Murangariro wemitongo yedare rinobetsera vatongi ikokubatira sechinhu chetsika yehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu munzanga dzakawanda. Zvinobatira somutoo unokosha wokuva nechokwadi chokururamisira nokuenzana mukutarisirwa kweruramisiro. Vatongi @a boka revagari vemowo zvavo vakasarudzwa kuti vanzwe ufakazi ndokupa chisarudzo chakadai sokutonga kwenzanga, kuchishanda sedziviriro pakushandiswa kwesimba kunobvira nehurumende kana kuti vapfumi vapfumi. Nepo tsika yacho haisati isina kusakwana kwayo, tsungiriro yenhau nomushandi wenguva ino wemiedzo yedare rinotonga unosimbisa basa ravo rapakuvamba mukutsigira mipimo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende. Nyaya inonzvera mavambo enhau mukusimudzira kururama nokuenzana, zvinodenha kupfuurira kuchengetedza kuvimbika kwayo.

Mavambo Enhau Okutongwa Kwengano

Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunokosha kuti tinzwisise kuti nei vatongi vachiwanzopembererwa sechinhu chikuru chokutonga kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kwakatanga kwemazana emakore, zvichiratidza kurwisa kwenguva refu kuti vade kudzora uye kuti vanhu vaitarisira ruramisiro.

Kubva Pamavambo Ekare Kuenda Kumutemo Wavose weChirungu

Zvimiro zvapakuvamba zvevagari vemo mukutonga makakatanwa zvinogona kuwanwa muGirisi yakare neRoma, asi mutangiri akananga wedare ramajangarijaridhe wazvino uno igadziriro yomutemo yavose yeEngland. Muzana ramakore rechi 12. Mambo Henry II akatanga “ukuru,” boka ravarume vomunzvimbomo vakadanwa kupa ufakazi hwakapikirwa pamusoro poutsotsi nenharo munharaunda yavo. Idzi matare apakuvamba akanga akafanana zvishoma navawani veidi vasingasaruri vanhasi uye zvimwe zvapupu zvakafanana zvikuru zvine zivo yomunhu oga. Nokufamba kwenguva, basa redare rinobetsera kuhugovera ufakazi, nomuitiro wokupa zvapupu nokukakavarira mhaka mudare pachena achiva mupimo wakaitwa muzana ramakore rechi 15.

Nhamba huru dzinobatanidza Magna Carta (1215), iyo yakatanga nheyo dzemuitiro wakafanira norutongeso kupfurikidza navaenzani vako, uye kutongwa kwa1670 kwaWilliam Penn, uko vatongi veEngland vakaramba kushurikidza Penn nokuda kwokuparidza, vachitanga nheyo yokuti majaji haagoni kurangwa nokuda kwechisarudzo chawo. Iyi mhaka yechiratidzo yakasimbisa kuti vatongi ndivo bedzi vasarudzi veidi nomutemo mukushandiswa kwavo vanozivikanwa [[[FLT: 0]] pfungwa yokuparadza , iyo inoramba iri chinhu chine simba kana rutivi runomutsa nharo rwetsika.

Kugamuchirwa KwechiAmerica Nevimbiso Dzomutemo

Makoroni eAmerica akawana nhaka gamuchidzanwa redare redare redare revhu reEngland uye akairangarira sekodzero huru. Vatongi vakarangarira kutonga kwedare redare redare sedziviriro mukurwisana neBritain yakundwa − murangariro wakasimbiswa muZiviko yeKuzvimirira, iyo yakanyunyuta nezvo “kutinyengera, muzviitiko zvizhinji, nezvebetsero dzedare raJury.” Vaiti vaibatanidza kodzero iyi muBill of Rights. [FLT:] [[0] Hurumende yeFizi] inovimbisa kutongwa kwapamhindi uye kutongwa kwavose nedare risingasarupo nedare rinotonga rapamutemo mumhaka, nepo [[FLT] ] . [FLT] inochengeta maruramiro okutonga mumitezoro. Idzi dzinoratidzira kudzivirira vatongi vagari vehurumende vadzorwi vehurumende vadzorwiworuzhinji vanogovera simba rehurumende.

