Hurumende yeUnited States inoshanda pasi pebumbiro remitemo rakanyorwa iro riri zvose zviri zviviri mubvumiro wechiremera nemirau. Mutemo mumwe nomumwe unopfuudzwa neCongress, unosainwa naPurezidhendi, uye unohwirudzurwa nematare unoyera mukurwisana neiyi chinyorwa chimwe. Kusafanana negadziriro dzeparamende umo mutezo wedare riri mukurusa, U.S. urongwa hunovakirwa panheyo yechiremera chebumbiro remitemo. Hakuna mutemo unogona kumira kana ukaputsa rugwaro kana kuti nheyo dzebumbiro remitemo. Chimiro ichi chinoumba chikamu chiri chose chegadziriro yemitemo, kubva pakunyorwa kwomutemo wokutanga kusvikira kuchisarudzo chayo chokupedzisira neDare Rapamusorosoro. Unonzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshandisa sei mutemo kuti iite kuti iongorore masimba anopiwa bazi rimwe nerimwe uye mitemo inodzorwa kupfurikidza nemitemo inodzoro.

Chisakiso Chokutonga: Bumbiro Remitemo soMutemo Mukurusa

Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatira samanyuko asingapokanidzwi echiremera chapamutemo mugadziriro yomubatanidzwa.Chikamu VI, Claus 2, chinozivikanwa seSupremacy Claus, chinosimbisa kuti Bumbiro reMitemo, pamwe chete nemitemo zvinoitwa kuti rive rakakurumbira kwariri, ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika. Ikoku kunoreva mabumbiro emitemo ehurumende haagoni kurwisana nomutemo womubatanidzwa, kugogova mutemo wehurumende umene uri pamutemo.

Pregedge inoronga zvinangwa zvakafara zvehurumende: kutanga Ruramisiro, infertiation for family Tranquality, inogovera dziviriro yavose, inotsigira Wevelfare, uye inochengeta Zvikomborero zveNhaka. Nepo Pregegedge isingapi masimba chaiwo, inoisa nzvimbo youzivi yematurikiro emitemo. Chikamu chechinyorwa chimene chimene inhungamiro yokuita mitemo. Chikamu chinopa simba remitemo kuChikamu II kuPresidential, uye Chikamu II chinopa simba rokutonga kumatare. Ichi chinovimbisa kuti mutumbi mumwe chetewo unonyora mutemo hausi muteveri mutevedzeri kana kuti chidudziro.

Nokuda kwavaiti vemitemo, Constitution inoshanda sebhuku rokushanda. Inoudza Congress sei kupfuudza mutengo (kudzorwa kwemitemo nechapapo), icho [ chinogona kupfuura mitemo pamusoro pe (masimba ane simba), uye icho haigoni kuita (kudzokorora kufanana naRevoibhuro). Muiti upi noupi anokarakadza chirevo chemitemo anofanira kugona kunongedzera kumanyuko echiremera chapamutemo kuiruramisa.

Nyaya I: Panotanga Simba Romutemo

Chiremera chose chemitemo chehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga chinobva muChikamu I cheBumbiro reMitemo. Chikamu 1 chinotaura bedzi kuti "Masimba ose emitemo apano apa achaiswa muDare reUnited States". Mashoko anoshanda ndi "regin abvumirwa" . Dare iboka ramasimba akaganhurirwa, akatemwa. Haina simba remapurisa rehurumende sedzinogaro. Panzvimbo pezvo, rinofanira kuwana chiremera charo mune rimwe ramadiganhu eChikamu I, Chikamu 8.

Akapiwa Simba uye Akashandiswa

Chikamu 8 chine ndaza yamasimba 18 chaiwo. Aya anobatanidza simba rokutera, kukwereta mari, kudzora kutengeserana nenyika dzokumwe napakati penyika, mari, kugadza mahofisi epositi, kuzivisa hondo, kusimudza mauto, uye kugovera mauto. Aya masimba akarongwa. Apo Dare rinoda kuisa muganhu panhau yenyika, rinofanira kubatanidza mutemo unokarakadzwa kurimwe ramasimba iwaya.

