Zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende, zvinoumba anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubva pamugariro wemhepo yaunofema kuenda kumigwagwa yaunofambira, zvikoro zvinopinda, uye chengeteko yerega kwako. Izvi zvisarudzo, zvinowanzoitwa kupfurikidza nemitemo yakaoma, kutungamirira, zvinogona kunzwa zviri kure uye kuva zvisingaonekwi, asi miuyo yazvo inokurumidza uye inojeka. Kunzwisisa kuti mwero mumwe nomumwe wehurumende unoshanda sei — uye kuti vanobatira sei (jere) inopa nzwisiso inokosha muicho mitemo yakati iripo uye sei unogona kuvapesvedzera.

Kusarudza Kuitwa neHurumende Inotonga Boka

Hurumende yehurumende, yakavakirwa muWashington, D.C., ine chiremera pamusoro penhau dzinotapura rudzi rwose. Zvisarudzo zvayo zvinoitwa namapazu matatu akajeka: bazu remitemo (Conrell), bazu guru (Purezidhendi namasangano ehurumende), uye bazu rokutonga (matare edare). Imwe neimwe inoita basa chairo mukusika, kushandisa, uye kududzira mitemo inodzora vaAmerica vanopfuura mamirioni 330.

Kana mutemo wangoitwa, masangano ezvemari akadai seDhipatimendi reDzidzo, Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), uye Department of Health and Human Services inoita mipimo ine udzame yokuishandisa. Iyi mirau ine simba romutemo uye inobudiswa muFederal Register, nemikana yetsinhiro yavose. Somuenzaniso, Ceaioother Air Act inopa chiremera cheEPA kuti iise mipimo yorudzi yemhepo iyo inotapura zvakananga kubudisa zvinhu zveindasitiri, mari yemotokari, uye kunyange marudzi emidziyo yaunogona kutenga.

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinopesvedzera upenyu hwezuva nezuva kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvinotapura anenge mugari wemo ari wose. Sacurity inogovera kuzorora, urema, uye betsero dzavakapukunyuka kumakumi amamirioni eAmerica. Mecare[[FL:] inopa inishuwarensi youtano yaavo vane makore 65 navakuru zvikuru uye vanhu vaduku vane urema. Federal [[FLT:] mari inotambirwa [[[FLT:]], inoparadzirwa kupfurikidza nemipiro namakwikwikwi, inotapura zvinhu zvose kubva kumasangano edzidzo chaiyo kusvikira kumapurogiramu ezvokudya zvemasikati. Mitemo yehondo inosarudza kuvapo kwezviteshi yendege, mitoo yendege, uye kuita njodzi. Immigmo yemitemo inopinda munyika, uye mhuri dzinova, uye nzanga dzebasa.

Hurumende yehurumende inogadzawo mipimo miduku munharaunda dzakafanana nekotsekano yomushandi (Occiation Safety and Health Administration, OSHA), zvokudya nekotsekano yemirimo (Zvokudya neDrug Administration, FDA), uye murairo wezvemari (Ukwaniriso neSCENS), SEC). Iyi mipimo inoparira dziviriro hurusa, asi kazhinji kazhinji inopazivisa nezvinodikanwa zvokuwedzera.

Kuitwa Kunoitwa Zvisarudzo Zvemabhangi Nezviito Zvinotungamirira

Kubva pamitemo, zvisarudzo zvehurumende zvinoitwa kupfurikidza negadziriro yemari yemari yemari nezviito zvevakuru vakuru. Purezidhendi anokarakadza bhajeti kuCongress, iyo ipapo inopfuudza mabhiri okubhadharisa ayo anotsigira mapurogiramu ehurumende. Mari inosarudzwa kuti mari yakawanda sei inoenda kukuzvidzivirira, gadziriro dzemari, tarisiro dzoutano, uye dzidzo () inotapura zvakananga basa, kukura kwemari, uye mabasa avose.

