Mavambo Enhau E Amendeji Yokutanga

Gadziriro yeFirst Amendment haina kubuda muchinhu chisiri chinhu. Vagadziri vayo vakawana zvakananga kubva mumazana amakore erwisano yokunzvera, chitambudzo chorudzidziso, uye udzori hwehurumende. Magna Carta weEngland (1215) akadyara mbeu dzapakuvamba kupfurikidza nokusimbisa kuti kunyange mambo akanga ari pasi pomutemo, asi yakanga iri Bhizi reGream Reconstion rapanel rapamberi pehurumende raivimbisa ropafadzo dzakati dzehurumende dzakasununguka. Zvisinei, vagari vomukondi veAmerica vakatambura zvakananga kubatwa zvisina kufanira kwekupandukira uye machechi ehurumende. Mishumo yakadai saJohn Zeyger, uyo 1735 yokutonga gavhuna weNew York yakaguma muRelective, yakaparira kariro yapachena iyo inokurira kurukurirano yemasimba eutsinye.

Chizvarwa chakawanwa chakanzwisisa kuti pasina rusununguko rwokutaura, kubudisa, kuungana, uye chikumbiro, republic itsva raizongotevedzera bedzi udzvinyiriri hwavakanga vatiza. James Madison, muvaki mukuru weBill of Rights, akaomerera kuti dziviriro dzeFirst Amendment dzakanga dzisingapiwi Hurumende asi kodzero dzokuberekwa nadzo idzo hurumende isingagoni kuisa bhiriji. Madison akanyora muVirginia Raiving Convention, "Rusununguko rwezvidhindo ndechimwe chedziviriro zvikuru chorusununguko, uye hachitongogoni kudzorwa asi nehurumende dzinodzorwa nomutauro wamasimba masimba." Iyi donzo rakaumbwa nomutemo wakakomba: "Madison haasati achizogona kuita mutemo... — murairo uyo usingasiyi nzvimbo yokudzora kana kuti kushambadza kwehurumende pfungwa.

Kunzwisisa mashoko aya enhau kunokosha kuvadzidzisi vazvino uno nevagari vemo. Mutemo weFirst Amendment wakanga usingatongogadzirirwi kuva wakanaka kana kuti wakakodzera; wakagadzirirwa kudzivirira kusabvumirana, mirangariro isina kukurumbira, uye denho kuchiremera. Sezvo Dare Gurusa reWest Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette (1943), "Kana kune nyeredzi ipi neipi yakagadzwa muboka redu remitemo, ndiko kuti hakuna dare, rakakwirira kana kuti duku, rinogona kurumbidza chichava chinozivikanwa navose mune zvematongerwe enyika, urudzi, rudzidziso, kana kuti zvimwe zvinhu zvomurangariro.""

Kunzwisisa Rusununguko Rushanu

Mutezo Wechibvumirano Wokutanga chaizvoizvo une rusununguko rushanu rwakasiyana asi rwakabatana: rudzidziso, kutaura, mapepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. mumwe nomumwe ane dzidziso yake amene yapamutemo yakapfuma nezvishandiso zvinoshanda.

Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Zvitsama zvamashoko zvorudzidziso zvine gadziriro mbiri: kudzivirira Claus , kunodzivisa hurumende kutanga rudzidziso rwapamutemo kana kuti kutsigira rumwe kutenda, uye Free Specience , kunodzivirira maruramiro avanhu kuishandisa rudzidziso rwavo pasina vhiringidzo yehurumende. Iyi mifungo inoshanda mudzvinyiriro yehurumende kuisa basa rorudzidziso, bva inofanira kugadzikisa miitiro yapachokwadi yorudzidziso kutoti ine fariro inogombedzera kumisa. Zviitiro zvapanyika zvinosanganisira [FLT:] E. [FLT:] V [FF:5] [5], (196]), iyo inorovanisa munyengetero, uye munyengetero, [VBBby] [57]

Rusununguko Rwokutaura

Rusununguko rwokutaura inzvimbo inowanzopfuudzirwa zvikurusa. Dare Rapamusoro ragara richirangarira kuti First Amendment inodzivirira kwete bedzi mashoko anotaurwa asiwo kutaura kwokufananidzira, kwakadai sokupisa mureza ( texas v. Johnson, 1989]) uye kupfeka mhando mukuramba ([[FLT:]]] kudzivirira. Desines[[FLT] [[FLT]], 1969],). Zvisinei, havasi kutaura kwose kunofarikanya dziviriro yakaenzana. Dare rinoziva mapoka [[FLT:]] anodzivirira maruramiro okudzivirira kupfurikidza namashoko makuru, uye tyisidzirwa, kupfurikidza nezvinoshatiswa, kurwisana, kutuka, kuzvidza mwana, uye kutaura kunyadza.