For example, the Clean Air Act and the Clean Water Act are based on the Commerce Clause, which gives Congress the authority to regulate interstate commerce. The argument is that pollution in one state affects the air and water quality in other states, making it a matter of interstate commerce. Similarly, the Civil Rights Act of 1964 was largely upheld by the Supreme Court under the Commerce Clause, finding that discrimination in public accommodations had a substantial effect on interstate commerce.

Injini yeDare: Inodiwa uye Yakakodzera yaClaus

Chikamu chokupedzisira cheChikamu 8 chinopawo simba "Kuita Mitemo yose iyo ichava iri madikanwa neyakafanira yokuita Masimba achangobva kududzwa". Irori ndiro Nheyosesary neFanad Claus [, inozivikanwawo seEllastic Clause. Hwaro hwemitemo hwemasimba ose anotaurwa. Mcloch v. Maryland[FLT] [[FLT] [18] [18]) yakasimbisa kuti Congresss inogona kuita mitoo ipi neipi yakafanira kusvitsa migumisiro yayo, chero bedzi isingarambidzwa nebumbiro yemitemo. Iyi inobvumira hurumende kuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu.

Bumbiro reMitemo Rinonyorwa rinogovera kuputsika kune udzame kwenzira iyo mumwe nomumwe weizvi zvitsama zvamashoko wakadudzirwa nayo nematare, richibatira senongedzero inokosha nokuda kwenyanzvi dzapamutemo dzinonyora mutemo nhasi.

Upenyu Hwebumbiro reMitemo Romutemo Wehurumende

Muitiro wokuchinja pfungwa yezvematongerwe enyika kuva mutemo unosunga unoitwa nemitemo yakananga yebumbiro remitemo yakagadzirirwa kuderedza zvinhu, kuva nechokwadi chokufunga, uye kudzivisa chiito chokukurumidza.

Kudavira Kupinda Muchechi uye Kutanga kwaClaus

Chikamu I, Chikamu 1 Chinokamura Dare kuva makamuri maviri: Imba yavamiririri neDare. Kuti mutemo uve mutemo, unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana. Iyoyi i bhinameism[. Vavambi vaida kuti iyi ive mhinganidzo yakaoma. Imba inomirira vanhu zvakananga, nepo Dare rakagadzirwa pakuvamba kumirira nyika.

Bumbiro reMitemo rinobatanidzawo Kuisa mufanikiso Claus (Njeresa, Chikamu 7, Clause 1), inoda kuti zvikwereti zvose zvokukwidziridza mari zvinofanira kuvamba muImba yavamiririri. Ikoku kuratidzira nheyo ye "hayi mitero pasina kumirira," kupa imba iri pedyo zvikuru navanhu kutaura kwekutanga pamitemo yemitero. Dare rinogona kukarakadza kuti mari inobviswa kumitero, asi harigoni kuitanga.

Chipo Nesimba Revhato

Pashure pokunge bhiridha rapfuvura zvose zviri zviviri Imba neDare, rinopiwa Purezidhendi. Chikamu I, Chikamu 7 chinoonesa zvisarudzo. Mutungamiriri wePurezidhendi anogona kusaina mutengi mumutemo. Kana Purezidhendi akasatendera, mutongo unodzoserwa kuCongress neshoko reveto. Congress inogona kudzora iyi nvuruvuru mbiri ne 3 mumakamuri ose ari maviri.

Kunewo "papocket vhato". Kana Purezidhendi asingasai kana kuti kudzorera mutongo mukati mamazuva gumi (maSvondo anodzorwa) apo Congress iri murusando, mutongo wacho unova mutemo. Zvisinei, kana Congress ichiwirirana mukati menhambo iyoyo yezuva gumi, ichidzivisa kudzoswa kwomutemo, mutemo hausati uchizova mutemo. Uyu muitiro unosunda rwisano yakananga pakati pamapazu ewiro nevakuru vakuru pamusoro pomutemo.

