Sumo

First Amendment kuUnited States Constitution inogovera kuti “ Conret haasati achizoita mutemo pamusoro pokutangwa kworudzidziso, kana kuti kurambidza kushandiswa kwarwo kwakasununguka; kana kuti kuganhurira rusununguko rwokutaura, kana kuti rwezvokubudisa nhau; kana kuti maruramiro avanhu okuyananisa norugare, uye kukumbira Hurumende nokuda kwezvichemo. ̵ aya mashoko makumi mana namashanu anosimbisa nheyo yapamutemo yehurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeAmerica, rusununguko rworudzidziso, uye bvumirano yorudzi. Mutauro wakakwana worugwaro ungakarakadza kuti idzi kodzero hadzina kuganhurirwa, asi Dare Rapamusoro ragara richichengetwa. Kubva pamazuva apakuvamba eRepubliccation kuzera razvino uno, hurumende yakaita basa guru mukuremekedza zviito zvinobvira zvayo, sokuchengeteka kworudzi rwenyika yose, kana kuti kutsigira kodzero dzapachena, kana kuti kubatira matare anoshanda pamiteve inotongerwe.

Hwaro Hwe Amendeji Yokutanga

Rusununguko Rushanu

First Amendment inodzivirira rusununguko rwakasiana asi rwakabatana. Free Execlesis Claus inorambidza hurumende kudzongonyedza zvitendero nemiitiro zvorudzidziso, nepo Estalistice [[[[FLT:]] inorambidza hurumende kubva murumano rwepamutemo kana kuti kugadza rudzidziso. [[FLT:]]] Freedom yekutaura [[FLT:]] ndiyo dziviriro yakafara zvikurusa, inofukidza chinhu chose kubva mukutsoropodza kwezvamatongerwe enyika kukutaura kwounyanzvi. [[FLT:]]] .[FLT] [FF]] [FF:]] [5] kukumbira vagari vapadzi]

Kupesana neUnited States

Pamavambo, First Amendment yakashanda bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. United States yaigona kuganhurira kutaura norudzidziso pasina kuputsa Bumbiro reMitemo. Ikoku kwakachinja muzana ramakore rechi20 kupfurikidza nedzidziso yapamutemo inonzi kufambiswa. Mu Gitlow v. New York [1925], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti Indaneti ̱ Mutengidzo weProjeka unoita kuti Pestemment Claus ashandement yoUtongi hwokutanga neyomunzvimbomo zvishande kuhurumende. Nhasi, mwero uri wose wehurumende muUnited States unofanira kuremekedza idzi kodzero dzinokosha.

Ngano Yekodzero Dzakakwana

Mutongi Oliver Wendell Holmes akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti First Amendment haidziviriri munhu “ kudanidzira kwenhema mwoto munhandare uye kuparira rutyo. ̵ uyu muenzaniso unoratidzira nheyo huru: hurumende inogona kuganhurira kutaura apo inoisa tyisidziro yakananga neyapakarepo kuchengeteko yavose. Denho yematare yave iri kurondedzera miganhu chaiyoiyo yeiyi ganhuriro pasina kuderedza dziviriro huru dzekugadziriswa kwechaunga.

Zvatisingakwanisi Kuita Muhurumende: Patingarambidzwa Kutaura

Mapfundo Okufananidzira

Dare Repamusorosoro rakaziva mapoka mashoma ekutaura asingadzivirirwi neFirst Amendment.

