Rajiya Sabba, imba yapamusoro yeParamende yeIndia, ine nzvimbo yakasiana mugadziriro yemitemo yenyika. Kusafanana neLok Sabhaha, Rajiya Sabha iimba yechigarire isingaparadziki, nenzvimbo imwe yemitezo yayo inorega basa makore maviri ose. Uku kupfuurira kuzviisa pamitemo yenhambo refu yemisi uye kubvumira vagari veparamende vakabudirira kuisa ngwariro panhau dzinopfuvura nhambo dzinosarudzwa. Nemhaka yokuti itsika dzomunhukadzi dzinodzokasa. Imba yakaderera kazhinji kazhinji inodzosa zvinangwa zvemitemo zvemitemo yemitemo, Rajiya Haha inovimbisa mabasa okubvisa pamutemo anoparira maruramiro ekodzero dzechinyaka uno unoshuviwa navakadzi, uko kusingadzoreki, uye kutsigira kuwanda kwemipimo yemibato yehurumende.

Kuronga Kudzikamisa Kunobvumirwa neBumbiro reMitemo uye Kuenzana

Hurumende yeIndia inoisa panzvimbo dzechiuto Raje Sabha nemasimba emitemo anodokuenzana seLok Sabhaha, kunze kwemunoyera mari. Iyi muganhu inoreva kuti mutengo upi noupi unonangidzirwa pakufambira mberi maruramiro avakadzi (*kunyange yataura nezvemasimba masimba omumba, kunetsana nebasa, nhaka, kana kuti nzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika() inofanira kuungana mudzimba dzose. Nzvimbo yeChaya Sabba yakatanhamara seimba yehwirudzo, basa rekudzokorora; hakuna kuraira kurangarirwazve, uye kunyange kunonozeka kuvimbisa kusimbisa kuti ivo vanova vanotsinhirana pamutemo nevoruzhinji. Uyezve, Purezidhendi haagoni kukwirira kumitezo 12 kuRja Syabha yemi yemipiro yavo yakatanhamara yemipiro, sayenzi, uye basa renzanga ramagaro, uye kudzorwa kwedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yedzidzo yetsika dzamari, uye kudzokoro dzinounza dzidzo yetsika yetsika yetsika inopfuudzokoro nokuda kwemiteveri inopfudza kukura migariro yetsika yetsika inopfutodza kupfurikidza nokubudirira nokuda kwemi

Mipiro Yomutemo Yomunguva Yakapfuura

Mumakumi amakore, Raje Sabha yave ichishandiswa mukupfuudza mutemo wechiratidzo wakagadziridzazve nzvimbo yepamutemo yavakadzi vechiIndia. Matare ayo nemitezo zvakaramba zvichisundidzira nokuda kwedziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, kodzero dzakakura, uye kuchengetwa kunobudirira zvikuru. Macandelwananding anotevera anodonongodza dzimwe dzenhambo huru dzemitemo dzinooneka dzakaitwa nokutora rutivi kwokushingaira kweRajya Sabba.

Kudzivirirwa Kwevakadzi Pachiito Chokuita Chisimba Mumba, 2005

Pamberi pa 2005, mutemo weIndia wakagovera mishonga yakaganhurirwa nokuda kwemasimba masimba omumba, kazhinji kazhinji uchiibata senhau yemhuri. Kudzivirirwa Kwavakadzi Pamutengi weRomal Violence Act kwakanga kuri chikamu chakaoma chomutemo chairondedzera masimba omumba zvakafara zvikuru (kubatanidza masimba omumuviri, muvatano, mumashoko, uye mune zvemari, uye kushatisa mishonga yehurumende yakadai semirando yehurumende, maruramiro eRejaya Sabra, uye dare rinonamira mukuongorora mutemo, rakapiwa chigaro nenhengo yeRjajiya Sabha, rakarumbidza kukura rondedzero ye "ukama hwehurumende" kuti ribatanidze ukama hwevaviriri (zvakaita muukama hwemusikirwo) uye kufukidza mitezo yemhuri seha. Idzi dzakarumbidza zvikuru kuita kuti zviito zvenzanga zvenzanga zvisaitwe. Sya yakadzoro dzakabatanidza kusano kupfupikisa mira miraudzodzo dzomutemo.