Kuhwirudzurwa Kwokutonga Kwemuitiro

Matare pane dzimwe nguva achanzvera kana mutoo wemitemo uchiwirirana nezvinodikanwa zvebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakanzwa nhau dzichidenha kana Congress ichipasa chaizvoizvo mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri. Mu Clinton v. City reNew York[ (1998], Dare rakarova Line Int Veto Act nemhaka yokuti rakaputsa Chipo cha Claus kupfurikidza nokubvumira Purezidhendi kuti adzime mativi ose omutemo, chimwe chinhu chisingabvumirwi nomutemo.

Nyaya III Nesimba Rokuhwirudzura

Bumbiro reMitemo haripi zvakajeka Dare Gurusa simba rokuparadza mitemo. Zvisinei, chimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo nomufungo webasa rokutonga zvakaparira simba rehwirudzuro ye . Iyi ndiyo nzira iyo mitemo inoedzwa nayo mukurwisana neBumbiro remitemo pashure pokunge yaitwa.

[[FFL:0] Marbury v. Madison[[FLT]] uye Hwaro hwehwirudzuro

Munhau yedare ra1803 Marbury v. Madison, Mutongi Mukuru John Marshall akatanga nheyo yokuti "ndinonyanya kusimbisa purovhinzi nebasa redhipatimendi rokutonga kutaura kuti mutemo ndeupi. Dare raidavira kuti Bumbiro reMitemo ndiro mutemo mukuru uye kuti mutemo upi noupi unonyangadza kuBumbiro remitemo hauna chinhu. Chisarudzo ichi chakapa judia kunzvera kune simba pabazi remitemo. Nhasi, apo mutemo unodenhwa seusingatsigirwi, hurumende inofanira kuidzivirira kupfurikidza nokuratidza hwaro hwakanaka kana kuti fariro inogombedzera, zvichitsamira pakodzero dzinobatanidzwa. rugwaro rwakazara norugwaro rwe [FL:] masbury.[FYM] v.[3]

Zvinotaurwa Nezvisarudzo Zvebumbiro Remitemo

Kushandisa kunoita hurumende Bumbiro Remitemo kuita nokuyera mitemo kunotsamira zvikuru pauzivi hunodudzira hwevatongi nevaiti vemitemo vanobatanidzwa.

  • .Originalist:[ Iyi rondedzero inodavira kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinofanira kuturikirwa parevo yavanhu yapakuvamba yorugwaro rwaro panguva yarakatenderwa. Mitemo inotatamura revo yamashoko akadai se "commerce" kana kuti "inodikanwa" sezvingabvira ichaparadzwa navatongi vapakuvamba.
  • Tsitsi:[[FLT] Yapedyo nerevo yapakuvamba, rugwaro runonangidzira ngwariro zvikuru parevo yakajeka yemitemo kana kuti rugwaro rwebumbiro remitemo. Haruna kunyanyoitira hanya nevavariro yavatangi uye zvakawanda zvikuru izvo munhu ane mufungo aizonzwisisa mashoko anoreva.
  • Kurarama kweBumbiro reMitemo (Pragmaism): Uyu mutoo unoratidza kuti Bumbiro remitemo igwaro rinochinjika rinoshanduka - shanduka nenzanga. Mutsigiri wemitemo mupenyu angadudzira mashoko akafara se "chirango chechienzi" kana kuti "muitiro wokukurumidza" muchiedza chemipimo yazvino nemigariro.

Congress inodzorwa neuzivi humwe ingapa mitemo inoitarisira kuti itsigirwe, ichiita kuti ipomerwe mudare rinotevera mutoo wakasiyana wouzivi.

Kugadzirisa Mitemo Isina Kutevedzerwa

Apo dare rinowana mutemo usingawirirani nemitemo, rinogona kupa murayiro unodzivisa kuchengetwa kwawo. Mutemo hauna chinhu ab initio (kuvambira pakutanga) kana kuti unoparadzwa zvokuti mativi ebumbiro remitemo anosara apo gadziriro dzisati dziri dzvurudzo dzinobviswa. Hurumende inosungwa nemitemo iyi. Kana bazu remitemo risingabvumirani nedudziro yedare, rine zvisarudzo zviviri zvikuru: kukarakadza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo (Atecle V) kana kuti kupfuudza mutemo mutsva unokurukura kukanganisa kwemitemo kunoziviswa nedare.