Kunyandurira Kumasimba Masimba

Kuedza kwazvino uno kwokunyandura kwakatangwa mu Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]. Muchiitiko ichocho, mutungamiriri weKu Klux Klan akapiwa mhaka mumutemo wehurumende nokuda kwokuita kutaura kwaitsigira masimba masimba. Dare Rapamusoro rakachinja kupwiswa, kubata kutaura ikoko kunogona kuganhurirwa kana kuri &820; kuiswa mutsinharo kana kuti kuparira chiito chapamhoshoro chekusateerera mutemo ̵ uye [FLT:] i [[FLT] &82]; vhi20; kufanana nokunyandura kana kuti kubudisa chiito chakadaro.[55]

Brandenburg kuedza kune zvinhu zviviri zvikuru. Chokutanga, mukurukuri anofanira kuronga kuparira chakaipa chapakarepo. Kutaura kwechinjo huru kana kuti kuraira chiito panguva yemberi isina kuziviswa hakuna kukwana. Chechipiri, kutaura kunofanira kuva sezvingabvira kuita chiito ichocho chaizvoizvo. Mukurukuri kuboka duku ravateveri vakavimbika angasangana neiyi mipimo, nepo kutaura kuvateereri vose zvavo kusingabviri kuita chiito.

Mashoko Okurwisa Netyisidziro Dzechokwadi

Mu Chaplins v. New Hampshire (1942), Dare rakasika “ mashoko anorwa ̵[[FLT];[FLT]] dzidziso. Mhaka yaibatanidza munhu akadana guta kuti akaronga ̴ anodzorwa neFascist ̵ uye “ uye &82ter. „ Dare rakava nemhosva kuti kutuka kwakadaro kwomunhu oga, kunoitwa pamunhu mumwe, hakudzivirirwi kana kuti kukuvara kwavo kwakaremara zvikuru.

Chikamu chakafanana ndi tyisidziro dzechokwadi. Mu Virginia v. Black (2003), Dare rakarondedzera tyisidziro yechokwadi semashoko umo mukurukuri ̴ magadzire okukurukura kutaura kwakakomba kwedonzo rokuita chiito chamasimba masimba asina pamutemo kumunhu mumwe kana kuti boka ravanhu vamwe. & &8221; kiyi yacho iMukurukuri R donzo. Hybo, kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti kutaura kwakaitwa mushoosi, kunyange kana vachinyevera muteereri.

Uori uye Zvinonyadzisira Zvevana

Kushata ndirimwe boka romutauro risingawani dziviriro yeFirst Amendment. Zvisinei, Dare rakaparapatika kurondedzera chinokosha sechinonyadzisa. Mupimo wazvino uno, wakasimbiswa mu Miller v. California[ [7773]), imuedzo wezvikamu zvitatu. Kurangarirwa kuva kunonyadzisa, zvinhu zvinofanira:

  • Kumbira kufariro huru muvatano, sezvinosarudzwa nomunhuwo zvake anoshandisa mipimo yenzanga yapanguva ino;
  • Mufananidzo kana kuti rondedzera mufambiro wevatano mu “ kudenha nenzira yapachivande ” uye
  • Kushaikwa kwoukoshi hwakakomba hwamabhuku, hwounyanzvi, hwezvamatongerwe enyika, kana kuti hwesayenzi (#8220; SLAPS ̵ nzvero).

Zvinonyadzisira zvevana iboka rakaparadzana, risina kudzivirirwa. Mu New York v. Ferber (1982]), Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende ingarambidza zvinhu zvinoratidzira vana chaivoivo vanobatanidzwa mumufambiro wevatano, kunyange kana zvinhu zvacho zvikasasangana ne [[[FLT:] Miller [[FLT:]] muedzo wezvinyadziso. Chinoyera ndechokuti kubudiswa kwezvinhu zvakadaro ndiko kuti kukuvadza vana kwakananga kunobatanidzwa. Zvisinei, Dare rakavawo nechinhu chinonzi mwana anonyadzisira zvinonyadzisira (zvinoiswa nekombiyuta) chinodzivirirwa kutoti kwakaipa kana kusati kwave kuri kutaura kwakaipa pasi pe [FLT:]

Mitemo yezvokubatanidzwa

Chimwe chezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa mumutemo weFirst Amendment ndipakati pe yakavakirwa pa ne ganhuriro dzinosakisa.