Kunetswa Nevakadzi Pabasa (Kurangwa, Kurangwa uye Kudzorerwa) Act, 2013

Yakaziviswa mumhinduro kunhungamiro dzeDare Raka rePamusorosoro nenharo dzenyika yose # MeToo sangano rinotangira, Act rakaraira kuti nzvimbo iri yose yebasa ine vashandi vanopfuura gumi itange Dare rePureinter Subments kuti inzwe kunyunyuta kwevatano. Mutongo wacho wakatangwa muLok Sabha asi wakatarisana nekurukurirano huru muRajiya Sabba, umo mitezo yakapanikira kupfuudza kwayo vashandi veimba, vashandiri vemirimo, uye nzvimbo yamasanga dzebasa, (apo voruzhinji vavakadzi vechiIndia vanoshanda. Raja Nyasha, kubatanidza mitezo mizhinji yavakadzi vanobva mumapoka akasiana- siyana, yakarangarira nenzira inobudirira rondedzero ye "nzvimbo dzebasa" kubatanidza nzvimbo ipi neipi inoshanyirwa nomushandi mukati mebasa, senzvimbo dzinotakurwa nedziridzo. Rajiro yapamusorowo kudzivirirawo njodzi dzehondo nokudzorwa kwakapararira zvikuru, inovadzwa nokubudirira zvikuru.

Vakadzi vechiMuslim (Kudzivirirwa Kwekodzero Dzeroorano) Act, 2019 (Talaq)

Muitiro wezvitatu zvemaMuslim unopfuudzwa netalaq (tabalaq-e-biddat) wakaziviswa kuva wezvematongerwe enyika neDare Gurusa muna 2017, asi hurumende yakaunza mutemo woutsotsi kuti urange muitiro wacho uye ugovere kodzero dzokuchengeta vakadzi vechiMuslim kuti varambe vari vatsvene. Mutezo wacho wakatanga kupfuudzwa neLok Sabha asi wakatarisana noungwandutsi hwakasimba muRajeya Sabha, uko mitezo inoshora itiro yazvo youtsotsi, zvakafanira, uye kugona kushandiswa zvisina kufanira. Rajiya Sabba yakamanikidzira dare rokusarudza ramatsigiringidzo yakatungamirira kuminzwa kunoverengeka: kuwedzera kwegadziriro yegadziriro yegadziriro yokuyananisa pamberi pokuedza kuita chiito choutsotsi, rondedzero yakajeka yenhau yerudyi yomukadzi kuti ibvumirwe. Kunyange zvazvo dare rokutsiva rakaitwa pashure pomutemo wokupedzisira wakarurama waRajiha yakapfumiswa, uye mutemo unoteverwa kutongerwa kupfurikidza nokudzorwa pamutemo.

Mamwe Mabhiripi Anokosha

  • Act yeRemuteration Rerance, 1976: Dare raRajiya Sabha pamabasa negarikano rakarumbidza kutambanudzira Mutemo kufukidza kwete mwero bedzi yemibairo asiwo mabhonasi nemimwe muripo, kuvimbisa kuchengetwa kwakakwana kwomubhadharo wakaenzana nokuda kwebasa.
  • Mirairo yokubvisa pamuviri (Chiito) Act, 2021: Kuvaka padzidzo dzakawedzera nhambo yokusununguka nokuda kwokuguma kwevhiki 20 kusvikira ku24 uye kubvisa chinodikanwa chomurangariro wachiremba mumwe nokuda kwokuguma kwokuvamba, Rajiya Sabba akaomerera pamutauro wakadzivirira kuvandika nehwerengedzo yavakadzi vasina kuroorwa navapukunyuki vokubatwa chibharo.
  • [ Act yeKubereka Betsero (Chikamu) 2017: Dare rakasarudzwa reimba yomusoro rakarebesa gadziriro yegadziriro yenzvimbo dzinoitirwa mabasa kubva kunzvimbo dzine vashandi 50 kana kuti kupfuura kuna avo vane 20 kana kuti kupfuura, inokura zvikuru kupfuudza nokuda kwavanaamai vanoshanda.

Basa Revakadzi MuRaje Sabha

Mitemo mumitumbi yemitemo, uye Rajiya Sabha yakabatanidza kare vatarisiri veparamende avo vakava manzwi akatanhamara nokuda kwokuenzana kwavanhukadzi. Kusvikira muna 2025, vakadzi vanova nezvigaro 13 muzana zveRajiya Sabbah (zvinopfuvura zvishoma napaduku pamusoro peLok Sabhaha inopfuvura asi pasi zvikuru. Pasinei zvapo nenhamba yedaviti, kunaka kwokutora rutivi kwakatanhamara. Matemu akadai saSaunister Sushma Swaraj (anoshanda muRejaha yamakore akawanda), muparamendey Margaret Alva, mutsigiri anoramba anoramba ari pasi zvikuru. Nhengeri (hayi yemitezo inoganwa mu 1950), uye mutungamiriri wedzidzo naDrgrain Heulla akashandisa zvigaro zvavakadzi pamabhiri makuru ehurumende, nhau dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende dzinodzorwa nedzisasirose, nhau dzinopfuvura zvikuru dzenhau dzinopfuvura zvikuru mumika yavakadzi.

