Mitemo inoumba inenge rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwezuva nezuva, kubvira kuganhuriro yemigwagwa yomunzvimbomo kusvikira kumipimo yomutero pamitemo yekotsekano yemari netsananguro yezvitoro zvemari. Chinongedzero chiri nyore chinotora kuva mutemo unomanikidzirwa kazhinji kazhinji hachinzwisiswa. Muitiro wokuita mutemo pamwero yose iri miviri yehurumende nehurumende wakagadzirirwa kuva nechokwadi chokufunga, kumirira, uye kuzvidavirira. Iyi nhungamiro inogovera nhano yakajeka, nhano-nhano yemaitirwo emitemo, umo gadziriro mbiri dzinosiana, uye kuti vagari vemo vanogona sei kubatanidzwa nomutoo unobudirira.

Mavambo Okuita Mutemo eBumbiro Romutemo

Muitiro wokuita mitemo muUnited States wakatangira muBumbiro reMitemo reU.S., iro rakatanga gadziriro yehurumende. Ikoku kunoreva kuti simba rokutonga rinokamuraniswa pakati pehurumende yorudzi nehurumende imwe neimwe. 10]10th Amendment [[ inojekesa kuti masimba asina kupiwa zvakananga kuhurumende yehurumende, kana kuti anorambidzwa kunyika, anochengeterwa kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi mhatsa ndiro nei kune muitiro wakasimba wokugadzira mutemo muWashington, D.C., uye kufanana kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe chehurumende 50.

Pamwero wehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rinogadzira mapazu matatu akasiyana ehurumende kuti apfuuridzire masimba akaparadzana: Bazu reRepabhuro, () (Ibumbiro) rinoita mitemo, [] Dare [[FLT:]] [[FLT]]] , (mapango anorondedzera mutemo. Mitemo inotevedzera ichi chimiro, kuita chirongwa chavo vamene, mutungamiriri, uye mapazu edare. Kunzwisisa chiri nhano yokutanga mukunzwisisa muinova sei mutemo. Nokuda kweichinjo inoisa mugwaro chikuru [FLT: FLT]

Muitiro Wokuita Mutemo Wenyika: Nzira Iyo Bhirogiramu Rinova Nayo Mutemo Mudare

Rwendo rwomutemo wehurumende irwendo rwakaoma, rwakaitirwa kudzivirira mutemo wokukurumidzira kana kuti usina kufungwa. Mutezo weCongress bedzi unogona kutanga mutezo, asi mifungo yezvikwereti inobva mumanyuko akawanda: zvikamu, mapoka okusatendeseka, mabhizimisi, Purezidhendi, kana kuti kunyange masangano ehurumende. Pakangotangwa, mutengo wacho unofanira kupukunyuka matare, nharo, vhoti, uye pakupedzisira, chiito chapurezidhendi.

Kutanga Kwebhiri

Mutengo unotangwa mu Imba yavamiriri kana SATE (nomusimboti mukuru wemari inosiiwa, inofanira kutangira muImba). Mutezo unosuma chikwereti unozivikanwa somutsigiri. Mutezo unogoverwa nhamba (mh., H.R. 1 kana S. 1) uye unodhindwa mu [[FLT: 4.] Chonational Record Record[]. Papfundo rino, mutengidziro unonongedzerwa kudare rine muganhu.

Dare: Mabhiza Okushanda eDare

Dare rine matare akawanda akamira (seDare reImba paNzira uye Mara kana kuti Dare reDare reDare paMaruwa), rimwe nerimwe rine simba pamusoro penharaunda dzakati dzemitemo. Ndiro danho umo mutengo unoraramira kana kuti unofa.

Kunzwa Nokunzwa

Kana bhoti rangopinzwa kudare, rinowanzoiswa pakarenda yedare. Dare ringanzwa kuti riunganidze mashoko nokunzwa chipupuriro chinobva kunyanzvi, vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vatsigiri vemutongo. Pashure pokutongwa, dare rinosangana mudare kuti rikurukure mutsetse wemitemo pamutsara woga woga woga. Mitezo yedare inovhota kuti idzorerwe uye kuti ivhoteredzei kana iri bhiri racho ringanzi.