Makwapa Akafara: Kunzvera Nokudzikama Muudzame

Bumbiro reMitemo haringova simba rakaparadzana chete; rinovabatanidza zvakakwana kuva nechokwadi chokuti bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kudzivisa kupindira kwedzimwe. Iyi tsika ye michero nedzinodzikamisa [ inokosha kunzira iyo hurumende inoita nayo mitemo ndokuita nayo.

Zano Nebvumirano

Purezidhendi ane simba rokuita zvibvumirano nokugadza nhume, vatongi vehurumende, uye vakuru vakuru vedare. Zvisinei, Chikamu II, Chikamu 2 chinoda kuti Purezidhendi atsvake "Dzidzo nebvumirano" zveDare. Zvikamu zviviri nezvitatu zvinoda zvibvumirano, uye vazhinjisa vanodikanwa nokuda kwokugadzwa. Ikoku kunopa tende inzwi rakananga mukuumba bazu revakuru nedare rehurumende, kuvimbisa kuti Purezidhendi haagoni kuzadza hurumende nokukurumidza navakavimbika pasina kutungamirira kwemitemo.

Kubvuma: Kuongorora Kukuru

Chikamu II, Chikamu 4 chinotaura kuti Purezidhendi, Mutungamiriri weSaniherini, navakuru vakuru vose veUnited States vanogona kubviswa pahofisi pakusatenderwa, uye kupwiswa kwe, Kupa, Chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe Matsotsi makuru naMakanganiso. Imba ine simba rimwe rokusapa mhaka (pomero), uye Dare rine simba rimwe rokuedza kuraira. Iri igadziriro yakananga yemitemo yebazu remitemo yokudzora kumapurisa vabati vakuru namapazu edare.

Simba Rechidyiro

Chikamu I, Chikamu 9 chinotaura kuti "Hapana Mari ichatorwa kubva kuVhingi, asi muConpagent of Appropring inoitwa noMutemo". Congress inodzora bhajeti. Hapana chiito choukuru chinogona kutsigirwa pasina mvumo yedare. Ichi ndichimwe chenzvero inobudirira zvikurusa iyo mutezo une mukuru mukuru. Kana Chibvumirano chikapesana nenzira iyo mutemo uri kuitwa nayo, chinogona kungoramba mari yakafanira nokuda kwokuita ikoko. Iri simba rinomanikidzira mukuru kukurukura neDare pamusoro pezvinhu zvokutanga uye mitemo.

Shokwe Yakakwira: Federalism uye Amendeji ye10

Kupfuura nzvero dzakatambanudzwa pakati pamapazu ehurumende, Bumbiro reMitemo rinoparira kukamukana kwakananga kwesimba pakati pehurumende yehurumende yehurumende nehurumende. 10th Amendment [ inotaura zvakajeka, kuti: "Masimba asina kupiwa kuUnited States neBumbiro reMitemo, kana kuti kurambidzwa naro kuStates, anochengeterwa kuUnited States, kana kuti kuvanhu.

Ikoku kunoreva kuti hurumende yehurumende yehurumende haigoni kuraira vadzori vomutemo kuti vapedze kana kuti vamanikidze mitemo yehurumende. Mu Printz v. United States (1997), Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarova rutivi rweBrady Hand Hand Hand Polence Prevention Act nokuti raida hurumende nevakuru vakuru vemitemo kuti vatungamirire nzvimbo. Dare rakachengeta kuti iyi inoputsa muganhu we10 kupfurikidza nokuraira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende. United States rine "masimba makuru" okuisa miganhu yenhau youtano, yechengeteko, yechengeteko, uye tsika. Mutemo weutsotsi mukuru wehurumende, mutemo, pamutemo, uye chibvumirano ndewomutemo. Mutemo muCongressty unofanira kusangwarira kupinda munzvimbo dzinochengetwa, kunze kwokunge dzichiratidzira kudzivirira simba rakafanana nokutengeserana kwomutemo.

