Mhiko yapurezidhendi yebasa inopfuura zvikuru muitiro wakanyorwa kana kuti muitiro wetsika. Ndiyo chipikirwa chimene icho udzori hwedemokrasi hunomira pachiri /(chisonzo chakakomba, chinosungirwa pamutemo icho chinosimbisa hwaro hwetsika nebumbiro remitemo hwechiremera. Mumarudzi kupota nyika yose, nguva inosimudza ruoko rwavo ndokudzokorora mashoko akatarwa, ivo vanoramba pachena chishuvo chomunhu oga nokuvimbika kumutemo, bumbiro remitemo, bumbiro remitemo, uye vanhu vanoshumira. Ichi hachisi chinhu chokufananidzirawo zvacho; igadziriro inodenha, inotsigira, uye inosimbisa kuva noubati ushe hwedeoruzhinji.

Mavambo Enhau Enzvimbo YaPurezidhendi

Muchechi yeRoma yekare, vamiririri vakapika kuti vaizotsigira mitemo yehurumende. Munguva yeMiddle Ages Europe, madzimambo aipiwa mhiko dzokudzivirira chechi nenzvimbo. Zvisinei, mhiko youpurezidhendi yemazuva ano yakabuda nesimba guru kubva pakujekeswa uye kuberekwa kwemarepublic religin.

United States yakaita mhiko muChikamu II, Chikamu 1 cheBumbiro reMitemo, ichidudza mashoko chaiwoiwo, anoti: “Ndinopika zvakakomba (kana kuti ndinosimbisa) kuti ndichashandisa nokutendeka Hofisi yaPurezidhendi weUnited States, uye ndichasvika pakanakisisa wesimba rangu, kuchengetera, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo reUnited States.” Sezvo George Washington akatanga kuridzokorora pana April 30, 1789, purezidhendi ari wose anotevera akadzokorora mhiko iyoyo, achiumba jongwe rimwe chetero rokutendeka kwapamutemo. Uyu mutsara wenhau hausi tsaona netsaona.

Dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatevera zvifananidzo. Hurumende yeFrance inoda kuti purezidhendi apike “kuchengeta perero yenharaunda yorudzi” uye“ kuremekedza Bumbiro remitemo.” Purezidhendi weIndia anopika kuti “dzivirira, dzivirira uye dzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo.” Iyi mhiko, kunyange zvazvo yakataurwa zvakasiana, dzinogoverana DNA: mabasa avose okuzviisa pasi penhevedzano yapamutemo, kwete kumufungo womunhu oga. Uku kupfuurira kwenhau kunosimbisa basa sechitsikiso chenyika yose choudzori hwehurumende yedemocratic.[FT:1]

Basa ReOath Muutongi Hwedemocratic

Kuzviisa pasi kwehurumende hakungoerekani kwaitika. Kunyange apo sarudzo dzinova dzakasununguka uye dzinoruramisira, mutungamiriri anofanira kuchinja kukunda kwevasarudzo kuva chiremera chetsika. Mhiko ndiro chigadziro chikuru nokuda kwokutendeuka ikoko. Chiito chinoita kuti panguva imwe cheteyo chikurukure zvinhu zvitatu zvinokosha: [ kuzivikanwa , [[FLT:] mutemo [[FLT:]], uye [[FLT: 4.]

Kuzvidavirira Nedare Ravose

Apo purezidhendi anopika kuti “anoita basa,” vanobvuma kuti simba ravo rinopiwa, kwete romuzvarirwo. Chipikirwa ibvumirano pakati pomutungamiriri navadzorwi. Kana mhiko ichiputswa (kupfurikidza noushati), udzvinyiriri, kana kuti kuregeredza) vanhu vane hwaro hwetsika nehwapamutemo hwokuraira kuzvidavirira. Mumitemo mizhinji, kuputsa mhiko yehofisi kunogona kuva zvikonzero zvokusatenderwa kana kuti kubviswa.