Dare rapamusoro rakapfupikisazve pamusoro pekodzero yedare redare rinobetsera vatongi. Somuenzaniso, mu Dican v. Louisiana (1968), Dare rakataura kuti Dare reSixth Amendment rekuvimbisa kutonga kwedare redare rinoshanda kumatare ehurumende kupfurikidza neIndaneti, kuchida nenzira inobudirira kuti nyika dzose dzipe mhosva dzedare redare redare redare remhosva dzakakomba. Zvisaririra izvi zvinosimbisa kuti majaji anofanira kusarudzwa kubva muchikamu chedare rinoyera, nheyo inosimbiswa munhau dzakadai se [[FLT:].Louisiton v[FLT] [FLT]] [12] [3] [7].5]

Basa Remiedzo Yevajudha Mukusimudzira Kururamisira

Ururami mugadziriro yapamutemo hahuzi chinhu chinongoerekana chaitika. Inotsamira pakunzvera nokudzikamisa zvinodzivisa rusaruro, chikanganiso, kana kuti kubatwa zvisina kufanira. Miedzo yeJury inobetsera kurusaruranzira munzira dzinoverengeka dzakajeka, kubatanidza hwirudzuro yavezeranwa, kubatanidzwa munzanga, uye kujeka kwemiitiro yezvokushandisa. Inobatirawo sechinhu chinokosha mugadziriro yezvokudzivisa, inotsamira pakusawirirana pakati pokupomera uye dziviriro kubudisa zvokwadi.

Kuongorora Vezera Rako Negadziriro Yakaipa

Vatongi vanoshanda seboka revaenzani vanounza zvinoitika zvoupenyu zvakasiyana - siyana uye pfungwa dzinozivikanwa nemunhu kudare. Kusafanana nomutongi mumwe, angatanga kufungira mano akaipa pamusoro pebasa kana kuti angapesvedzerwa nedzvinyiriro yesangano, kusarudzwa kwedare redare kunoratidzika kuva kunoderedza kufungira zvakaipa kwomunhu oga. Kunzvera kunokarakadza kuti matare anobetsera zvikuru kurangarira ufakazi hwakawanda nemirangariro, zvikurukuru apo vatongi vanenge vakasiyana. Muitiro wedare, umo mativi ose ari maviri anopa ufakazi kupfurikidza nokunzvera uye kunzvera, unogadzirwa kuvimbisa kuti vatongi vanzwe nharo dzose dzinokosha pamberi pokupedza dare.

Rimwe ramabasa anokosha zvikurusa edare rinobetsera vatongi isimba raro rokuyera kuvimbika kwezvapupu. Vacherekedzi vanocherekedza mufambiro, vanotsvaka kusawirirana, uye vanoshandisa nzwisiso yavo vamene yetsika dzavanhu(ibasa iro vatongi vangaitawo, asi iro rinoita dare rinoita nesimba rakazara renzanga. Zvidzidzo, kubatanidza izvo zvakaunganidzwa ne [FLT]] American Bar Association, zvakaratidza kuti vatongi vanowanzoita basa ravo zvakakomba, vachipa mitongo inowirirana noufakazi kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura rondedzero yakakurumbira.

Nzvero Pasimba reHurumende Nezvirongwa Zvokutonga

Jury kutongwa kunobatira senzvero inokosha pasimba rehurumende, zvikurukuru mumhaka dzoutsotsi umo hurumende inotonga munhu. Chinodikanwa chokuti vatongi vanofanira kubvumirana vose pamhaka yemhosva (mumagariro mazhinji) chinoisa mutoro wakakwirira padare, kuchikuita kuva kwakaoma zvikuru kukwirira munhu asina mhaka. Ikoku “kuzvinyima.” bhinga rinotangira muchitendero chokuti kuri nani kurega vanhu vane mhaka vachienda vakasununguka kupfuura kushurikidza munhu mumwe asina mhaka.