Mitemo yakavakirwa pa inoisa donzo rapachivande nokuda kweshoko rainopa. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unorambidza kupiswa kwomureza unovakirwa nechinhu chakavakirwa pachinhu nemhaka yokuti unonangidzira shoko chairo (protest). Mitemo yakavakirwa pazviri ndi [ yakasununguka uye iri pasi pemireza ye “ nzvero.&821; Kupukunyuka kunzvera kwakakomba, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inogombedzera uye unosanogadzirirwa kuwana fariro iyoyo. Mitemo mishomanene inopukunyuka iyi muedzo.

Mitemo yeChontent-neuttic [ inoganhurira kutaura pasina kurangarira shoko rayo. Somuenzaniso, mutemo unodzivisa ruzha rwose rukuru munharaunda inogara usiku igutsikano yechinhu. Inoshanda kukonzati dzematombo, misangano yezvamatongerwe enyika, uye minamato yorudzidziso zvakaenzana. Mitemo yezvikamu zvinobatanidzwa inozviisa pasi penzvero yebvunzo ye [[. Hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti mutemo unosimudzira fariro inokosha yehurumende uye hauregi kutaura kwakatokosha zvikuru kupfuura kuri madikanwa.

Ganhuriro Dzenguva, Nzvimbo, uye Dzomunhu

Kunyange apo kutaura kunenge kwadzivirirwa zvizere, hurumende ingaisa ganhuriro dzine mufungo pa nguva yayo, nzvimbo, uye mutoo. Iyi ganhuriro inorangarirwa nenzira yakasiana zvichitsamira parudzi rwechinobatanidzwa.

  • nharaunda dzemhindumupindu dzenguva dzose (mapartk, migwagwa, nzira dzomumugwagwa): Hurumende ingaisa nguva, nzvimbo, uye ganhuriro dzomutoo, asi inofanira kuva yakagutswa neinosairwa, yakasanogadzirirwa kubatira fariro huru yehurumende, uye inosiya mikoto yakazaruka yakakwana yekurukurirano. Somuenzaniso, guta ringada mvumo huru yokutarisira motokari, asi harigoni kuramba mvumo nemhaka yokuti risingabvumirani neshoko.
  • [ Yakasainwa nharaunda dzavose (mutoo, makamuri emisangano yavose, horo dzechikoro dzakazarurwa nokuda kwokushandiswa kwavose): Mitemo mimwe cheteyo inoshanda apo hwiro inenge yakavhurika.
  • Nonpublic forums (umh., zvivako zvehondo, mativi endege, mahofisi ehurumende): Hurumende ine rusununguko rukuru zvikuru. Ingaganhurira kutaura chero ganhuriro dzacho dzine mufungo uye dzinorangarira.

Kutaura Kwezvekutengeserana

Hurukuro yezvokutengeserana (kutsigira nokumwe kusimudzirwa kwemitengo yezvokutengeserana) inogamuchira mwero muduku wedziviriro kupfuura kutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuedza ganhuriro dzekurukurirano yezvokutengeserana kunobva ku Cantral Hudson Gas & Gether. Corp. v. Public Service Commission [1980]. Kururamisa ganhuriro, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kutaura kune chokuita mubato wapamutemo uye hakutsauki, kuti fariro yakataurwa yacho ndeyechokwadi, uye kuti murairo unosimudzira zvakananga fariro iyoyo uye haisi madikanwa zvikuru.

Hurumende inogonawo kurambidza kutaura kwenhema kana kuti kunonyengera kwezvokutengeserana, ndokusaka Federal Trade Commission (FTC) ichikwanisa kuita kuti makambani ataure zvenhema pakushambadzira.

Dziviriro Dzehurumende: Kutsigira Kunoita Hurumende Rusununguko Rwako

First Amendment iganhuriro pasimba rehurumende, asi inoda chiito chehurumende kuisa ganhuriro idzodzo. matare, masangano okugadza pamutemo, uye vatambi vakuru vose vanoita basa mukudzivirira maruramiro eFirst Amendment.