Kutongwa kwoMutemo Kwakaparara

Kupfurikidza nokupika kuti “chengeta, kudzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo,” purezidhendi anoisa pachena kuda kwavo kugadziriro yapamusoro yapamutemo. Ikoku kunokosha muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu umo bazu guru rine simba guru. Mhiko inoshanda secheke: inoyeuchidza purezidhendi kuti havasati vari pamusoro pomutemo, asi vabatiri vawo. pasina musengwa wakadaro, musiyano pakati pomutungamiriri wehurumende yeruzhinji neautocratic. Chipikiso chinosarudzwa namaune kusimbisa kuvimbika kwemitemo pamusoro poruvimbiko rwebato kana kuti fariro yomunhu oga.

Mashoko Anokosha Nerevo Yawo

Ngationgororei mashoko matatu anozivikanwa nevakawanda pakupika kwapurezidhendi uye kubudisa zvazvinoreva:

  • `Prequence] inoreva kuchengeta nhevedzano iripo; dzivirira, uye kudzivirira Bumbiro reMitemo] — Ichi chitsama chemashoko chinokosha zvikurusa. Chinoreva kuchengeta nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo; chitambira kudzivirira patyisidziro pazvose zviri zviviri zvokumwe uye imba; directedend [[ kurwisa kuishamira kuidzira. Pamwe chete, vanoita basa rinogamuchirika kuva muchengeti webumbiro remitemo.
  • “ Kuchengeta mitemo yenyika”[ — Ikoku kukumbira purezidhendi kuita kuti mitemo yose ipfuudzwe nedare rinotonga, kwete iyo inongoda. Chipikirwa kuremekedza kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba uye muitiro wemitemo.
  • “Nokuvimbika inoita hofisi” [ —“ Nenzira yokutendeseka” zvinoreva kushingaira, kutendeseka, uye kuvimbika kubasa, kwete kupati kana kuti kuboka. Inorambidza kuregeredza kwamaune mitoro uye inogadza mupimo wetsika wokuita.

Aya mashoko haasati ari okutaura kusina maturo, akataurwa munharo dzapamutemo, zviito zvokupesvedzerwa, uye kakavadzano dzebumbiro remitemo. Somuenzaniso, mukati mokupikiswa kwaPurezidhendi Andrew Johnson muna 1868, pomero yokuputsa mhiko yebasa yakarangarirwa kuva yakatanhamara. Munguva dzazvino uno, nyanzvi nematare zvakapokanidzana kana zviito zvokutonga zvakati zvichiputsa chinodikanwa chemhiko ku “mutezo” Mutemo. [FLT: 0] Mashoko ane uremu chaihwoiwo.

Kuchinja Kunoita Kubatana Kwemadhimoni

Mhiko yacho haingotapuri munhu anoitora; inoumba tsika huru yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kufambiswa Kune Rugare Kwesimba

Imwe yenguva dzinoda kuderera zvikurusa dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ipfuudzirwa kupfuudzira chiremera chavakuru vakuru. Kurasikirwa kunofanira kugamuchira kukundwa ndokubvumira mukundi kutora basa. Chipikirwa chinotambira uku kutama sebasa rinoyera. Apo purezidhendi anenge aenda anopika kutsigira Bumbiro remitemo rimwe chetero, inoratidzira kupfuurira pasinei zvapo nokuchinja kwechiremera. Iyi tsika yakarumbidzwa nokutsigisa hurumende dzakawanda pashure pekusarudza kunokakavadzana. [[FLT: 0] Kuchinja kune rugare kwesimba muUnited States pashure povhotaro, kunyange zvazvo kwakaedzwa, pakupedzisira nemhaka yokuti mupimo wemhiko wemhiko wemhiko yakaramba wakaramba.[FLT] iyi yakasiana namarudzi apo kupika kana kuti kuramba kuisa kuvimbisa kuvamba kuvhomba kana kuti kuvhotera.