Kunyange zvazvo izvi zviito zvichigona kuchinjwa nehurumende kana kuti kupiwa mudare, zvinopa chishandiso chine simba chokuchinja maitiro akadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kudzikamisa vanhu kuenda kumusha, uye kukanganwira kwevadzidzi.

Kusarudza Hurumende Kuitwa

Hurumende dzine mutoro mukuru wenhau dzakawanda dzinotapura upenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubatanidza dzidzo, zvokufambisa, chengeteko yavose, mirau yeinishuwarenzi youtano, uye kushandiswa kwenyika. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro rayo rimene, mugavhuna, gavhuna, uye gadziriro yedare. Hurumende inopa mitemo yehurumende (hwuno kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoshanda nguva isina kuzara munyika duku) dzinomirira maruwa omunzvimbomo nemitemo yezvounyanzvi inoita kuzvinodikanwa zvenharaunda nezvinokosheswa.

Mitemo yemitemo inopa mitemo panhau dzinovambira padzinovambira pamitemo youtsotsi (kunyoresa nhungamiro, miitiro yamapurisa) kusvikira kudzidzo (mipimo yemipimo yemari inodzorwa namari yokushandisa chikoro) uye kungwaririra kwoutano (kukura kweMitemo, miraudzo yeinishu). Somuenzaniso, mitemo yenyika inosarudza zera duku reroorano, zera rokunwa rapamutemo (kunenge kwakabatanidzwa nemari inobhadharwa yemumugwagwa mukuru), uye mitemo yezvokushandisa vanachiremba, vadzidzisi, uye vacheketi.

GOvers Siginicha kana kuti vhato mutemo wehurumende, inokarakadza bhajeti yehurumende, uye inogovera mirairo yavakuru vakuru inogona kutungamirira masangano ehurumende kuita zviito zvakati. Mumigariro yakadai sengwavaira dzomusikirwo kana kuti njodzi dzoutano dzavanhu (8) kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vane chiremera chakafara chokuunganidza zvishandiso, kuisa kuparadzanisa, kana kuti kuraira kubuda. Mukati mekondovara reCHOVID, vatongi munyika yose vakaita zvisarudzo zvinooneka zvikuru pamusoro pezvigadziro zvechikoro, ganhuriro dzebhizimisi, uye mabhakitiro ezvifukipo akaraira kuti zvishatirwe zvakananga.

Masangano eruwa (jere, madhipatimendi emotokari, dziviriro yemhoteredzo, utano hwavanhu) anoshandisa mitemo yehurumende nemirau. Anopa marezesi, mufambiro, anomanikidzira mipimo yemhoteredzo, uye anotarisira nzvimbo dzehurumende. Zvisarudzo zvavo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvine miuyo yapakarepo kupfuura mitemo yehurumende. Somuenzaniso, bikota rezvokufambisa rinosarudza nguva yokugadzira bhiriji romunzvimbomo, nzira yokufambisa nayo zvivheneso, uye uko vangaisa nayo mikoto yemotokari, uye uko vangaisa mikoto yebhasikoro inotapura nguva nekotseka.

Mabhajeti Ehurumende Nezvisarudzo Zvemari

Hurumende dzinokwidza mari zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemitero yemari inotambirwa, mitero yokutengesa, uye mitero yemari. Muitiro wemari unogovera mari iyoyo kudzidzo (kazhinji kazhinji ndyiko hurusa yemari imwe), tarisiro youtano (Medicaid), zvifambiso, gadziridzo, uye mamwe mabasa. bhajeti yehurumende inoderedza kana kuti kuwedzera kwakananga ukuru hweboka, purogiramu dzokuchengeta migwagwa, uye kuvapo kwemitero yemitero yemitero yendangariro inofambira mberi kana kuti yakaderera, mitero yemari inotengeswa, mitero yakakwirira kana kuti yakaderera apo vanhu vanosarudza kugara nebasa.