Rusununguko Rwepepanhau

Muchina wemapepanhau wapachena unobatira se "V. United States inonzvera simba rehurumende uye inozivisa vanhu. First Amendment inodzivirira vose vari vaviri vatori venhau navaparidzi vevagari vemo kubva padzinotangira kurambidzwa . Hurumende inoongorora pamberi pokubudiswa. Nhau yePentagon Papers (] New York Times Co. v. United[FLT]], 1971) yakasimbiswazve kuti hurumende ine mutoro unorema kururamisa kudzvinyirirwa kupi nokupi nokupi nokupi nokupinzwa kwenhau, kunyange apo chengeteko yenyika inotaurwa. Nhasi, kukwira kwemanyuko, manyuko enzanga, uye nhau dzakazvimiririrwa kwakabudisawo mibvunzo pamusoro pekuzvidavirira, mashoko enhema, mashoko echitsoropo. Vadzidzi vanofanira kudzidziswa kuyera nokunzwisisa nokunzwisisa simba racho.

Kodzero Yokuungana Zvakanaka

Kodzero yokuungana ndeyekubatanidzwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa nehurumende. Mapoka evanhu angava masangano evashandi, masangano ekodzero dzevanhu, kana kuti masangano enharaunda .anogona kuungana kuti vakurukure nhau, zviito zvokuronga, kana kuti kubatana. Kuda kuungana uku kunosanganisira zvose, zvakadai sokuramba nokufamba, uye magungano, akadai sepaIndaneti. Hurumende ingaisa nguva [[FLT: 0], nzvimbo, uye nzira yokuita zvinhu (g., inoda mvumo dzekufamba kukuru) chero bedzi vakagutsikana nezvinotemwa zvinovhurika. Vadzidzi vanofanira kuziva kuti apo kuoneka kwavo kworudyi kuungana, vanofanirawo kuita maererano nemitemo yechikoro yapamutemo isingasarukirwa pamashoko akavakirwa pamashoko.

Kodzero Yokukumbira

Kodzero yokukumbira hurumende nokuda kwokutsiva zvichemo pane dzimwe nguva inonzi "rusununguko runokanganwika". Inobvumira vanhu nemapoka kukumbira nenzira yapamutemo hurumende kukurukura nyunyuto dzavo //kupfurikidza netsamba, matare, tsinhiro dzavose, kana kuti kukurudzira. Munhau, iyi kodzero yakanga yakakomba mukurwisa uranda, sezvo vadzori vakazadza Dare nokukumbira. Nhasi, rinosimbisa miitiro yakafanana ne "Isu Vanhu" chikumbiro paimba yemiteve.gov uye kodzero yokukwidza kusangano rehurumende. Vafundisi vanogona kukurudzira vadzidzi kushandisa iyi kodzero kupfurikidza nokunyorera vakuru vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, vachigoverana mukuteerera vanhu vose, kana kuti kuronga kusaina.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Muzvikoro Zvavose

Zvikoro zvavose inhandare dzakasiana nokuda kwekodzero dzeFirst Amendment. Vadzidzi hava "ripi maruramiro avo ebumbiro remitemo kurusununguko rwokutaura kana kuti kutaura pagedhi rechikoro," sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakaziviswa nenzira yakakurumbira mu TINker v. Des Moines Independent Community School District [1969]. Zvisinei, zvikoro zvingaganhurira kutaura kunodzora mune zvokunyama kunodzongonyedza muitiro wedzidzo kana kuti kuputsa kodzero dzavamwe. Iyi chiyero chakanatswa kupfurikidza nenhau dzinotevera:

  • Bhethel District No. 403 v. Fraser (1986): Zvikoro zvakabvumirwa kuranga vadzidzi nokuda kwekutaura kwakashata kana kuti kwakashata pazvinoitika zvechikoro.
  • Hazelwood School District v. Kuhlmeier [1988]: akapa zvikoro chiremera chakafara chokunzvera mapepanhau avadzidzi anobudiswa sorutivi rwezvidzidzo, chero bedzi kunzvera kune chokuita nenhau dzapamutemo.
  • [[FOLT:0][[FORT:1] More v. Frederick [2007]): Zvikoro zvakabvumidzwa kuranga kutaura kwavadzidzi kunosimudzira kushandiswa kwemirimo kusiri kwapamutemo, kunyange panhambo dzemacampus.

Chirango ichi chinoita kuti pave negadziriro: kutaura kwevadzidzi kuchikoro kunodzivirirwa kutoti kuchipinda muzvikamu zviduku (kupesana, kutaura kwakashata, kutaura kwechikoro kunopesana nevavariro dzedzidzo, kana kuti kusimudzirwa kwebasa risiri pamutemo). Kutaura kwesechikaru, zvikurukuru panzvimbo dzinobudisa nhau, kwazova nzvimbo huru yokuranga. matare echikamu chepamusoro edzivara. Zvikoro zvinokamuraniswa apo zvikoro zvinogona kuranga vadzidzi paIndaneti panzvimbo dzechikoro. Dare Rapamusoro harisati ragovera nhungamiro yakajeka, richisiya vadzidzisi mudanga rachena. Muitiro wakakotsekana ndewo kudzidzisa vadzidzi kufunga pamberi pepo uye kunzwisisa kuti chirango chechikoro nokuda kwokutambudzwa kana kuti tyisidziro ingatsigirwa kana kuchiparira kurotsakatika zvikuru panzvimbo yechikoro.

Kukurudzira Kutaura Kwomutoro Mukirasi

Panzvimbo pokudzivisa misoro inomutsa nharo, vadzidzisi vanofanira kuigamuchira senguva dzokudzidzisa. nharo dzakarongwa, kuenzanisira, uye kurovedza hurukuro dzevagari vemo kunobetsera vadzidzi kudzidza kujekesa mirangariro yavo asi vachiremekedza mirangariro inopesana.

  • Misangano yemaSocrates inokurudzira kubvunza nokunzvera kwokutsoropodza.
  • Masangano okudzidza kuverenga nokunyora anodzidzisa vadzidzi kuziva rusaruro, kuyera manyuko, uye kunzwisisa basa remuchina wakasununguka.
  • Mabhuku anenge apfuudzwa [ (noutariri hwakakodzera hwokunyora) ayo anogovera muitiro chaiwoiwo wenyika mumagazini ane mutoro.
  • [ Zvirongwa zvokuvimbisana izvo zvinobatanidza kukumbira hurumende yomunzvimbomo kana kuti kuronga zvirongwa zvechikoro mumativi ose.

Chiratidzo Chenhau Dzedare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa Dzinoshatisa Mutemo Wokutanga

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunobatsira vadzidzi kunzwisisa kuti mutemo unodudzira zvinhu zvakasimba.

