Ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende muUnited States idivi rakaoma uye rine simba. Kunzwisisa uku kukamukana kwesimba kunokosha mukunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei, inoitwa sei, uye inotsanangurwa sei murudzi rwacho. Uku kupesana, kunozivikanwa sehurumende, hakusi chinhu chakarerekera kure; kwakashanduka kupfurikidza nedudziro yebumbiro remitemo, mutemo wemagamuchidzanwa, uye muitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika. Kudzidzisa kwenyanzvi kana kuti nhau, kunzwisisa kwakajeka kwehurumende kunokosha nokuda kwokutsanangura zvose zviri zviviri chimiro cheAmerica utongi nenharo dzinoparira gakavadzano mumiitiro nhasi.

Kutangwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Rehurumende

Federalism muUnited States ine mavambo ayo muBumbiro reMitemo, rakanyoreswa muna 1787. Vagadziri vakananga kuparira gadziriro iyo simba rakadzikama pakati pechiremera chikuru nehurumende imwe neimwe, kudzivisa utera hwezvose zviri zviviri hurumende yeboka nebvumirano yorusununguko. Zvikamu zveConfederation, izvo zvakatangira Bumbiro reMitemo, zvakanga zvatanga hurumende yepakati rePunistitution yaisagona kudzora nenzira inobudirira kutengeserana, levy mitero, kana kuti mitemo inotevedzerwa. Bumbiro remitemo rakaruramisa uku kundikano kupfurikidza nokuumba hurumende yehurumende yakasimba ine masimba akasimba zvikuru, nepo ichichengeta uchangamire hwehurumende munharaunda dzose husingapiwi kuUnity.

Gadziriro huru dzebumbiro remitemo dzinorondedzera chibvumirano chehurumende dzinobatanidza Supremacy Claus (Article VI, Claus 2), dzinosimbisa kuti mutemo wehurumende ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika; Mutengo neSeaty Claus (Chikamu I, Chikamu 8, Claus 18), uyo unopa Congress kuchinjika kuti iite masimba ayo akarongwa; uye Tenth Amendment, iyo inochengeta masimba asingapiwi kuUnited States kuhurumende kana kuti vanhu. Iyi mifungo pamwe chete inoumba gadziriro iyo yose iri zvose zviri zviviri inochinjika uye inokwikwikwidzana.

Mukati mekurukurirano dzeRetiation, Federal List Papers , zvikurukuru [[FT:0] Munyorero weFederast Nhaka. 10 uye Fideralist N. 51 [_kunatsiridza kururamisa kwouzivi nokuda kwokukamuranisa simba. James Madison akapikisa kuti riphabliki huru ine mapoka akawanda yaizodzivisa boka rimwe nerimwe kudzora, nepo kuparadzana kwemasimba nehurumende kwaizogovera "kuchengeteka kaviri" nokuda kwekodzero dzemunhu oga. Chimiro cheBumbiro remitemo nokudaro chakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kupfurikidza nechiremera.

Nyaya Dzokunyoresa uye Gungano Rebumbiro Remitemo

Nyaya dzeConfederation, dzakasimbiswa muna 1781, dzakaita kuti pave ne "chinetso choushamwari" pakati pehurumende dzine unicameral Congress yakanga ine chiremera chakaganhurirwa. Hurumende yepakati yaisagona kubhadhara mutero, kusimudza hondo, kana kuti kudzora kutengeserana kwenyika yese. Shays ’ Regiversion (1786 –1787) yakafumura kusava nesimba kweMitemo, ichiraira hurumende yenyika yakasimba zvikuru. Dare reMitemo muFiradhefiya yaisagona kuronga chirongwa chitsva chakakudza zvikuru simba renyika yose apo yaichengeta kuzivikanwa kwehurumende.

Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira paKokorodzano, yakadai seGreat Relation and the Feths Relations, kwakaratidzira kusawirirana pakati pefariro dzehurumende nechinzwano chorudzi. Bumbiro reMitemo rakavapo rakanga riri gwaro rakasanogadzwa iro rakapa masimba chaiwo kuhurumende yehurumende apo raichengeta asara kuhurumende. Iri boka rechiremera rave riri nhau yekurukurirano negadziro kubvira ipapo.

Kunzwisisa Kukamuraniswa Kwesimba

Dare reMitemo reU.S. rinogadza masimba ehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende, kugadzira gadziriro yecheki nedzinodzikama izvo zvinokosha nokuda kwokuchengeta nhevedzano nokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu. Masimba anodzorwa nechakananga (akapiwa kuCongress muChikamu I, Chikamu 8(inobatanidza kutungamirira kworuwa nokutengeserana kwokumwe, kuisa mari, kuzivisa hondo, uye kutanga mahofisi epositi. Mutengo naCivice Claus anobvumira kuti Paramende mitemo "inodikanwa uye yakafanira" yokuita aya masimba, ayo akaturikirwa pachena muzviitiko zvakafanana ne [[FTL:0]] MClulloch. Mary v[FLT1:] [18]]).

Nyika, mukupesana, dzinochengeta masimba mutevedzeri weTreement yeTreeter. Idzi dzinobatanidza chiremera pamusoro pomuitiro wedzidzo, kuchengetwa kwomutemo womunzvimbomo, gadziriro dzezvokufambisa, mirairo youtano yavose, roorano nokutengeserana kwemhuri. Hurumende dzinoshandisawo masimba akabatana akadai semitero nemitemo zvinogoveranwa nehurumende yehurumende. Iyi gadziriro youchangamire hunoviri inogona kushanda panguva imwe cheteyo, asi rwisano dzinomuka kazhinji kazhinji pamusoro pemiganhu yeimwe neimwe.

Akapiwa Simba, Akashandiswa, uye Anoberekwa Naro

Kupfuura kududzwa kwamasimba, hurumende yehurumende ine masimba anorehwa anowanwa muMutengo neMutengo Claus. Aya akatsigirwa mu Mcloch v. Maryland, umo Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akataura nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "simba romutero rinobatanidza simba rokuparadza" uye kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kutsanangurwa nenzira isingachinjiki kuti rizadzike madonzo aro. Hurumende yehurumende inewo simba rinogarwa nhaka (h) avo vari vorudzi rup. sesimba rokudzora kutama nokutungamirira nhau dzokumwe nedzosero.

Masimba ehurumende akafara zvakafanana asi anozviisa kuukuru hwehurumende. Tenth Amendment yakadudzirwa kugovera dziviriro ine revo nokuda kwezvigaro zvehurumende, zvikurukuru mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rine mano akaganhurirwa eDare rokuraira hurumende kana kuti dare ravakuru vakuru (ona ] Printz v. United States, 1997; Murphy v. NACA, 2018]). Iyi "A-yaridenti-" inosimbisa nheyo yokuti hurumende inofanira kuremekedza uchangamire.

Simba Razvino Nekuedzwa

Masimba akabatana anobatanidza chiremera chemitero, kuvaka migwagwa, matare, uye kudzora kutengeserana mukati memiganhu yakati. Apo mitemo yehurumende nehurumende inorwisana, Supremacy Claus inoraira kuti mutemo wehurumende ushande (apo bedzi kana Congress yakarongwa kuti ipinde kana kuti kana mutemo wehurumende uchipokanidza zvakananga mutemo wehurumende. Iyi dzidziso yeparation igwemo rakawanda, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzakafanana nemitemo yemhoteredzo yebasa, mipimo yemipimo, uye kubuda munyika.

Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa mu Arizona v. United States (2012) rakaputsa gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzomutemo wokutama weArizona nemhaka yokuti dzairwisana nerokuronga kwezvokudzika kwehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Seberius[FLT] [2020], Dare raidavira kuti hurumende haingagoni kubvisa mari yose iripo yeMedicaid kubva kuhurumende iyo inosarudza kusawedzera kufukidza pasi peAfford Careal Act, kusimbisa ganhuriro pasimba renyika pamusoro pezviito zvehurumende.

Kuvapo Kwemagariro Avanhu Nokufamba Kwenguva

Federalism muUnited States yapfuura nomumatanho akasiana anoverengeka. Nyanzvi dzinowanzorondedzera chinjo kubva pa chibvumirano chehurumende [yakura keke youkuru) ku unani husingachinjiki [[FLT]] unani hunokosha ku kunzwisisa iyi kurukurirano yazvino yechiremera chehurumende) uye ipapo ku unistism [ kana kuti devomvoration. Kunzwisisa iyi mhindumuko kuonga kurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro poukoshi hwechiremera chehurumende.

Dual Federationlism (1789-1930)

Pasi pehurumende mbiri dzehurumende, hurumende yehurumende nehurumende zvakashanda muzvikamu zvakaparadzana zvikuru. Hurumende yehurumende yakananga panhau dzeitiro hanya yorudzi . yakadai senhau dzokunze, taffice, uye kutengeserana kwepakati penyika (panguva ino nyika dzakabata nhau dzomunzvimbomo dzakadai sedzidzo, simba ramapurisa, uye mutemo wezvinhu. Dare Rapamusoro mumhaka dzakafanana ne United States v. E.C. [18595]) rakadudzira zvishoma simba rezvokutengeserana kwehurumende, richiganhurira govera kubatanidzwa kwehurumende mumitemo yezvoupfumi.

Nguva ino yakaguma neNew Deal, apo Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt yakawedzera zvinoshamisa simba rehurumende. New Deact yakadai seSocial Security, National Labor Relations Act, uye Agricultural Setment Act yaida batira pamwe yehurumende nehurumende uye kuchinjwa kwesimba.

Kodzero yeFederalism (1930s -1970)

Musangano rehurumende rinobatira pamwe, hurumende dzehurumende nehurumende dzakashanda pamwe chete kupedza zvinetso zvorudzi, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokupa mapurogiramu nemirau zvaida kutora rutivi mune zvehurumende. hurumende yehurumende yakagadza nharidzano dzemitemo dzakafara, nepo hurumende dzaitarisira mapurogiramu mukati menhungamiro dzehurumende. Iyi nhambo yakava nokuwanda kwezvipo zvemari, zvakagovera mari nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo zvine migariro yakabatanidzwa.

Zvisinei, kushandiswa kunowedzera kwemitemo yehurumende nemamiriro ezvinhu pakushandisa mari kwakatungamirira kukusawirirana.

New Federalism neDevolution (1980säPresenters)

Kutanga noutarisiri hweReagan, kumanikidza kwakavamba kudzorera simba kunyika. Uku kuzviisa pasi kwehurumende kutsva kwakatsvaka kuderedza mari yehurumende nokuchinja mitoro kuti zvitevedzere kupfurikidza nezvipo nokudzorwa kwemipiro nokudzorwa kwemitengo. Mutemo mukuru waibatanidza Junice and Work Procective Reconciliation Act (1996), iyo yakatsiva garikano yehurumende nepurogiramu dzehurumende dzinodzorwa nehurumende, uye Mandades Diated Reform Act (1995), izvo zvakaedza kuganhurira mitemo yehurumende pahurumende.