Kudzivisa Kushandiswa Zvisina Kufanira Kwesimba

Kupfurikidza nokuzvisunga vamene pachena, mapurezidhendi anoita mhinganidzo yendangariro nenzanga mukurwisana nokutsauka kwenzvimbo. Mhiko chiyeuchidzo chokuti simba nderechinguvana uye rinotsamira pamigariro. Inogona kukumbirwa nematare, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo kuti vazvidavirire mutungamiriri. Somuenzaniso, apo Purezidhendi Richard Nixon akatarisana netsoropodzo, pomero yokuputsa mhiko yake yenzvimbo yakanga iri chinhu chikuru kunhau dzokusabvumirana. Saka mhiko yacho inobatira sechishandiso chinodzivisa, kuchikuita kuti zvive zvakaoma kuti vatungamiriri vazvidzore kusasarura tsika.

Mienzaniso Yenhau: Chivako Chiri Munjodzi

Marudzi anoverengeka akatarisana nenguva apo mhiko yapurezidhendi yakanga iri mhinduro kana kuti zvimwe nguva yokukurumidza kwenjodzi:

  • United States (1801)[[FLT: 1]: Kutsaurirwa kwaThomas Jefferson kwakaratidzira kuchinjwa kwokutanga kworugare kwesimba pakati pemapati anokwikwidzana. Mhiko yake inoratidzira kuti ubati ushe hutsva hwaizokudza miitiro yeBumbiro remitemo pasinei zvapo nokukamuraniswa kukuru kwepfungwa.
  • Philips (1986)[FLT:]: Pashure pechinjo yePower Power, Corazon Aquino akatora mhiko yebasa sapurezidhendi, achiputsa kutonga kusiri kwapamutemo kwaFerdinand Marcos. Mhiko yake yakabvumwa nemauto nenzanga yamarudzi ose nemhaka yokuti yakawirirana nomuitiro webumbiro remitemo.
  • Kenya (2017)[FLT: Kutevera sarudzo yegakava, Dare Guru rakadzikira muuyo wokutanga. Purezidhendi Uhuru Kenyatta gare gare akatorazve mhiko pashure pevhoti itsva, achisimbisazve ukuru hwebumbiro remitemo pamusoro pegwinyiro yomunhu oga.
  • VENZUela (2011)[FLT:]: Pashure porufu rwaHugo Chávez, Nicolás Madoro akaita mhiko pakati pepomero dzokutonga kusina kufanira. Gakava pamusoro pokushanda kwemhiko yacho rakaparira kusagadzikana kwezvematongerwe enyika kwezvematongerwe enyika kwenguva refu.

Iyi zviitiko zvinoratidzira kuti mhiko haisati iri muitirowo zvawo, inogona kusarudza kuva pamutemo kwehurumende yose. Apo mhiko inoshandiswa zvakanaka ndokugamuchirwa namapazu ose, inosimbisa dzikamo yedemokrase. Painokanwa, inogona kubvisa chibvumirano chenzanga.

Zvirango Zvemaoath Nezvebumbiro Remitemo

Munguva dzenjodzi yebumbiro remitemo − yakadai sapurezidhendi anoramba kugamuchira miuyo yesarudzo, kusarudzwa kunokakavadzana, kana kuti kuedza kushatisa mitemo yedare .Icho chiva pfundo guru renongedzero pairi zviito zvokutungamirira. Mukati menjodzi, chishoro, dare, uye vanobudisa nhau vanowanzokumbira mhiko kuti purezidhendi azvidavirire.

Somuenzaniso, muna 2020, pashure pesarudzo yapurezidhendi weU.S., vamwe vagadziri vemitemo nenyanzvi dzemitemo vakarangarira kuti nhamburiko dzokuputsa muuyo wacho dzakaputsa mhiko yapurezidhendi yoku “paradza Bumbiro remitemo.” Imba yavamiriri yakadudza mhiko munyaya dzekusatendeudzira mukurwisana naDonald Trump nokuda kwokunyandurwa kwechinjo. Ikoku kunoratidzira kuti mhiko inogona sei kuva chombo chapamutemo netsika chinorwisana nokuputswa kwemitemo.