Basa Reimba Yevafundisi

Kana mutungamiriri wehurumende akaisa mutemo unorambidza kutaura, vagari vemo vanogona kudenha mutemo mudare rehurumende.

  • Mitemo yehurumende inorambidza kupisa mureza ([[FLT: 0] TEXAs v. Johnson, 1989);
  • Mutemo wehurumende unorambidza zvinonyadzisira zvevana izvo zvaibatanidza mifananidzo isina kusvibiswa (Ashcroft v. Free Speech Coalition[[FLT: 1]], 2002);
  • Mitemo yehurumende inoda zvikoro zvehurumende kudzidzisa chisiko pamwe chete nemhindumupindu (Edards v. Aguillard, 1987);
  • Mitemo inoda vadzidzi kusaruta mureza ( West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette, 1943]).

Dare rinoshandisawo dzidziso [ ine mhesano. ne dzidziso yokusawirirana [ kudzivirira kutaura. Mutemo unonyanyova wakapararira kana ukashambadzira zvikuru uye unodzivisa kutaura kwakadzivirirwa nokutaura kusina kudzivirirwa. Mutemo hauna kujeka kana usingapi vanhuwo zvavo ziviso inosakanaka yezvinorambidzwa, kuchitungamirira kukudzika mutemo unobvumira. Zvishandiso zvose zviri zviviri zvinoshandiswa nematare kurova mitemo inodzivirira kutaura kunodziya.

Kurambidza Kumboganhurirwa

Imwe yedziviriro dzakasimba zvikurusa mumutemo weFirst Amendment ndidzo chirambidzo pa chirevo . Chinodzivisa chisati chaitika apo hurumende inodzivisa kutaura kubudiswa pakutanga, panzvimbo pokukuranga pashure peidi. Mu [FLT] Nearb v. Minnesota[FL:3] [1931], Dare Rapamusoro rakaputsa mutemo wehurumende wakabvumira hurumende kuvhara ̴ Wheah ” mapepanhau, anogadza kuti kuganhurirwa kwapamberi kuregedzeka.

Iyi nheyo yakaedzwa zvikuru mu Pentagon Papers mhaka ([[FLT:] New York Times. v. United States], 1971). Dare reNixon rakatsvaka kudzivirira [[FLT:] New York Times kubva pakubudisa magwaro akasanyorwa pamusoro pehondo yeVietnam. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba hurumende ̱ chikumbiro, richiita kuti hurumende yakanga isina kusangana nechirevo chakarema chaidikanwa kururamisa pamberi pokuzvidzora. Dare rakaziva kudzivirira kwapanyika nokuda kwetyisidziro yakakwirira, asi rakajeka zvakajeka kuti hurumende haigoni kunzvera nemhaka yokungozvidzwa.

Dziviriro Dzomutemo Dzorudzidziso Nokutaura

Congress inogonawo kudzivirira kodzero dzeFirst Amendment kupfurikidza nokuisa mitemo inokudza dziviriro dzinopfuura izvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinoda. Freedom Reconsole Act (RFRA) ya 1993 muenzaniso mukuru. Mu] Employment Division v. Smith [1990], Dare rapamusoro raidavira kuti kusatora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji kacho mitemo ingagona kurema mutoo worudzidziso pasina kunyandura zvikuru. Dare rakapindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza RFRA, iro rakadzorera muedzo unogombedzera unogombedzera nokuda kwechitendero chinorema zvikuru.

Rusununguko rweAccess to Clinic Entrances (FACE) Act nemitemo zvinodzivirira vatori venhau ’ manyuko (mitemo inodzorwa) mienzaniso yokuwedzera yemitumbi yemitemo inoshandisa simba rayo kudzivirira maruramiro okutaura nesonganiro. Iyi mitemo inoparira uriri hwedziviriro inogona kupfuura mwero webumbiro remitemo.