Matare Eparamende Nenyanzvi Dzemagariro

Gadziriro yedare raRaje Sabra igadziriro ine simba yokunzvera nokuvandudza mitemo. Matare maviri anokosha zvikurukuru kumaruramiro avakadzi.

Dare Rinopa Simba Vakadzi

Iyi dare ramasangano akaitwa mudariro, rakatangwa muna 1997 uye rinowanzova nechigaro nenhengo yomukadzi weRaje Sabha, rinonzvera mugariro wavakadzi mumativi ose uye rinorumbidza chiito chomutemo nechoudzori. Rakaita mishumo yemisi yehurumende pamusoro penhau dzakafanana nokuderera kwereshiyo yevatano yavana, migariro inoshanda yavakadzi muchikamu chisina kurongeka, uye kuitwa kwegadziriro dzemibato yebhizimisi ravakadzi. Zviwanwa zvedare kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinoumba hwaro hwezvikwereti zvemitezo yemitezo yehurumende kana kuti tsinhirano kumitemo yehurumende.

Matare Akamira eDhipatimendi

Gwaro rimwe nerimwe rinonongedzerwa kuRaje Sabha rinodzokororwa nenzira inoshamisa nerimwe ramatare aro ane chokuita nenzvimbo. Somuenzaniso, Committee on Human Resource Development, iyo inofukidza dzidzo navakadzi nokukura kwavana, rakahwirudzura zvikuru zvikwereti pakutarisirwa kwapakuvamba uye dziviriro yekodzero dzavana. Mukati mokurangarirwa kwedziviriro yaVana kubva kuSexual Offences (POCSO) Act muna 2012, Raja Sabha nhengo dzedare dzakasva kupfuudzira kukudza rondedzero yokudenha kwevatano kubatanidza zvinobudisa mashoko zvemagetsi uye nokuda kwokushuma kwezvinodikanwa zvevana nokuda kwavakura vose.

Raje Sabra vs Lok Sabha: Betsero Yakakomba

Lok Sabha, avhotwa zvakananga, kazhinji kazhinji anoita kuti zvirongwa zvemitemo zvehurumende zvikurumidze, zvikurukuru panhau dzinotapurika mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, Raja Sabha anogovera nzvero yakakomba: haigoni kutanga zvikwereti zvemari, asi pamumwe mutemo wose, masimba azvo akaenzana. Ikoku kunoreva kuti hakuna mutemo unotapura kodzero dzavakadzi unogona kuitwa pasina kubvumirana kweRajiya Sabba. Betse regin. Beneficial recul real.

  • Mitezo yeLongiter: inobatira mashoko amakore matanhatu, ichivabvumira kuvaka unyanzvi panhau dzakaoma kufanana nokuchinja kwapamutemo pasina kudzongonyedzwa kwesarudzo yenguva dzose.
  • Unyanzvi husingataurwi: Mutungamiriri anogona kuisa vanhu vanoziva zvikuru kodzero dzavakadzi (8sister Cyril, munun anoshanda navashandi vevatano, kana kuti Air Marshal P. K. Iyengar basa guru paruramisiro yehondo (anounza nzwisiso dzinoshanda.)
  • Act yakakomba: Zvamazvirokwazvo] Rajiya Sabba idivi, sivikano yayo yakananga shoma inobvumira mitezo kuvhota pahana nokuda kwenhau dzenzanga. Somuenzaniso, kupfuudzwa kwoMutemo weCriminal Law (Amendment) Act, 2013, iyo yakasuma zvirango zvine hasha nokuda kwedenho yevatano pashure penhau yeNirbhaya, yakaona tsigiro huru yechikamu muRajiya Sabbaha kana ichienzaniswa nenharo huru zvikuru muLok Sabha.

Tsamba inodzorwa nokukurumidza zvikuru muLok Sabha inogona kunonotswa, kugadziridzwa, kana kuti kunyange kukundwa muRajiya Sabba, ichimanikidza hurumende kuumba bvumirano, (jekiseni rinowanzotungamirira kumigumisiro iri nani yemitemo nokuda kwevakadzi.)