Mumaawa mashomanana, purezidhendi anoomerera kumhiko yacho anogona kukunda dambudziko.Pakaurayiwa Purezidhendi John F. Kennedy, Lyndon B. Johnson akaita mhiko pamusoro peBumbiro Rokutanga reHondo reMudenga.

Muti Sedziviriro Pakutonga Udzvinyiriri

Vatungamiriri vezvoutongi vanowanzorega kana kuti kushatisa mhiko. Vangatora mhiko asi ipapo vangaparadza nenzira ikarongwa masangano ayo anovabatanidza kudzivirira //matare, madhindindi apachena, mapoka anoshora. Muzvinoitika zvakadaro, mhiko inova pamberi. Asi kunyange ipapo, rugwaro rwapakuvamba runogona kushandiswa nemhesano dzokubvisa mutongi. Mhiko ibakatwa rakakurirwa kaviri: inopa mutungamiriri simba kana richichengetwa bedzi.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Mafungiro Kupota Nyika

Kunyange zvazvo mhiko yapurezidhendi weUnited States iri iyo yakakurumbira zvikuru, kuongorora mhiko dzenyika yose kunoratidza misoro inozivikanwa nevakawanda asiwo kusiyana kwetsika.

France

Mhiko yapurezidhendi weFrance iri muChikamu 5 cheBumbiro reMitemo: “Mutungamiriri weRepublic achavimbisa ruremekedzo rwakafanira nokuda kweBumbiro remitemo. Iye achavimbisa, kupfurikidza nokurongedzerwa kwake, kushanda kwakafanira kwamasimba avose nokupfuurira kweHurumende.” Kunyange zvazvo kusinganyatsoitwi zvikuru kupfuura shanduro yeU.S., inosimbisa kuwiriraniswa nokupfuurira. Chipikiso cheFrance hachisati chichibatanidza kutaura kwokuti “chengetedzo, dziviriro, uye dziviriro,” asi kuzvipira kwacho kuremekedza mutemo wemitemo inobatira basa rimwe chetero.

India

Purezidhendi weIndia anopika kuti “kudzivirira, kudzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo nomutemo” uye ku“zvipa ndimene kubasa negarikano yavanhu veIndia.” Mhiko yeIndia inowedzera mativi egarikano, inoratidzira misengwa yayo yesocialism nedemocracy. Kubatanidzwa kwe “basa negarikano". Kunowedzera basa rapurezidhendi kupfuura kusimudzira kushingaira kwetsika dzakanaka dzavose.

South Africa

Chikamu 87 cheBumbiro reMitemo, Purezidhendi weSouth Africa anopika kuti “achadzivirira, achadzivirira nokudzivirira Bumbiro remitemo” uye“ zivisa kubatana nokuyananiswa kworudzi.” Ikoku kunoratidzira murairo wapashure wedanho rokuporesa chaunga chakakamukana. Mhiko yeSouth Africa inobatanidza zvakajeka kuvimbika kwebumbiro remitemo kuyananiso yorudzi, wedzero yechienzi neyesimba.

Germany

Mhiko yaPurezidhendi weGermany inobatanidza chipikirwa cho “kuzivisa simba rangu kugarikano yavanhu veGermany, kuwedzera betsero dzaro, kudzivisa kuvadziko kwaro kubva kwairi, kutsigira nokudzivirira Mutemo waSinio nemitemo yeFederation, kuita mabasa angu nenzira yokutungamirirwa nehana, uye kuita ruramisiro kuvarume vose.” Iyi mhiko ine udzame inobatanidza garikano, kudzivirirwa kwebumbiro remitemo, uye kuzvipira kururamisiro nokuda kwavose.