Kupindira Pakati Pehurumende Dzehurumende Dzehurumende Nehurumende

Ukama huri pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende ndihwo rutivi runorondedzera rwekudzora kweAmerica.Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinogadza gadziriro yehurumende inokamuranisa masimba pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende. Mamwe masimba akazara kuhurumende yehurumende yehurumende (mutoo, kuzivisa hondo, kuronga mari yokuumba), mamwe kuzivisa (mutoo wokuita sarudzo, kugadza hurumende dzomunzvimbomo), uye mazhinji anogoveranwa (mutoo wokuvaka, mutero, mitero).

Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoitika apo mwero yose iri miviri inoshanda pamwe chete pazvinhu zvokutanga zvakagoveranwa. Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari nokuda kwemigwagwa mikuru yeruwa kupfurikidza neHighway Trust Fund, asi inotaura purani, kuvaka, uye kuchengeta migwagwa iyoyo. Nenzira yakafanana, Medicaid inotsigirwa pamwe chete: hurumende inogadza zvinodikanwa zvakafarasa nemari inowirirana, asi nyika dzinokwanisa kudzora, betsero, uye kutarisirwa. Uku kunoreva kuti chisarudzo muWashington pamusoro pemitengo inowirirana inogona kumanikidza mamiriro ezvinhu kuwedzera zvimwe kuishandisa kana kuti mutengo.

Pane dzimwe nguva mutemo wehurumende unobvisa mutemo wehurumende, kureva kuti nyika hadzigoni kupfuudza mitemo inorwisana. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wokupinda munyika unodzora unoparadza kuedza kwehurumende kugadza mitemo yakaparadzana yokubuda. Mudzimwe nharaunda, hurumende dzine nzvimbo dzokuedza. Iyi “mitoo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu” yakatungamirira kumipimo yakadai semipimo yemotokari yeCalifornia (iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutora) uye murairo woutano weMassachusetts, uyo wakabatira somuenzaniso weAfford Care Act.

Kupesana pakati pezvisarudzo zvehurumende nehurumende kwakarovedzeka. Nyika dzakapomera hurumende pamusoro pemirau yemhoteredzo, mirau yezvoutano, uye kuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika. Chisarudzo chapamutemo chinowanzotsamira pamutauro wakananga wemirau yehurumende neganhuriro yebumbiro remitemo pasimba rehurumende. Vagari vanorangarira izvi rwisano zvakananga: somuenzaniso, apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inosiana nembavara, vagari vemo vangatarisana nokusava nechokwadi pamusoro penjodzi dzapamutemo. Kubvira muna 2025, nyika dzakawanda dzakanyoresa mbanje yenhando, asi inoramba iri pamutemo pasi pomutemo wehurumende, ichiparira kusawirirana kwemabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vatengi.

Fiscal Federalism naGrants-in-Aid

Federal inopa mari kuhurumende chishandiso chine simba nokuda kwokupesvedzera muitiro wehurumende. Grants dzinogona kuva dzinosarudzwa (nokuda kwedonzo chairo, kufanana nokuvakwa kwemugwagwa mukuru) kana kuti mari yemipiro (nokuitira mitoo mizhinji, kufanana nefambiro mberi yenzanga). Hurumende yehurumende inowanzobatanidza migariro kupa mari yokubetsera (kokuti muenzaniso, kuraira hurumende kukwidziridza zera rokunwa rapamutemo kusvikira ku 21 kana kuti kugamuchira mipimo yakati yedzidzo kuti igamuchire dzidzo yehurumende. Iyi “mifungo yakabatanidzwa” inobvumira hurumende kuumba zvisarudzo zvehurumende pasina kuisa mitemo yenyika zvakananga.