Juries anoshandawo somurindi wekupesana nefungira mano yakaipa. Nepo vatongi vachikarirwa kuva vasingasaruri, ivo vanhu. Vatongi vanogona kubvisa mutemo wavanorangarira kuva usina kururama, sezvakaitika muzana ramakore rechi20 apo vatongi vakaramba kukwirira mhaka vapomerwi mumitemo yokuranga. Kunyange zvazvo kurasha kwedare redare kuchimutsa nemhaka yokuti kunogona kutungamirira kukushandiswa kusingawirirani kwomutemo, kunopawo vavhari vechengeteko nokuda kwemigariro apo kushandisirwa kworurararararararararamende kwakakomba kwaizoparira muuyo usina kururama. Simba redare redare rokupa mhaka dzakajeka pasinei zvapo noufakazi hwakajeka hwokuva nemhaka nokuda kwokuita kudaro) rinoramba riri ratidziro ine simba yezvinokosha yenzanga.

Chivimbo Chinooneka uye Chavose

Miedzo yeJury inowanzozarukira vanhu, inowedzera kujeka nokuzvidavirira. Kuvapo kwavaoni, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mitezo yomunzanga inovimbisa kuti nhau dzinoitwa zvakanaka uye kuti kusazvibata kupi nokupi kunofumurwa. Apo vanhu vanoona vanhuwo zvavo vachisarudza nyaya, inosimbisa pfungwa yokuti ruramisiro haisi muitiro wedare unochengeterwa vakakwirira asi mutoro unogoverwa. Mukuwirirana ne Center yeHurumende yeDare reHurumende [[FLT]], chivimbo chavose mumatare chinovakwa zvakasimba nemirangariro yedare.

Kuenzana Nechibvumirano: Kubatana uye Zvinetso

Kuenzana ivimbiso huru yokutongwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Mufungo ndowokuti vatongi vanomirira kukamukana kwakarurama kwenzanga, vachivimbisa kuti hapana boka rinobviswa nenzira yakarongeka. Zvisinei, kuwana ratidziro yakaenzana zvirokwazvo kunoramba kuri chinetso chinopfuurira.

Chinodikanwa Chokugadzwa Kwechipiyaniso Chakanaka

Dare rapamusoro rakataura rataurazve kuti matare anobetsera anobetsera anofanira kutorwa kubva kumanyuko anoratidza uwandu hwevagari vemo. Sixth Amendment inoda kuti dziva redare rinobetsera vatongi (venire) rive mumiririri muchinjikwa; zvisinei, vatongi chaivo vakagara havafaniri kuva vakaenzana zvakakwana. Chinokosha ndechokuti hapana boka rinooneka (rakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, kana kuti rudzi) runobviswa nemaune mumuitiro wokusarudza. Iyi nheyo yakasimbiswa mu Bhatson v.[[FLT:][12] [12] [25]] [25]), iro rinorambidza kushandisa denho dzinobvira kubvisa pahwarongeri padzinza kana kuti munhu. 2016, Dare rakawedzerwa Dare raBTSrongetapo.[FRAN][3]

Mabhariji Anopfuurira: Zvinetso Zvinoparadza, Miganhu Yakakwana, uye Kusawirirana Nenzanga Nezvemari

Pasinei zvapo neidzi dziviriro dzapamutemo, rusaruro rwedzinza nedzimwe dzichiri kutapura kusarudzwa kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. (_kubvumira magweta kudzinga nhamba yakaganhurirwa yevatongi pasina kutaura chikonzero() kazhinji kazhinji inoshandiswa kusabatanidza vatongi vemibala. A 2020 fundo ne [[FLT]]] [[FLT]]] University of Dever Leacter [[[FLT]] [[FLT]] [[FLT]] yakawana kuti vachuchidzi veBlackheristssssss mumist, vaidzo dzakati, vachitungamirira pasi pezvikamu chaizvoizvo zvehuro. Anodzodzo inodzosera mari inoshatsarira vanhu vazhinji vanobatira nokuda kwemiteveri, uye vanobvumira chiverengero chavanhu vanobatira nokuda kwemitengo.