Dare rapamusoro rakawedzerawo ganhuriro pasimba rehurumende. Mu United States v. Lopez (1995), Dare rakaparadza Gun-Free School Zones Sign sesimba rePurces, rinoratidzira nguva yokutanga chifo cheNew Deal iyo Dare rakadzika mutemo wehurumende panzvimbo dzemitengo. Zvisarudzo zvakafanana United States v. Morrison [2] [2]

Basa reDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Muchirongwa Chokurwira Nyika

Mitongo yemapepa yakaumba kunzwisisa hurumende, kazhinji kacho zvichiratidza maitiro ezvamatongerwe enyika neenzanga enguva yavo.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Zviitiko zvinoverengeka zvinokosha zvakarondedzera miganhu yamasimba ehurumende nehurumende:

  • McCulloch v. Maryland (119) – akagadza ukuru hwomutemo wehurumende pamusoro pomutemo wenyika uye akatsigira kukura kwebumbiro remitemo reBank reChipiri reUnited States. Kuverengwa kwakafara kweDare kweMari neSano Calaus yakakudzwa masimba anorehwa nemubatanidzwa.
  • Gibbons v. Ogden (11824) – simba rehurumende rafutunurwa rokudzora kutengeserana kwenyika, kurondedzera kutengeserana kwakafara kubatanidza kufamba nengarava. Iyi nhau yakaisa hwaro hwechiremera chehurumende pamusoro pemari yenyika.
  • United States v. Lopez (1995]) – ganhuriro dzakasimbiswa pachiremera chehurumende kupfurikidza nokuputsa mutemo uyo une pfuti dzinoparwa utsotsi pedyo nezvikoro, uchitaura kuti mubato wacho wakanga usina kuwirirana zvakakwana nokutengeserana kwenyika.
  • National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius (202) - Yakagamuchira murairo womunhu oga weAffordhable Care Act semutero, asi kuganhurirwa kwesimba reCongress kupfurikidza nokutonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kumanikidza kuti ifutunure Medicaid kupfurikidza nokutyisidzira kubvisa mari yose iripo.
  • Shelby County v. Hoker (2017) – Kuderedza muitiro wokufukidza weProfiti Gadziriro dzeKodzero, kusimbisa kuti yakaisa mitoro pahurumende yakanga isati icharuramiswazve nemigariro yazvino. Iyi chisarudzo chakaderedza zvikuru kutarisirwa kwehurumende kwemitemo yokuvhota.

Iyi mirau inosimbisa mhindumupindu inopfuurira yehurumende uye dzikamo yesimba muUnited States. Basa reDare somumiriri pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende rinokosha mukuchengeta nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo.

Nhau Dzazvino Uno Munzanga

Munguva dzazvino uno, kukamukana kwesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende kunowanzoedzwa nenhau dzakasiyana - siyana, kusanganisira kutarisirwa kwoutano, dzidzo, mitemo yemhoteredzo, kunyoreswa kwembanje pamutemo, kutama, uye kodzero dzokuvhota.

Kurapwa

Affordble Care Act (ACA) inoenzanisira kusawirirana pakati pechiremera chehurumende nehurumende mugadziriro youtano. Nyika dzakava nemhinduro dzakasiana-- siyana kuACA, kubatanidza kufutunura Medicaid muchisarudzo chomutemo, kubatira mirau yezvoutano yakavakirwa pahurumende, kana kuti mirau inodenha yehurumende mudare. Kubvira muna 2024, hurumende gumi hadzisati dzichina kukudza Mdhicaid pasinei zvapo nekurudziro dzehurumende, kuchitungamirira kufukidza miganhu yavagari vemo vakaderera vanowana. [[FLT: 0] NIB v. Sebelius[FLT:]

Kupfuura ACA, inodarowo inodzora misika yeinishuwarenzi, nhingi yezvirongwa zvezvoutano. Mukati medenda reCOVID-19, hurumende yakaita basa guru sezvo hurumende dzakapa mirayiro yokugara pamusha, zvikumbiro zvokuisa mabhakitire, uye zvokuisa pokutanga zvenhomba, pane dzimwe nguva zvinorwisana nenhungamiro yomubatanidzwa. Denda racho rakasimbisa zvose zviri zviviri simba noutera hwemhinduro dzakanaka.