Ukama Hwehurumende

Mumaruwa, ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzenyika nedzenyika (maruwa, maguta, maruwa ezvikoro) zvinoratidzira zviito zvehurumende. Nyika dzinopa hurumende dzomunzvimbomo chiremera chadzo kupfurikidza nechataro nemirau. Hurumende dzinogona kubvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo panhau dzakadai somubhadharo muduku, kudzora, kana kuti rezero yepurasitiki. Ikoku kunoreva kuti chisarudzo cheguta chokukwidziridza mari yaro yakaganhurirwa chingabviswa nomutemo wehurumende unorambidza zviito zvakadaro zvomunharaunda. Kunzwisisa iyi dare remitemo kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei miitiro yakati inosiana kwete chete pakati pezvibvumirano asi mukati mazvo.

Basa Rematare Muchisarudzo cheHurumende

Dare rehurumende nerehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mukududzira mitemo nokusarudza mitemo yaro yebumbiro remitemo.

Zvisarudzo zvedare zvinogona kuva nemiuyo yakakomba paupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo cheDare Rapamusorosarudzo mu Brown v. Boka reDzidzo (11954) yadzikwa zvikoro zvavose, nepo Obergefell v. Hodges (2015] yakavimbisa roorano imwe cheteyo yetepfekero munyika yose. misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi, matare ave anoumba mitemo pamusoro pokubvisa pamuviri, kodzero dzokuvhomba, kuvhotera, uye mira mirati yemhoteredzo. Mitemo ingadzivisawo kana kuti kunonotsa mira mira mira mira miteko yemitemo yehurumende, kuparira kusavirira roorano nokuda kwemabhizimisi navanhu vamwe.

Nzira Iyo Vagari Vamo Vanogona Kupesvedzera Nayo Kuita Zvisarudzo

Zvisarudzo zvehurumende hazviitwi pasina chinhu. Vagari vane nzira dzakawanda dzokupesvedzera muitiro. Kurukura muhurumende, nyika, uye sarudzo yomunzvimbomo inzira yakananga zvikurusa yokusarudza nayo vamiriri vanogoverana newe. Kuonana navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa(nfoni, email, kana kuti munhu) kudzorwa kwemarusando emitemo kunogona kudzora vhoti pamabhiri akati chaiwo. Tsinhiro dzavose dzemitemo inobvumira vanhu namasangano kuzviisa pasi rediviro izvo masangano anofanira kurangarira.

Kupfuura kuvhota nokutsinhira, mapoka ezvemabhinya uye asingashandisi mhindu anoita basa guru mugadziriro yokuumba. Masangano anonangidzirwa pazvoutano, dzidzo, mhoteredzo, kodzero dzevanhu, uye fariro dzebhizimisi dzinokurudzira vaiti vemitemo, mufambiro, uye tsigira nzanga tsigiro yavose. [[FLT:]] zvirongwa zvemazano okuumba pamutemo uye [FLT:] madex] . [FLT] mumigsssssss [FG: 7]

Kupinda misangano yedare remuguta, kushanda padare rechikoro, kana kuti kubatanidzwa mukuteerera kungaita kuti pave nezvisarudzo zvinotapura nharaunda yako zvakananga.

Kunzwisisa Muitiro Wacho Kunodzivirira Kodzero Dzako

Kuziva kuti zvisarudzo zvinoitwa sei (naiye ane mutoro) vagari vemo vane mutoro wokuzvidavirira kuhurumende yavo. Kana sangano rehurumende rikaisa mutemo wausingabvumirani nawo, unogona kudenha kupfurikidza nematare kana kuti kukurudzira mutezo wako weCongress kuputsa mutemo. Kana mutezo wedare wako ukaderedza mari yedzidzo, unogona kuronga navamwe vabereki navadzidzisi kuti vatsigire kugadziridza. Gadziriro yeAmerica yehumbidziko inoparira mapfundo akawanda okupinda, uye vagari vemo vanonzwisisa mapfundo iwayo vanogona kuashandisa nenzira inobudirira.