Iyi mienzaniso yokuenzanisa inoratidza kuti nepo donzo guru richiita chiremera chavakuru kupfurikidza nomusengwa webumbiro-mitemo, rinoramba riripo, rudzi rumwe norumwe runoumba mhiko kunhau yarwo nemipimo. Mhatsa hadzinetesi sangano; inorisimbisa kupfurikidza nokubvumira kudzokororwa kwetsika.

Muhara Nechivimbo

Kunzvera kwesayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika kunokarakadza kuti tsika dzavose dzokuzvipira dzinowedzera chivimbo chesangano, zvikurukuru mukati menhambo dzokuparadzana. Apo mhiko inotepfenyurwa inogara paterevhizheni uye inopupurirwa namamirioni, inova nguva yerudzi rumwe. Chiito chapurezidhendi chinoisa ruoko parugwaro rutsvene (rwakadai seBhaibheri, Quran, kana kuti bumbiro remitemo) kana kuti kungosimudzira chete ruoko chinoparira batano yemirangariro.

Uyezve, mhiko chibvumirano chechizvarwa chimwe. Chinobatanidza kwete bedzi uyu purezidhendi asi womunguva yemberi, nemhaka yokuti mashoko mamwe chetewo achataurwa navatsivi. Uku kupfuurira kunoparira dzikamo. Vagari vanogona kukarira kuti nheyo huru dzokutonga dzichapukunyuka chinjo muutungamiriri. Naizvozvo, mhiko ishongwe yokusimba kwedemokrase.

Zvinetso Zvinoshanda Kusimba Remakwenzi

Chokwadika, simba remhiko harizi rinongoerekana raitika. Inotsamira pachaunga chine simba chinoimanikidza. Kana zvinobudisa nhau, vatongi, uye nzanga yavagari vemo vachifuratira kuputsa mhiko, muitiro wacho unova usina maturo. Mumamwe marudzi, purezidhendi vanotanga mhiko asi nokukurumidza kusekesa masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Ichi chinoitika, chinozivikanwa se “kunyoresa pamutemo kwechiauto,” chinoratidza kuti mhiko yoga haisati iringanisi pasina zviyereko zvakasimba nedzino.[FT:1]

Kunyange zvakadaro, kunyange kana vakamhura, mhiko yacho inova chinhu chinokosha, uye inoita kuti munhu apiwe mhosva, (h) mudare remitemo uye mudare revoruzhinji. Mutauro wemhiko unogona kutorwa mashoko nevashori, vanodudzwa navatongi, uye vanoshandiswa nevanogadza mitemo. Chiyeuchidzo chinopfuurira chezvakapikirwa.

mhedziso

Mhiko yapurezidhendi hachisi chisaririra chenhau kana kuti chinoitika chisingakuvadzi. Icho ibwe rinoraramira, rinofema rekona reudzori hwedemokrasi. Inoshandura rukundo rwakasarudzwa kuva murairo webumbiro remitemo, inogovera chiratidzo chokuzvidavirira kune rugare kwesimba. Kubva kumavambo aro ekare kusvikira kumisiyano yazvino uno, mhiko yacho inobatira sechipikirwa chakakomba chokuti mutungamiriri achabatira kwete iye amene asi Bumbiro reMitemo navanhu.

Munhambo yokudzokera kudzoka kwehurumende yeruzhinji nemutungamiriri wehurumende vanyengedzwa, mhiko yapurezidhendi inokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Vagari, nyanzvi, uye vatungamiriri vanofanira kuibata noukombi hukurusa, vachiziva kuti apo purezidhendi anopika kuchengetedza, kudzivirira, havasi kutaura mashoko asina maturo, ivo vari kuita vimbiso inokosha zvikurusa yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inogona kudikanwa. Kutenderwa kwetsika yose kunotsamira pairi.