Kushuma Bhizi racho

Kana dare rikatendera mutengo wacho, rinonzi "paripoti" kuImba yakazara kana kuti Dare pamwe chete nomushumo wakanyorwa unotsanangura zviito zvedare nedonzo reripi. Kana dare rikaramba kuita chiito, bhoti inogona kuva "kanisveri" kusvikira kunguva isingazivikanwi. Muzvinoitika zvisingazivikanwi, chikumbiro chokukumbira [ chinogona kushandiswa muImba kumanikidza chipepa chichibva mudare, asi ikoku kunoda voruzhinji vemhuri kuisa chiratidzo.

Kuita Nezvisingadzorwi: Kukakavadzana uye Kugadziridzwa

Mitemo yekurukurirano inosiyana zvikuru pakati pemakamuri maviri inofanira kurongwa kuti kuitwe kurukurirano pauriri hweImba kana kuti Dare.

Imba Yevamiririri: Nharo Yakarongwa

Yakapiwa ukuru hwayo (mitezo 435), Imba inotsamira pamirau inodzorwa. Imba Inodzora Dare [[FT:1] inoshanda se "traffic cop," kubudisa "mutemo" unogadzirira miganhu nokuda kwekurukurirano, kubatanidza kuti inguvai ichabvumirwa, kuti kugadziridza kuzhinji sei kucharangarirwa, uye kana zvigadziridzo zvinofanira kuva zvechibage. Iyi nzira inoita kuti imba irambe ichifamba zvakanaka asi inoganhurira mano emitezo mimwe nemimwe kunonotsa kuita chiito.

Dare: Nharo Isina Muganhu Nechipo

Dare rinoshanda nokuchinjika zvikuru. Mitemo inobvumira kunonotsa kana kuti kuvhara kurukurirano yakatambanudzwa pagweta. Sangano rinogona kudzora uriri kwenguva refu sezvarinoda, ringataura kwamaawa kana kuti mazuva. Iyi nzira, inozivikanwa se filibuster[, inogona kushandiswa kunonozesa kana kuti kuvhara vhoti. Mutemo mukurusa unoreva kuti mutemo unoda 60 muDare rinofanira kuvhota kuti ripfuure , inoda kuvhota , inoda kuvhota mavhotera makurusa a 60. Kana chigwa chikafu chikasaitwa, mutengo wacho unofa.

Kufambisa Uye Kupfuura

Kana kurukurirano yangoguma, dare rinovhota papepa racho. Voruzhinji vakapfava vanodikanirwa kuti mutemo upfuure (218 kubva mu 435 muImba, 51 mu100 muDare). Kana pamutemo wacho unopfuura, unotumirwa kune imwe kamuri (Sanate kana kuti Imba) umo muitiro mumwe chetewo unodzokororwa. Nemhaka yokuti makamuri maviri anowanzopfuura shanduro dzakasiana dzemutemo mumwe chetewo, nhano inotevera inokosha.

Kugadzirisa Kusawirirana: Dare Romusangano

Kana Imba neDare zvikapfuudza shanduro dzakasiana- siyana dzepepa remitemo, dare rokubvumirana [[FT:0] rinoumbwa. Dare iri rinoumbwa nemitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzinobatanidzwa. Vanotaura shanduro imwe, yakabvumiranwa yomutemo. Mushumo wedare unofanira ipapo kupfuudzwa navose vari vaviri Imba neDare muvhoti iri pamusoro kana kuti pasi pasina kuvhota kunobvumirwa.

Chiito Chapurezidhendi

Kana mutongo wakangofanana wangopfuura zvose zviri zviviri, unotumirwa kuMutungamiriri weUnited States.