Mienzaniso Yezvisarudzo Zvehurumende Nezvehurumende Zvinotapura Upenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

  • Charecure: Affordcable Care Act yehurumende inogadza tsinhano dzoutano nemari inogoverwa. Manyika anosarudza kana angakudza Medicaid pasi pomutemo. Somuuyo, mukuru anowanwa zvishoma muhurumende angawana chinyorwa choutano chamedicaid, nepo munhu akafanana mumugariro usiri wemipionarengwa haasati. Vakuru veinishuwarenzi vehurumende vangasadzorawo mipimo nemibatanidzwa.
  • : Mubatanidzwa All Students Receeds Act (ESA) inoda miganhu yokuedza vadzidzi ndokushuma mashoko, asi inotaura chisarudzo pamusoro pemipimo, gadziriro dzokuzvidavirira, uye zvikwaniriso zvomudzidzisi. Kugamuchira kwehurumende Core kana kuti mimwe mipimo kunoumba izvo mwana wako anodzidza musvomhu nechiNgezi.
  • Kuwedzera [[FLT: 1]: mari yepeturo yepeturu inobhadharwa pakati pemigwagwa yenyika, nepo mitero yegasi nemibhadharo yehurumende inoripira nokuda kwemimwe migwagwa. Madhipatimendi ezvokufambisa ehurumende anosarudza paganhuriro dzesipidhi, mugwagwa, uye mitengo yokufambisa yavose. Chisarudzo chokukudza mugwagwa kana kuti kuwedzera bhasikoro inoiswa pamwero mukuru wenyika kana kuti yomunzvimbomo, kazhinji kazhinji pashure pekudzokorora kwavose nemhoteredzo.
  • Public Safety[[FLT: 1]: Kuchengetwa kwomutemo kweFederal kunobata utsotsi huri pakati penyika, ugandanga, uye kutengeswa kwemirimo. mapurisa ehurumende anomanikidzira mitemo yemotokari ndokunzvera utsotsi mukati mehurumende. Madhipatimendi emapurisa omunharaunda anobata zvirango zvetsotsi zuva rimwe nerimwe. Hurumende inogadza zvirango zvetsoro, uye magavhuna anogona kudzo kana kutipa kanganwiro.
  • : EPA inoisa mhepo yenyika nemipimo yemvura yakanaka. Nyika dzinofanira kutanga gadziriro dzokuita kuti dzikwane mipimo iyoyo. Dzimwe nyika, kufanana neCalifornia, dzinoshandisa mitemo yemotokari inodzorwa zvikuru. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzora kushandiswa kwevhu, kuraswa kwetsvina, uye kugadzirwa kwemabutiro enzvimbo yako.

mhedziso

Hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende hadzisi masangano ari kure anoshanda mukuparadzana. Anoshanda navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa navakagadzwa avo vanoita zvisarudzo zuva nezuva zvinotapura basa rako, utano hwako, dzidzo yavana vako, uye chengeteko yenzanga yako. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa mabasa akasiyana ehurumende imwe neimwe. Nemhaka yokuti Hurumende inopa mitemo, kuti Purezidhendi namasangano ehurumende vanoashandisa sei, kuti matare ehurumende namagavhuna anogadza sei mitemo, uye kuti matare anodudzira sei mitemo (jere) unowana sei mufananidzo wakajeka wesimba rinoumba upenyu hwako. Zvinokosha zvikuru, unodzidza kuti unotungamirira sei inzwi rako nevhotera yako kuti aite musiano.

Nokuda kwamamwe mashoko pamusoro penzira iyo hurumende yehurumende yehurumende inoshanda nayo, shanyira . gov's kufungwa kwamapazu ehurumende. Kunyora mutemo nemirau yehurumende, shandisai . gov[[FLT]]. Kunzwisisa mumiitiro yemitemo, Conference of State Legislatures inogovera zvitengwa zvakadzama. Pakupedzisira, [[FLT:] House yeChitsamiso yeChibvumirano cheGeneti yeImba reBaizimu yehurumende [[FLT]] [FLT]]