokusainwa naPrezidhendi, chinoputsa mutemo. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda kuhwirudzurwa kwemiraudzo mikuru. International, European Union inotevera muitiro wecomiology apo mutezo unovhota pakushandisa mabasa akarongwa neEuropean Commission.

Kana zvangogamuchirwa bedzi, murau wacho unoiswa pamwe chete () muU.S., unova rutivi rweBumbiro Remitemo reFederal (CFR).

Chinotangira 7: Kushandiswa Nokumanikidzwa

Kushandisa kunoda zvinopfuura kungobudisa mutemo.

  • [ Mapepa enhungamiro [ anotsanangura nhano dzokuteerera, kududzira mashoko asina kujeka, uye kugovera mienzaniso.
  • [ Kurovedza vaongorori, vanzwi, uye vakuru vakuru vanozviisa pasi pazvinodikanwa zvitsva.
  • Kugadzira kana kuti kuvandudza gadziriro dzokushuma, kuongorora, uye kunyora [ (imo, mapepa emashoko anobudiswa).
  • [[FLT: 0] Mitoo yokuita kuti kuvepo , kubatanidza zvirango zvavagari vemo, mirairo, kana kuti matsotsi nokuda kwokuputsa kwamaune.
  • [ Kubetsera nokubetsera kubetsera masangano anodzorwa, zvikurukuru mabhizimisi maduku, kunzwisisa ndokusvitsa misengwa yawo.

Kumanikidza kunogona kuva kukurumidza kuvhura (mue., se., kupindura kunyunyuta kana kuti kubvisa zvinhu). Zvinhu zvinonyanyoshandiswa zvakavakirwa panjodzi(mazakwatira enhau yokuputsa kana kuti kuvadziko inobvira zvinoongororwa zvikuru. Kushandira pamwe namasangano ehurumende nevomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kunotambanudza mapurisa kusvika.

Kuongorora Kurongwa Kwezvirongwa

  • [ Kushuma kwokuzvikudza: Mitemo mizhinji inoda mishumo yenhambo nenhambo (imo, michina inogadzira zvinhu zvinobudiswa gore negore).
  • .Mascreen auniverties: Kuongororwa kana kuti kuitirwa jambwa kwezvinyorwa nemabasa.
  • Chikamu chechikwangwani chemari yemari yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yepanyika yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yega yese yega yega yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese yese
  • Kutora rutivi kwechiPublic: Sutu dzevagari vemo dzinobvumirwa mumitemo yakawanda yemhoteredzo dzinosimbisa vanhu kuti vaputse.

Kuchengetwa kunoshanda kunotsamira pamitsetse yakajeka, vashandi vakasanorovedzwa, uye zvirango zvinovimbika izvo zvinodzivisa kusawirirana.

Chinoumba 8: Kuongorora Nokugadziridza

Mitemo haisati iri yakarerekera.Profeta panhambo nenhambo dzinofanira kuyera kana mitemo iri kuwana miuyo yayo yakarondwa uye kana zviitiko zvitsva zvichiraira gadziridzo. Miganhu mizhinji inoda kuhwirudzura nguva refu (somuenzaniso, U.S. Produced Order 1363 (2011) masangano akatungamirirwa kurangarira kugadziridza kana kuti kudzokorora mitemo iripo iyo ichiripo iyo isati iri yenguva yapamutemo, isati iri madikanwa, kana kuti inorema zvakanyanyisa.

Mitoo yokunzvera inobatanidza:

  • program iyera navashandi vemasangano kana kuti vanzveri vokunze.
  • metrics (imo, kuderedza kubudisa mhepo inobudiswa, mwero yakaderera yekuvadziko).
  • [ revo [ inobva kumasangano anodzorwa uye anobetserwa.
  • gadza gadziriro [ idzo dzinongoerekana dzagumisa mirau pashure pechiverengero chakatemwa chamakore kutoti dzakatenderwazve.

Kana kuongorora kukaratidza zvikanganiso, sangano racho ringatanga kuronga mutemo kuti ugadziriswe, kana kuti ringapa nhungamiro yokujekesa zvinodiwa zviripo.