  • [ Chiratidzo chacho: Chinobva chava mutemo uye chinopiwa nhamba yoMutemo wavose.
  • Mutezo: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anodzorera mutongo kuCongress nokuramba. Congress ipapo inogona kuedza kudzora.
  • Usaita chiito: Kana Purezidhendi asina kuita chinhu kwamazuva 10 (kuwedzera maSvondo) apo Congress inenge iri murusando, muromo unova mutemo.
  • [[FOLT:0] Pocket Veto: Kana Mutungamiriri wenyika asingaiti chiito nebvumirano dzeCongress mukati menhambo iyoyo yezuva 10, murairo hausati uchizova mutemo. Purezidhendi akabudirira kuiisa panzvimbo yaro pasina chiito chipi nechipi.

Congress Inoshatisa

Congress inesimba rokunzvera chiremera chaPurezidhendi. Kana Purezidhendi akabvisa muganhu, Congress anogona kuvhotera [[FLT: 0] shato ivhu. Kubudirira, matatu maviri anodikanwa muzvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare. Ichi danda rakakwirira, uye zvipfuro hazviwaniki, asi zvinobatira senzvero ine simba pasimba rechiremera. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwakakwana mugariro wazvino uno wezvikwereti nezvikwereti zvehurumende, dare rehurumende . pawebsiteji inogovera zviwiro zvedzidzo zvinodzokoro.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo yeHurumende: Nzira yakafanana Nemisiano Yechienzi

Nepo kuisa mitemo yehurumende kuchiratidza muitiro wehurumende, pane misiano mikuru inoita kuti hurumende dzehurumende dzisvike, dzichinjika zvikuru, uye dzibvume ku zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Nyika iri yose (kunze kweNebraska) ine chibvumirano chemitemo chebhimeyal, kureva kuti ine makamuri maviri, anowanzonzi Dare neImba kana kuti Assembly. Nebraska ine uniobaral (mugadziri wembatu).

Kuva Kunoita Mutemo Kunyora Bhirogiramu yeHurumende

Muitiro uri pamwero wehurumende unotevera nzira yakarovedzeka:

  • Introduction:[[FL:1] A zenita renyika kana kuti mutezo wegungano unosuma bhiri.
  • Committee Review: Mutemo unogoverwa kudare rehurumende remitemo nokuda kwokutonga nokupa. Matare ehurumende anowanzoshanda nokusanyanyoshandiswa kupfuura vagari vemo vehurumende, kuchikuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vagari vemowo zvavo vapupurire.
  • Nharo ne Vote: Mutengo unokakavadzana uye unovhoterwa nekamuri rakazara. Hurumende dzinowanzova nemiganhu yakakomba yokufambisa zvikwereti mugadziriro iyi. Dzimwe nyika hadzina mutemo wemwana, unoita kuti muitiro wacho ukurumidze.
  • Dare rakagadzirwa: Mari inotengwa nenzira imwe cheteyo mune imwe kamuri.
  • [[[FURO:0] Chiito cheGovernor:[[FT:1] Kana ipo painopfuura, chikwereti chinoenda kuna Gavhuna.

Simba raGavhuna: Chiratidzo, Veto, uye Mutsetse Wejena

Gavhuna anoshanda somukuru mukuru wehurumende. SaPurezidhendi, vanogona kusaina mutemo, kana kuti kuurega uve mutemo pasina kusaina kwavo. Zvisinei, magavhuna mazhinji ane chishandiso chine simba icho Purezidhendi asati ari: wirofiti yechinhu kuti ipfuure. Izvi zvinobvumira gavhuna kurova zvinhu kana kuti migove kubva papepa achiisa chisaini mumutemo. Izvi zvinowedzera zvikuru chishandiso chemari yagavhuna mukurukurirano yemari. Misangano yehurumende inogona kudzora chivhotera nezvikamu zviviri zvamatatu zvamarotangwe ose ari maviri.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunodzora Hwakananga: Kutanga Nezvirongwa

Mumwe wemisiyano mikurusa pakati pokuita mitemo yehurumende nehurumende kupararira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yakananga pamwero wehurumende. Nyika zhinji dzinobvumira vagari vemo kudarika mutezo wemitemo chose chose kuumba kana kuti kuchinja mitemo. Ikoku kunowanwa zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nemiitiro miviri:

  • Vagari vemo vanogona kuita mutemo unokarakadzwa kana kuti gadziridzo yebumbiro-mitemo. Kana vakaunganidza siginicha dzakakwana (nhamba inodikanwa inoiswa nomutemo wehurumende), nhano inoiswa pavhoti yavose. Kana inopfuura, inova mutemo.
  • .Referendam: Uyu muitiro umo mutemo unopfuudzwa nedare remitemo rehurumende unonongedzerwa kuvavhoti nokuda kwetendero yavo kana kuti kuramba isati yagona kushanda. Dzimwe nyika dzinoda marudzi akati emitemo (sewedzero yomutero) kuti iende kupfurikidza nomuitiro wetempendamu.

Aya maturusi anobvumira vagari vemo kuita chinjo dzemiitiro pamisoro yakadai sokunyoreswa pamutemo kwembanje, mari shomanene, uye kuchinjwa kwomutero. National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) inopa kupeta kwakaisvonaka kwemitemo yehurumende inoitwa nenzira dzakasiyana- siyana uye kuti hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inoshanda sei.

Bazi Rine Chinzvimbo Chikuru Nokuita Mitemo Yokutarisira

Nepo Congress nehurumende vachipfuudza "mitemo mizhinji," mutumbi mukuru womutemo unoumbwa namasangano ebazu makuru. Iwawa unozivikanwa se mutemo woutarisiri kana kuti kugadza mitemo. Apo chibvumirano chinopa mutemo wakafara (jere., "budisirai mhepo yakachena"), inopa chiremera kusangano (mt., Environmental Protection Agency) kuti iite mirau yakananga kunharidzano iyoyo.

Muitiro Wokugadza Kutonga Kwenyika Dzakabatana

Masangano ehurumende anofanira kutevera muitiro wakazara wevoruzhinji kuti atange mitemo mitsva. Iyi muitiro unodzorwa neAdministrative Procedure Act (APA). Nhano huru dzinobatanidza:

  1. Chiremera chevadzidzisi: Chishandiso chinowana nhungamiro kubva kumutemo mutsva unopfuudzwa neCongress.
  2. Hurumende yakarongwa: Sangano rinonyora mutemo unokarakadzwa ndokuubudisa mu [ REGURES. Rugwaro urwu runotsanangura kurangarira kwesangano uye zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvomutemo unokarakadzwa.
  3. Nguva yeMapinduriro: Vanhu vanokumbirwa kupa tsinhiro dzakanyorwa pamusoro pomutemo unokarakadzwa. Zvirongwa zvinodikanirwa pamutemo kuhwirudzura ndokupindura kutsinhiro dzose dzinokosha. Iyi inzira ine simba kuti vagari vemo namabhizimisi vapesvedzere udzame hwomutemo.
  4. Kutonga kworupengo: Pashure pokuhwirudzura tsinhiro, sangano rinobudisa "Kutonga kworutsiro" mu Faceral Register[, pamwe chete nepfupiso yetsinhiro dzakagamuchirwa nemhinduro dzesangano. Mutemo ipapo unosimbiswa mu Bade of Federal Religion [CFR] [FL:5] uye unotakura simba rakazara romutemo.

Muitiro uyu une simba guru. Nokuti mutemo mumwe nomumwe unopfuudzwa neCongress, masangano angapa mirau yakawanda. Unogona kutora rutivi muiyi mirau kupfurikidza nokushanyira Mitemo.gov, nzvimbo yepakati yokupa tsinhiro pamirau inokarakadzwa.

Bazu Rokutonga: Kududzira Nokuhwirudzura Mitemo

Bazu rechitatu rehurumende rinoita basa rinokosha mukutenderera kwokuita mitemo. Matare haaiti mitemo nenzira imwe cheteyo inoita nayo matare, asi simba ra rehwirudzuro ye [[FLT: 1] inobvumira kuumba icho mitemo inoreva uye kana ichigona kumira.