  • [FLT][FLT]Brandenburg v. Ohio [1969]: muedzo wakatsiviwa we "kuvhura nengozi iripo" nechero kurudziro yazvino uno, ungarangwa bedzi kana kuti kuparira chiito chokusatendeseka chapedyo" uye uri "kunyandura kana kuti kuita chiito chakadaro". Chisarudzo ichi chakakudziridza zvikuru dziviriro nokuda kwokumutsa nharo, kubatanidza kutaura kwechena, apo kunomira bedzi chipfupikidzwa chamasimba masimba anokurumidza.
  • [FLT] New York Times Co.C.V. Sullivan [1964]: yakadzivirira kutsoropodza kwavakuru vakuru vehurumende kupfurikidza nokuda kuti vashori vapambe varatidze kuti "chakaipa kwechiito" //kuti muparidzi aiziva kuti kutaura kwacho kwakanga kuri kwenhema kana kuti kwakaitwa nokuzvidza zvokwadi nenzira yokusangwarira. Chisarudzo ichi chakanga chinokosha kuCivil Rights Movement, kuchibvumira vatsigiriki kutaura kunze kwavakuru vakuru vanosarura pasina kutya suturo dzinoparadza.
  • [FYN] [2010] yakabatanidza kuti kutsigira kwemasangano kushambadzirwa kwemashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika kwakasununguka hakugoni kuganhurirwa muFirst Amendment, kuwiriranisa mari nokutaura. Ichi chinoramba chiri chimwe chezvisarudzo zvenharo zvikurusa, chinoratidzira kusagadzikana pakati pekutaura kwapachena nemiraudzo yemibato yemari.
  • [FLT][1] v. Town of Gilbert (2015: Shona pamutemo wetaundi unosiyanisa pakati porudzidziso, zvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvimwe zviratidzo, zvinosimbisazve kuti ganhuriro dzakavakirwa pakutaura dzinowirirana nedzisingawirirani.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti mutemo weFirst Amendment hauna kubatana; unochinja sezvo nzanga inochinja. Nokuda kwenhau dzine udzame zvikuru dzinopetwa, website ye yeU.S. inopa muunganidzwa wakakwana wezvisarudzo zvechiratidzo.

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga Muzera Renhamba

Internet yakakudziridza zvose zviri zviviri simba nengozi dzekutaura kwakasununguka. Zvikamu zvesocial network zvakadai se Twitter, Facebook, uye YouTube zvazova nzvimbo dzavose dzazvino uno, asi zviri nzvimbo dzazvo zvoga nemirau yazvo yebasa. Ikoku kunoparira kusagadzikana kukuru: First Amendment inoganhurira bedzi chiito chehurumende, kwete makambani akavanzika. Apo chikuva chinobvisa post kana kuti kumisa nhauro, chiri kushandisa maruramiro acho chigaro, hachisati chichiputsa kutaura kwapachena kwomushandisi wacho. Kunyange zvakadaro, simba guru rezvikuva izvi kuti zvigadzirire hurukuro yavose yavose yatungamirira kudana nokuda kwemirano murairo, sekurukurirano inopfuurira pa [[FLDF:] [F] [FM]

Matambudziko Anokosha

  • Dysformation and Misformation: Mashoko enhema apararira nokukurumidza kupfuura zvokwadi paIndaneti, achisekesa sarudzo nenhamburiko dzoutano. Platforms dzinorwisa kudzikamisa kubviswa kwenhema dzinokuvadza nengozi yokunzvera kutaura kwapamutemo.
  • Paneline Adnegrose and Trolling: Kusazivikanwa kwenzvimbo dzemichina kunogonesa kubatwa zvisina kufanira, zvikurukuru kuitirwa zvisakafanira vakadzi, vashoma, uye vatori venhau. Zvikoro zvinofanira kutaura nezvepaIndaneti zvichiremekedza kodzero dzokutaura dzevadzidzi.
  • Algarithmic Amplifici: Platforms restatetives reslams anogona kusimudzira nokusaziva mazamu emitemo okuwedzera, achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti hurumende inogona kudzora gadziriro dzemitemo yemitemo here pasina kudzorwa kweFirst Amendment.
  • Hurumende yeMari yeMari yeMari yeMasoja: Apo vakuru vakuru vehurumende vanovhara vatsoropodzi pamapeji avo enhau, matare akawana kuti vari kuputsa Gadziriro yokutanga kupfurikidza nokuvhara nzanga (g., [[FLT:]] Comst Amend Constment Institute v. TRUmp[[FLT]], 2 Crir.2019).

Mikana Yokubatanidzwa Muchibvumirano

Pasinei nematambudziko aya, maturusi anoshandiswa pakombiyuta anogona kusimbisa vadzidzi kuti vapinde muhurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu kupfuura zvavaimboita kare.