Zvinetso Mukushandisa Kuchinja

Pasinei zvapo nemiitiro yakasanogadzwa, mirau yamabasa inopa zvinetso zvakawanda:

  • Kutsiva fariro dzinokwikwidzana[[FLT: 1]: Indasitiri dzinowanzotsvaka kuchinjika nendyiko dzakaderera; vatsigiri vehurumende vanoda dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru. Hurumende dzinofanira kubudisa idzi dzvinyiriro nepo dzichiramba dziri mukati mesimba radzo rapamutemo.
  • Tsvenero dzeMashoko[[FLT: 1]: Mitemo inofanira kazhinji kazhinji kuita zvisarudzo mukusazivakanwi pamusoro pemigariro yomunguva yemberi, chinjo yoruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu, kana kuti ukuru chaihwo hwengozi.
  • Dzvinyiriro yeProtalical[[FLT: 1]: Vakuru vakuru vakaiswa pachena namapoka echisarudzo vangagamuchira mitemo kuumba, pane dzimwe nguva ufakazi hunokosha kana kuti mubatanidzwa wavose.
  • Ngozi yokupinza [[FLT: 1]: Unenge mutemo uri wose unokosha unodenhwa mudare. Zvirongwa zvinofanira kuunganidza chinyorwa chakasimba chokudzora kuti zvipukunyuke hwirudzuro yedare.
  • `Resources: Masangano anoshandira anotamburira kunzvera kwakakwana, kuronga mavhoriyamu akakwirira etsinhiro, uye kumanikidza mitemo nenzira inobudirira.
  • Kuedzesera nevhoriyamu: Mutemo weU.S. une makumi ezviuru zvamapeji; mitemo inorevererwa uye isingachawirirani inogona kuparira nyongano nokuchinja - chinja.

Kuti ugadzirise zvinetso izvi zvinoda kuti urambe uchivandudza maitiro, kuomesa, uye kushandiswa kwemashoko kuti ude kuita zvinhu.

Fundo Yakakomba: Mutemo Wakachena Wemvura

Kuenzanisira chiteshi chakazara chezvipenyu, rangarira ganhuriro inofungidzirwa kuganhura mwero wepefluoroalkl nepolyfluoral project (PFAS) mumvura yokunwa. Muitiro ungatanga nebvumirano kubva kuNhevedzo yeNweti inoyera mvura. EPA inganzvera mirauko yeutano, matengirwo ezvinoitika, uye ruzivo rwokurapa. Pashure pokugadzira mwero unokarakadzwa wemacontamineminea (MCL), NPRM ichazo. Inoda kutarira uye kurapa PFF. Munhambo yezuva 60 yenhambo yezuva, magetsi, vagadziri vemakemichina, uye mapoka anopa mutengo wezviwirirano zvinotengwa zvinotengwa, uye mitoo inodzorwa. Kana zvichibviswa mitoo inoteverwa.

mhedziso

Muitiro wokuronga mitemo ibasa rakaoma asi rinokosha rekudzora kwazvino uno. Kubva pakuziva chinetso chokuyera kushanda kwenguva refu, chikuva chimwe nechimwe chinoda kunzvera kwokungwarira, kurangarira kwokunangidzira, uye kusanodzikamisa mipimo inokwikwidzana. Kunzwisisa uyu muitiro kunobetsera vagari vemo kunzwisisa chikonzero nei mirau inotora nguva kukukura uye nei yakarongeka. Kuvaraidzi, kushandisa iyi gadziriro mukirasi kunogona kushongedzera vadzidzi nomurangariro wechokwadi wemaitiro avose anogadzirwa nokushandiswa (jeresa) hwaro hunokosha nokuda kwokuva noruzivo rwokuva mugari vemo namabasa ounyanzvi mumutemo, kutungamirira vanhu vose, uye kudzosera.

Kupfurikidza nokunamatira kunheyo dzokuita mitemo yakavakirwa paufakazi nokutora rutivi kwakare, gadziriro dzokutungamirira dzinogona kuita chimwe chinhu kudenho hurusa dzenzanga padzinenge dzichitsigira mutemo. Sezvo kuchinja kweruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu nenzanga kunowedzera, mano okuita mirau inobudirira, inochinjika achakura bedzi muukoshi. Zvisakiso zvakadai se Administrative Conference of the United States ne CD Regatation Policy[]