Dzidzo

Gadziriro yedzidzo ndeimwe nzvimbo umo masimba ehurumende nehurumende anobatana. The Students Fugles Secrect (ESSA), yakasainwa muna 2015, yakabva yabvisa chiremera chinokosha kudzokera kunyika, ichibvumira kugadza mipimo yavo vamene yedzidzo, kusarudza nzira dzokunzvera nadzo, uye kuisa mari pamwero womunzvimbomo. Izvi zvakatsiva kunyorwa kwechild Lend Act, zvichiratidzira bvumirano yebipartisan yokuti nyika dzinofanira kuva nemhesano.

Zvisinei, mitemo yekodzero dzavagari vemo yehurumende yakadai seTitle VI (race), Title IX (ex), uye Ambuyadzi vane Urema Hwedzidzo (IDEA) zvinopfuurira kuisa zvinodikanwa munyika. Mukuwedzera, mari yehurumende yezvikoro inowanzouya nemigariro, zvakadai sewirirano nemipimo yokuedza nokuzvidavirira. Dzikamo pakati poudzo yomunzvimbomo noutarisiri hwehurumende inoramba ichikwikwikwidzana, zvikurukuru sezvo nyika dzinorwisana nenhau dzakafanana nezvirimo zvedzidzo, chikoro, uye mudzidzisi.

Mitemo Yemhoteredzo

Gadziriro yemhoteredzo inowanzoona rwisano pakati pemirau yehurumende nenhano dzenyika. Nyika dzingashandisa mitemo yemhoteredzo yakasimba zvikuru kupfuura mipimo yehurumende, kuchitungamirira kukupesana mudziviriro dzemhoteredzo munyika yose uye gakava remitemo pamusoro pehurumende nechiremera. Somuenzaniso, California yashandisa chiremera chayo kwenguva refu pasi peCealy Air Act kugadza mipimo yemotokari inodzorwa zvikuru, iyo dzimwe nyika dzinogona kutora. Hurumende yehurumende pasi pedzose dzakasiana - siana yakaedza yaedzazve kubvisa kurasika kweCalifornia, kuchiguma nokuwedzera.

Nenzira yakafanana, zvinyorwa zvakatungamirira pamuitiro wokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kutanga mapurogiramu echikepisi netrade, mipimo inomutsidzirwa, uye kuderedzwa kwekubudiswa. Dare Gurusa mu Massachusetts v. EPA (2007) yairangarira kuti hurumende yehurumende inogona kudzora gasi rinodziya pasi peDenga remor Act, asi mareginations anobva asiya nyika kuti dzivandudze nzira dzadzo.

Kunyoreswa pamutemo

Mumwe wemienzaniso yapanguva imwe cheteyo yakatanhamara zvikurusa yekusagadzikana kwehurumende kunyoreswa kwapamutemo kwembanje nokuda kwokushandisa kwezvokurapa kana kuti nhandaro munyika dzakawanda, pasinei zvapo nokurongwa kwayo kunoenderera mberi sechiteshi chaidzorwa sechisakiso chaMasaikondi Ini pasi pomutemo wehurumende. Kubvira muna 2024, nyika dzinopfuura 20 dzakabvumira varaidzo inobvumirwa nomutemo wemubatanidzwa wezvipatara, uye inenge 40 inobvumira kushandiswa kwezvokurapa. Zvisinei, mutemo wehurumende uchiri kurambidza kuva nechinhu uye kuparadzira, uchiparira ngozi dzepamutemo nokuda kwemabhizimisi, mabhangi, uye vatengi.

Hurumende yehurumende inosundira mberi zvikuru kuchengetwa kwemitemo kupfurikidza nezvinyorwa zvenhungamiro zvakadai seCole Memory (2013) uye SAFE Banking Act (2023), asi rwisano iripo inoramba isina kugadziriswa. Uyu mugariro unoratidzira ganhuriro dzesimba rehurumende apo mutemo wehurumende unoramba uri pamabhuku, uye unomutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuva nomutezo wehurumende mukutarisana nokuedza kwenzvimbo yehurumende.