  • Nhimbe dzepaIndaneti [ panhau dzinobva pakuchinja kwemamiriro okunze kusvika pakutsigira nemari yechikoro, tichishandisa zvikumbiro, mahashtag, uye nzvimbo dzokuunganidza mari.
  • Tunga website dzevadzidzi dzenhau kana kuti mapepa anoshuma pamusoro penhau dzomunzvimbomo nokuzvimirira kwenhau.
  • Particate muinodokuva horo dzetaundi [[FLT: 1] yakagamuchirwa navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kana kuti kupa tsinhiro dzavose kumasangano ehurumende pamirau inokarakadzwa.
  • shandisa midziyo yekurukurirano yakanyorwa [ kuronga nokudzivirira zvakavanzika zvavo apo unoshandisa maruramiro avo okuungana nokukumbira.

REECTONIC Foundation [[FLT: 1] inogovera zvinhu zvakaisvonaka nokuda kwokunzwisisa nhau dzekutaura dzakasununguka, kubatanidza nhungamiro nokuda kwavadzidzi vanoshingairira pamusoro penzira yokudzivirira nayo kutaura kwavo paIndaneti.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Yose Kungotaura

First Amendment inodzivirira kutaura kunoshamisa kuenzaniswa nedzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda. Somuenzaniso, Canada nenyika dzakawanda dzeEurope dzinorambidza kutaura kworuvengo nokuramba Ruganda, kunyange zvazvo kutaura kwakadaro kungadzivirirwa muUnited States. Mitemo yeGermany inorwisana nezviratidzo zveNazi nokuramba Ruparadziko yeNazi II inoratidzira kuzvipira kwapashure peHondo yeNyika II kurwisana nepfupi nepfuti, nepo France ichirambidza kutaura kworuvengo nokutaura kunotuka chiremera chorudzi. Iyi mhatsa inosimbisa gakava guru: Ko rusununguko rwokutaura runoshanda zviri nani here muhurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kana kuti zvimwe zvinodzivirira mapoka anotapurika nedzika?

Vadzidzi vanobetserwa nenzvero yokuenzanisa nemhaka yokuti inovamanikidza kupanikira fungidziro. Muenzanisiro weAmerica hausati uri mutoo bedzi wapamutemo; kunzwisisa chikonzero nei dzimwe nyika dzichiita dzikamo yakasiana zvichibetsera vadzidzi kunzwisisa mipimo nezvokutengeserana zvinogarwa muhurumende ipi neipi yorusununguko rwokutaura.

Kuchengetedza Kutevedzerwa Kwezvizvarwa Zvokutanga Zvomunguva Yemberi

Kusimba kweFirst Amendment kunotsamira padzidzo yakasimba uye muitiro wokungwarira. Munguva yokuchinja kwezvamatongerwe enyika, zviteshi zvemitemo, uye kuderera kwekuvimba mumasangano, kudzidzisa First Amendment kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Vadzidzisi vanofanira kufamba vachipfupikisa rusununguko rushanu uye panzvimbo pezvo kubetsera vadzidzi kurwisana nemibvunzo yakaoma: Kutaura kunofanira kuganhurirwa rini? Tinodzivirira sei muchina wakasununguka wokubudisa mashoko asina kururama?

Kudzivirira kwakanakisisa kweFirst Amendment itsika uye kunokosha. Nokushandisa zvifundo zvenhau, zvikarakadzo, uye zvishandiso chaizvoizvo zvenyika, vadzidzisi vanogona kushongedzera vadzidzi kwete nezivo bedzi asi netsika dzokuva mugari wemo wedemokratiki. Sezvo Dare Rapamusorosoro rakanyorwa mu Whitney v. California [1927], "mushonga wakakodzera wezano rakaipa ndewakanaka. Kudavira musimba rokutaura kwakawanda, kwete zvishoma, kurwisana nenhema uye ruvengo kutenda kusingaperi kweChigadziriso Chokutanga. Nokuda kwokunzvera kwapa kusimbisa kwakasununguka democracy, [FLT] [FLD] [FFF:2]]

Pakupedzisira, First Amendment haisi mitemo isinganzwisisiki yakanyorwa nehurumende. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kudzidza kushandisa rusununguko urwu nenzira ine mufungo, kuti chirege kuva chisina maturo. Kirasi ndiyo nzvimbo yokutanga yehondo yokudzidza ikoku, uye mudzidzi ari wose anodzidza kupokanidza noufakazi, ruremekedzo, uye ane simba anochengetazve hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.