Kudzivirira Gungano uye Kukumbira

Kodzero yokuungana norugare chishandiso chinokosha nokuda kwokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvikurukuru nokuda kwamapoka asina kusvika kuzvivako zvesimba regamuchidzanwa.

Mukati meCivil Rights Movement of the 1960s, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakadzivirira radzivirirazve maruramiro okuramba. Mu Awards v. South Carolina (1963), Dare rakatendeutsa zvitendero zvavadzidzi veAfrica 187 veAmerica avo vakafora panzvimbo yehurumende kuti vatsutsunge kubviswa kwehurumende. Dare rakataura kuti hurumende haigoni kuvharira vapanduki vane rugare nokuda kwokuputswa kworugare nemhaka bedzi yokuti shoko ravo rakanga riri renharo.

Misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvikuru, Dare rakaziva kuti maruramiro okuungana anosvika kunzvimbo yemipimo. Mu Packingham v. North Carolina (2017), Dare rakaputsa mutemo uyo wakarambidza vatadzi vevatano vakanyoreswa kupinda zviteshi zvemasangano enhau. Mutongi Anthony Kennedy akanyora kuti zvinobudisa nhau zvenzanga ndi ̴ nzvimbo yavose yazvino uno ” uye uyo unorambidza vanhu vamwe navamwe kubva muna izvozvi kuti vasakwanisa kudzora kodzero dzavo dzePenderero.

Hurumende Somutauri Nemushandi Wemari

First Amendment inowanzodzivirira vanhu pakuongororwa kwehurumende, asi chii chinoitika apo hurumende imene ichava mukurukuri? Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatanga dzidziso yehurumende yekutaura kuti ipedzise nhau iyi. Hurumende painotaura, haidikanirwi kuva yemaonero emunhu nemunhu. Inogona kusimudzira mashoko akati (umr. #820; Don ̱ kunwa nokutyaira ”) uye kuramba kusimudzira vamwe (g. ̴ Kunwa uye kutyaira kana uchida &panu821;).

Iyi dzidziso ine revo huru nokuda kwokutsigira mari yavose. Mu Rit v. Sullivan (1991]), Dare Gurusa raitsigira mirau iyo inorambidza vanachiremba pakiriniki dzokuronga mhuri dzinotsigirwa nomutemo kukurukura kubvisa pamuviri navarwere vavo. Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende yakanga isingaganhuri kutaura; yakanga ichingosarudza bedzi kubhadharira mari imwe yemibato (kudzivisa kwechinetso) uye kwete vamwe (kupa zano). Mhaka iyi inosimbisa kuti hurumende inogona kubatanidza migariro kumari yayo, chero bedzi isingaiti mugariro usina kudzorwa kana kuti kusarura pamurangariro.

Dare rakaisa miganhu pairi simba. Mu National Endowment for the Arts v. Finley (1998), Dare rakaramba kuti hurumende haigoni kushandisa mipimo yokutsigira mari isina kujeka kwazvo zvokuti inobvumira vakuru vakuru kutsaura zvakavakirwa pamurangariro. uye mu Komiti yeMasangano eRevolugion v. Velazquezz [2001], Dare rakaputsa mutemo wairambidza kubetsera pamutemo kudzivirira magweta anodenha pamutemo mitemo yegaro, richiita kuti kushatiswe pamutemo kushairira magweta avo.

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno uye Zvinoshandiswa Munguva Yemberi

Zvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga uye Nzvimbo Itsva Yavose

Makambani aya makambani ehurumende, kwete masangano ehurumende, saka First Amendment haiwanzoshandi pazvisarudzo zvawo zvine mwero.

Zvisinei, kudzora kweizvi zvikuva kunomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pechiito chechisobhuru. Kana chikuva chichishanda senzira huru yehurukuro yavose, chinofanira kubatwa sepane payaidiwa napane imwe chete neapose paapo kuti ive paya paya paya panenge isati yanzi ite nechese? Dare Repamusorosoro harina kupindura mubvunzo uyu, asi nhau yacho inogona kumuka sematare epasi pevhu anorwisana nemitemo yehurumende inotsvaka kudzora mwero wechikuva.