Kutama uye Maguta Akachena

Gadziriro yokuisa nokuisa mubatanidzwa isimba rehurumende rehurumende, asi masangano akawedzerazve mabasa kupfurikidza nemitemo kutungamirira basa, marezerezere okutyaira, uye batira pamwe yomutemo. Murangariro we "maguta anokosha"(jeria). Dare guru rinoganhurira batira pamwe nemitemo inoendesa vagari vemo vehurumende (jenign) yakaita kuti pave nehondo dzepamutemo. Arizona v. United States (2020), Dare gurusa rakarova zvirongwa zveSB's 1070 izvo zvakarwisana nomutemo wehurumende yehurumende, asi zvakasiya suo rakazarura pamutemo kuti utsigire mitemo yokutama munzira dzakaganhurirwa.

Kuedza kurambidza kutsigira mari kubva kunzvimbo tsvene kwakadenhwawo, nematare kazhinji kazhinji achitonga kuti hurumende yehurumende haigoni kuisa migariro mitsva munyika pasina mutauro wakajeka kana kuti nexus ine mufungo kupurogiramu yemari. Iyi mhaka inopfuurira kurondedzera musiyano pakati pesimba rehurumende rokusunungurwa neremapurisa ehurumende.

Kupa Kodzero

Voting Rights Act ya1965 imutemo wehurumende unorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Asi pashure pa Shelby County v. Horer (2013) yakakurira mutongo wokufukunura wakashandiswa kusarudza kuti ihurumende ipi inofanira kuwana gadziriso yehurumende yechinjo kumitemo yokuvhota, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadza mitemo mitsva yemadhindinditi, kuvhota nzvimbo inovhara, uye gadziriro dzokutsiva idzo vatsoropodzi vanorwisana zvikuru nevokavora vorunti. Hurumende yehurumende yakaedza kudzorera nguva mberi kupfurikidza nomutemo waJohn R. Voctices Regiated Act Act Act, asi haina kudarika.

Nzvimbo iyi inoratidza kusawirirana kunoramba kuripo pakati pechiremera chehurumende kuti chidzivirire kodzero dzevanhu uye kudzora hurumende pakusarudzwa.

Nyika Semasangano Ehurumende Inosarudzwa Nehurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Mutongi Louis Brandeis akanyora nenzira yakakurumbira kuti "hurumende ingabatira, kana vagari vayo vakasarudza, serabhoritari; uye edza kuedza kwetsika dzenzanga nedzemari pasina ngozi kurutivi rwose rwenyika. Iyi pfungwa inogona kubata betsero huru yehurumende: inogona kuisa mutsva uye kuedza kuti kana inobudirira, ingagamuchirwa munyika yose. Mienzaniso inobatanidza mipimo yokubudisa magetsi yakanyanyisa yeCalifornia, iyo yakatungamirira kumitemo yehurumende yemotokari yakachena; kugadziridza utano hweMassachusetts (6), uko kwakabatira somuenzaniso weACA; uye kunzvera kwemirimo yeOregon's decrigial recuring, uko kwakasanodzidzwa nemimwe mipimo yetsika yezviito.

Nyika dzinogoverawo mikana yokutora rutivi nokugamuchira. Vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo vakasarudzwa kazhinji kazhinji vanosvikika zvikuru uye vanozvidavirira zvikuru kuvamiririri vavo vehurumende kupfuura vamiriri vehurumende. Kuyera kushanda kwenzvero dzehurumende kunogona kuzivisa gadziriro yehurumende pasina kuisa chigadzikiso chimwe chemari yose. Iri basa rerabhoritari rinokosha zvikuru munharaunda dzakadai sedzidzo, gadziridzo yeruramisiro youtsotsi, uye muitiro wegarikano.