Nhau Dzekuedza Dzazvino Uno: Kushandisa Bumbiro Remitemo Kumiganhu Mitsva

Bumbiro reMitemo rakanyorwa muzana ramakore rechi 18, asi hurumende inofanira kurishandisa kuzvinetso zvapakati pa21. Ikoku kunoparira denho dzinokosha mumuitiro wokuita mitemo.

Mitemo yeChongedzero yeClaus muNhambo yeMaziture: Mitemo inodzora Internet, kuvandika kwemifungo, uye e-commerce kazhinji kazhinji inotsamira pakuti mubato wacho unoreva "kutengeserana kwehurumende." Somuenzaniso, Dare Gurusa reSamende rakatonga kuti hurumende yehurumende inogona kurayira vatengesi vepaIndaneti kuunganidza mutero wezvokutengeserana kana vane kuvapo kwezvemari kwakatanhamara munyika ( South Dakotal v. Wayfair, Inc.[FL:3], 2018]). Mitemo yokunyora mitemo yokunyora mitemo yokunyora zvakavanzika inofanira kuvimbisa mutemo kuwirirana nemitemo yavo mumitengo yeClaus kana kuti imwe inoverengwa simba.

Foundation-Furmeter ne Digital Surveillance: Kukwanisa kwehurumende kuunganidza mashoko emitauro kwakamutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pedziviriro yeGavhura rechina pamusoro penzvimbo yenzvero isina mufungo nepfari. Mu Carcenter v. United States [2017]] , Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti hurumende inowanzoda pamutemo wokupinda chinyorwa cheserura chenhau, kunyange zvazvo mashoko acho akabatwa neboka rechitatu. Chisarudzo ichi chinotapura zvakananga mutemo nechengeteko yorudzi, chinoda miraudzo yemitemo yebasa inoremekedza iyi inodzivirira pamutemo.

Article V neFormal Chinjo: Apo Bumbiro reMitemo rimene rinenge richirangarirwa kuva risina kukwana kupedza chinetso chazvino uno, muitiro wegadziriro yeChikamu V unogona kushandiswa. Zvisinei, muitiro uyu wakaoma zvikuru, unoda vhoti mbiri shanu mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri dzeCongress neractiation kupfurikidza nezvikamu zvitatu zvenyika. Nemhaka yeichinjo, hurumende inotsamira zvikuru pakududzirwa kwedare nemiraudzva mitsva kuchinjira gadziriro yebumbiro remitemo kugadziridza gadziriro iripo yemitemo kuzvinhu zvitsva.

Ukama Hunopfuurira

Bumbiro reMitemo harisi chisaririra chapanguva dzose. Iro inoshandisa Bumbiro reMitemo sebakatwa guru, senzvimbo yenheyo yehurumende. Mitemo yose yakarongwa muImba, mirau yose yakabudiswa nebazu guru, uye kutonga kuri kwose kunofanira kupiwa nedare kunofanira kurondwa kugadziriro dzaro. Hurumende inoshandisa Bumbiro reMitemo sebakatwa nenhoo yesimbi sezvose zviri zviviri vhudziro yesimba rokushanda uye muganhu unodzorwa. Mutezo wose wokuita mutemo ibasa renguva dzose mukududzira mutemo webumbiro remitemo. Kubva mukamuri redare kusvikira kubhenji reDare Gurusaro, mubvunzo inhau inowirirana nguva dzose here nomutemo mukurusase uri munyika? Mhinduro yacho inosarudza kana chinangwa chezvamatongerwe enyika chichiva chinhu chaichoicho. Munhu upi noupi anotsvaka kudzora kudzora kudzora kweAmerica, dare rinotonga hachisi idingoriwo; mepu inongo, uye mepu inotenzi inotenzi inotevedzero yacho inotese.