Kusazivisa, Kuchengeteka Kwenyika, uye Kugadziridzwa Kwemashoko Kwokutanga

Hurumende ̱ mhinduro kukupesana nemashoko inopa denho inovavarira yeFirst Amendment. Mhinduro yegamuchidzanwa ndeyokuti First Amendment inorambidza hurumende kunzvera kutaura kwenhema, kunze kwemapoka matete akadai sokuzvidza, kunyengera, uye kushambadzira kwenhema. Mu United States v. Alvarez [2020], Dare rakarova Stolen Vallor Act, uko kwakakuita mhaka kupomera nhema mamenduruva ehondo. Dare rakachengeta kuti kunyange kutaura kwenhema kunodzivirirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, chibvumikiso chakaipa chapa.

Zvisinei, hurumende inogona kushandisa kutaura kwayo imene kupesana nenhau. masangano ehurumende, vakuru vakuru vezveutano, uye vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogona kutsoropodza kutaura kwenhema pasina kukunzvera. Mutsetse pakati pokutaura kwehurumende kunobvumidzwa nokugombedzerwa kusingabvumirwi kazhinji kazhinji hauna kujeka. Dare richangobva kuvharira masangano ehurumende panzvimbo dzemasangano enhau dzinotyisidzira nezviito zvehurumende zvapamutemo kana asingabvisi zviri mukati, vachivimba kuti tyisidziro dzakadaro dzinogona kuumba rusaruro rwemurangariro.

Vadzidzi ’ Kodzero Muzera Revadhimoni

Vadzidzi havasati vapedza maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pasuo rechikoro, ̵ sezvo Dare Gurusa rakaziviswa nenzira yakakurumbira mu TINker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1969]. Zvisinei, zvikoro zvine rusununguko rukuru rwokuganhurira kutaura kunoparira kudzongonyedzwa kukuru kwemhoteredzo yedzidzo. Kusvika kwemapanyuro ezvemanyuko dzenzanga dzenzanga kwakaedza miganhuro yeiriro yeiri chiremera.

Mu Dare rakachengeta kuti zvikoro zvine fariro yakaderedzwa mukudzora kutaura kwemacampus B.L.[[FL:1] [2021], Dare rakadzivirira mudzidzi uyo akarangwa nokuda kwokutumira shoko rakashata pamusoro petimu inoreverera vashanyi yechikoro apo akanga ari panzvimbo yechikoro. Dare rakachengeta kuti zvikoro zvine fariro yakaderedzwa mukudzora kutaura kwe-campus uye harigoni kuranga vadzidzi nokuda kwokutaura kusingasaparira kudzokoroka kukuru. Ichi chisarudzo chinosimbisazve nheyo yokuti hurumende ̱ simba rokuganhurira kutaura kwakaneta zvikurusa apo mukurukuri anenge ari kunze kwokudzora kwakananga.

mhedziso

Hurumende ine simba rokurambidza kutaura mumigariro miduku kuti kudzivise chisimba, kudzivirira vana, uye kuchengeta kurongeka kwevanhu.

Kufambira mberi chaiko kwekodzero idzi hakuna kubatana. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chavatongi, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo vanofanira kushandisa nheyo dzeFirst Amendment kuruzivo rutsva rwezvigadzirwa, tyisidziro itsva, uye masangano matsva enzanga. Kunzwisisa gadziriro dzapamutemo dzinodzora idzi nhau inhano yokutanga kukushandisa kodzero dzako nenzira inobudirira uye kuita kuti hurumende izvidavire kumisero yayo yebumbiro remitemo. Vanhu vanoziviswa uye vanopiwa chibvumirano vanoramba vari dziviriro yokupedzisira nokuda kwenzanga yakasununguka.