Zvinetso Nenzira Yaiitika Nayo

Pasinei zvapo nemipiro yayo, Raje Sabba haisati iri inotapurwa neperevedzo dzechikadzi dzinoratidzira zvamatongerwe enyika zveIndia. Chimiro chavakadzi mumba hachina kutongopfuura 15 muzana, izvo zvinoganhurira mhatsa yemirangariro mukurukurirano panhau dzavakadzi. Chikamu chegore chinobatira kwenguva refu paVakadzi, chinotsvaka kuchengeta chikamu chimwe chezvigaro muLopha neruwa zvavakadzi, chakapfuudzwa naRaja Sabba katatu (mu 1996, uye 2008) asi chakakundikanazve muLok Sabbaha nemhaka yokushorwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Rajiya yakabatana nguva dzose nokuda kwechibvumirano chayo mutsikano mutsikano mutsikano, asi chifukidzwa chakaderera mumitengo yemitoo waroto. ChikamuchiSayha chinodzorwa kupfurikidza nokuwedzera kuoneka kwoutereko. Chikamu ichi chika chamanyoro chitsarudzodzodzodzo mumitezo chavakadzi mumiteveri chitsa. Chikamu chinoitwawo chitsamwa chitsa kupfurikidza nenhengo cheSco chinodzodzodzodzodzo. Chikuru chinoitwa kupfurikidza kupfurikidza kupfurikidza nenwo. Chi

Kupfuurirazve, simba raRajiya Sabra rokunonozeka harishandiswi nguva dzose nenzira inovaka. Zvimwe zvikwereti zvavakadzi zvakamiswa kwamakore nemhaka yechishoro chepfungwa panzvimbo pokurangarira. Somuenzaniso, Surculacy (Kutsiva) Bill, iyo ine revo nokuda kwamaruramiro okubereka avakadzi, yakatarisana netsungidziko dzinodzokororwazve muRajiya Sabba, inononozesa kubuda kwadzo. Kusimbisa basa raRajiya Sabbaha mukusimudzira kuva nohuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhuhudza, matanho anotevera ari madikanwa:

  • [[FLT: 0] Kuchinja kwebato rezvamatongerwe enyika: mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika anofanira kuzvipira kutungamirira vakadzi vakawanda vanoda kusarudzwa nokuda kweRaje Sabha uye kurongera vakadzi vanamazvikokota nokuda kwokutora purezidhendi.
  • [ matare anosimbisa: Dare pamusoro peMazipami eVakadzi rinofanira kuitwa dare repadhipatimendi rakabatana navashandi vanonzvera vakazvitsaurira uye bhajeti.
  • Nhambo yenguva dzose yepepa rehafu: Hurumende inofanira kutanga yaita kuti nhano yaVakadzi yeReservation Bill yeWomen muLok Sabba, inovaka patsigiridzo dzinodzokororwa dzaRajiya Sabha.
  • Kumirira dare reBroute: kuva nechokwadi chokuti inenge inenge chikamu chimwe muzvitatu chemitezo yedare riri rose rakamira rinorangarira mutemo une chokuita nevatano yavakadzi vakadzi.

mhedziso

Rajiya Sabba revo mukusimudzira chiverengero chevatano navakadzi hazvigoni kunyanyoziviswa. Basa rayo rebumbiro remitemo seimba yokuhwirudzura, kupfuurira kwayo, uye mitezo yayo yenyanzvi nenyanzvi dzeparamende vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvakakuita kuve chinhu chinokosha mukushandura zvinodikanwa zvavakadzi mumitemo inomanikidzirwa. Kubva kumasimba masimba omumba kusvikira kunhamo yebasa, kubva kubetsero dzemitemo youtsotsi, kubva kumitezo yemitemo youtsotsi, Raja Sabha yaumba mumwe wemitemo inofambira mberi zvikurusa munhau yeIndia. Gadziro yedare rinopa ngwariro hurusa kuti kazhinji kazhinji ipfuure zvikanganiso zvinoshairwa muimba yakaderera, kupfurikidza nokuwedzera dare rayo, kupfurikidza nokuwedzera simba rayo rehurumende. Asi, imba inoratidzirawo denho huru yetsika pasi pokuvakidzwa kwavakadzi mumasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika. Aska anovavarira kuva nzanga kuti ive nzangawo yokwakaenzana, Sya yakatodza kuwanda kuti ipfuudze basa rayo, inoramba kupfumisa matare rayo.