Zvisinei, hakusi kuedza kwose kunobudirira, uye kusiyana - siyana munyika dzose kunogona kutungamirira kukusaenzana kwekuwana kana kuti mukana.Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti kuvimba nokuedza hurumende kunogona kunonotsa kupedza zvinetso zvenyika zvinomanikidzira, zvakadai sokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kana kuti kupedzisa utano.

Nguva Yemberi Yechirongwa Chokurwisa

Sezvo nzanga ichichinja, saizvozvowo ukama pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nehurumende. Zvinetso zvakadai soruzivo rwokugadzira zvinhu, kutama, uye chinjo yemamiriro okunze zvichapfuurira kudenha gadziriro dziripo dzechiremera. Kukura kwokukurumidza kweInternet, ungwaru hwokugadzira, uye kuvandika mashoko zvakaparira misiyano umo mwero yose iri miviri yehurumende iri kumhanya kuti izadzise. Somuenzaniso, Consumerlution Comfore Act (CPA) inogadza mubatanidzwa wenyika nokuda kwedziviriro yemashoko, nepo hurumende irina mutemo wakavanzika wakakwana. Iyi inokoka basa remitemo yehurumende ringava rinorema mabhizimisi uye rinoparira vhiringidzo nokuda kwomutengi.

Gadziriro yokubatanidza ichada batira pamwe pakati pezviremera zvehurumende nehurumende, asi kubatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaita kuti kubatira pamwe kwakadaro kuve kwakaoma. Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kucharaira mutoo unobatira pamwe wokudzora, sezvo zvinetso zvakawanda zvemhoteredzo zvichipfuura mitsetse yehurumende uye zvichida zvigadzikiso zvenharaunda kana kuti zvorudzi. Nguva yemberi yehurumende ichatsamira pamano ose ari maviri ehurumende kushanda pamwe chete apo inoremekedza mabasa awo akasiyana.

Uyezve, kuchinjana mumurangariro wavose, kudzora kwebato reWhite House neCongress, uye kugadzwa kweDare Rapamusorosoro kuchapfuurira kupesvedzera dzikamo yesimba. Kukamukana kuri kuwedzera kwamapoka makuru maviri kwakatungamirira kufungidziro dzinorwisana dzehurumende: rutivi rumwe runowanzotsigira kuva norudzi rumwe munharaunda dzakadai sekodzero dzevagari vemo nedziviriro yemhoteredzo, nepo rumwe ruchisimbisa kungwarira hurumende nokudzora kwomunzvimbomo. Kubvisa uku kusawirirana kuchada kunzwisiswa kwemitemo yemitemo uye kubvumirana pane zvematongerwe enyika.

mhedziso

Chikamu chesimba pakati pehurumende dzehurumende dzehurumende nedzehurumende rutivi rwakavakirwa pakudzora kweAmerica. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa urwu rune simba, vadzidzisi navadzidzi vanogona kunzwisisa zviri nani vhiringidziko dzomutemo, muitiro, uye mhindumupindu inopfuurira yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu muUnited States. Federalism haisati iri pfungwa yakatsiga asi gadziriro mhenyu inochinjira kumigariro inochinjika apo inochengeta mipimo yapakati yerusununguko, kumirira, uye kuzvitonga kwomunzvimbomo. Sezvo rudzi runotarisana nedenho itsva, kurukurirano pakati pomubatanidzwa nechiremera chomubatanidzwa wenyika icharamba iri pakati pekuedza kweAmerica muImerika.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, vadzidzisi vanogona kubvunza Constitution Annoted’s kunzvera Pendment yegumith Amendment uye Oyez's nhau yenhau yezvisarudzo zvetsika yenyika yenjikanwo yehurumende [. [[FLT]] Center yenzverongedzero dzinopamhene dzinonzvera zvimiro zvavanhu zvehurumende zvinotarisana nesimba rehurumende [, uye Britings Suption ine profiedmssss arectisms renyika dzazvino uno.