Kuongorora Kutonga uye Kutevedzana Kwemitemo

Yakatangwa mumhaka yenhau yeSupreme Court Marbury v. Madison (1803), kuhwirudzura kwokutonga isimba rematare kunzvera mutemo ndokusarudza kana kuri kunowirirana neBumbiro remitemo. Kana dare rikawana mutemo kuva usingawirirani nemitemo, unogona kuuparadza, kuubvisa pasina. Somuenzaniso, mutemo wehurumende unoganhurira kutaura kwakasununguka unogona kudenhwa mudare renyika ndokudzorwa kana ukaputsa Gadziro rokutanga.

Kududzira Mashoko Anokosha

Kunyange apo mutemo unenge uri pamutemo, mutauro wawo unogona kuva usina kujeka. Matare kazhinji kazhinji anokumbirwa kududzira revo yomutemo wakati. Apo dare rinodudzira mutemo, kududzira ikoko kunova muenzaniso unowirirana nokuda kwenhau dzomunguva yemberi mukati moudzori. Kana dare richidudzira mutemo nenzira iyo Congress kana kuti chibvumirano chehurumende chisina kuronga, mutezo wedare unogona kupindura kupfurikidza nokupfuudza mutemo mutsva [[[FLT:] unojekesa vavariro yavo.

Kubatsira Kungaita Vagari Vemo Kuita Mitemo

Kugadzira mitemo hakungovi kwevezvematongerwe enyika kana kuti kwevari kuda kupindira mutsika.

  • : Nzira hurusa yokupesvedzera nayo kuisa pamutemo kuvakuru vakuru vanosarudza vanomirira mirangariro yako pamuitiro.
  • Kuonana navamiriri Vako: Kudana kwokufunga, email, kana kuti tsamba kuhurumende yako kana kuti mumiriri wehurumende anogona kupesvedzera chimiro chavo pagweta. Vamiriri vanofona uye kazhinji kazhinji vanopa nhamba kumuiti wemitemo.
  • Ringanzverwa paKunzwa:[ Dare rinotonga pamwero wenyika nehurumende kazhinji kazhinji rakazarukira vanhu. Unogona kukumbira kupupurira kana kuti kutumira mashoko akanyorwa nokuda kwechinyorwa.
  • Comment on Propad Mirairo: Sezvacherekedzwa pakuvamba, unogona kupa tsinhiro dzechirongwa pamurairo upi noupi wehurumende unokarakadzwa kupfurikidza ne Mitemo. gov[. Iyi inzira yakananga neinobudirira zvikuru yokupesvedzera nayo udzame hwakananga hwomutemo.
  • Kubatana naMapoka okunyengera: Kukumbanira mugari wemo anowirirana nefariro dzako kunogona kuwedzera inzwi rako panhau dzakananga.

Kunzwisisa izvi zvinokugonesa kubva pakuva nhau isingaiti chinhu yomutemo kuenda kumubatikani anoshingaira mukusikwa kwawo. Nokuda kwechiono chakajeka chomutauro wose, USA.gov inogovera pfundo rokutanga rakaisvonaka.

mhedziso

Kubva papfungwa yakapfava yakarondedzerwa sechiratidzo chinosungirwa mumitemo yeU.S. kana kuti mitemo yakarongwa yehurumende, rwendo rwemitemo rwakareba uye rune chinangwa. Zvikamu zvakawanda zvedare zvinoongororwa, kukurukurirana kwouriri, matare esangano, mvumo yevakuru vakuru, uye kuongorora kunoratidza kuti mitemo inoongororwa nokungwarira isati yaiswa paruzhinji. Nepo hurumende nehurumende zvichigoverana DNA, mativi akasiyana ehurumende sehurumende yakananga nedemocracy neji yemitsetse protesic àtoes . Kunzwisisa izvi zvirongwa, vagari vemo vanogona kufamba zvakanaka nemitemo yavo uye kutsigira zvakanaka mitemo inoumba nzanga dzavo nenyika yavo.