Kusiyana Muudadi: Chikonzero Nei Kuchikosha

Mitengo yakasiana inoita zvisarudzo zviri nani. Nzvero yakatanhamara ne [FLT] `BERkeley] Mutemo yakaratidza kuti matare akasiana--tsinza edzinza akaitwa nedonzo rakareba, anorangarira ufakazi hwakawanda, uye akanga ane bviro huru yokukurukura nhau dzine chokuita norudzi pachena. Homodious jumeous, pane rumwe rutivi, akanga ane komba kuisa zvikuru kuronga nokusarudza kwakaipa. Kuvapo kwemirangariro mizhinji kunoderedza pesvedzero yefungira mano akaipa mamwe namamwe uye kunotungamirira kukusano. Uku kuwana kusimbisa chikonzero nei nhamburiko dzokuva nechokwadi pamusoro penhau dzinooneka zvakanaka asi pamusoro peruramisiro imene.

Tapuro Yemiedzo Yamajury Pamigumisiro Yepamutemo Nenzanga

Simba rematare edzimhosva rokugadza mipimo nokuumba mutemo, zvikurukuru munhau dzevagari vemo dzinobatanidza kukuvadzwa kukuru, rinoita kuti zvive nesimba rokuzvidavirira uye, panhambo nenhambo, kupesana.

Kutanga Kuitika Mumhosva Dzevagari Vemo Nedzematsotsi

Kunyange zvazvo vatongi mumiitiro yemitemo inozivikanwa navose vasinga “iti mutemo” nenzira imwe cheteyo navatongi, zvisarudzo zvavo zvinogona kupesvedzera kutonga kwedare nokuchinja mitemo. Jury mibairo mumitoro yezvigadzirwa uye nhau dzezvokurapa dzinoshandiswa zvinowanzotungamirira kuchinjo mumufambiro wesangano kana kuti utariri hwezvokutungamirira. Somuenzaniso, bhizimisi rinosanozivikanwa Liebeck v. McDonald’s Restautauts (1994), nhau, umo dare rinotonga rinopa mamiriyoni kupisa nekofiti, rakasunda basa rezvokudya kuti rishandiswe nokunatsiridza nyevero. Mumutemo wetsoro, mutongo wedare muzvinoitika zvakakwira zvehurumende. Simpson, uye kurukurirano yorudzi.

Kuparadza, nepo kusingawanzoitiki, kunogona kutumirawo shoko rine simba. Apo vatongi vanoramba kupiwa mhaka pasi pemitemo vanorangarira sevasina kururama here? Yakadai somunguva yeChivilini Rights Movement, apo vatongi vokuMaodzanyemba vakasunungura vashingairi vekodzero dzavagari vemo dzemhosva kana kuti kuputswa kworugare, ivo nenzira inobudirira vanobvisa mitemo iyoyo inoshanda. Kushandiswa kwekuva dare rinobetsera kunoramba kuchiitiranwa nharo nokukurumidza, nokumwe kuchiita kuti kusava nomutemo uye vamwe vanourumbidza sechisaririra chokupedzisira mukurwisana nemitemo inodzvinyirira.

Kuenzanisa Miedzo yeJury Nemiedzo yeBenkch

Hadzisi nhau dzose dzinoedzwa pamberi pematare edare; dzakawanda imhaka dzedare, umo mutongi oga anosarudza maidi nomutemo. Kutonga kwe Bench kunowanzodiwa mumhaka dzakaoma, zvikurukuru mukakavadzano dzezvokutengeserana, nemhaka yokuti vatongi vane ruzivo rukuru pakunzvera ufakazi hwemichina. Zvisinei, kutonga kwedare rinopa betsero dzakasiana---shaikwapose: vanopa mipimo yenzanga, uye nzvero yazvimirira mukurwisana nemhoshoro yedare. Kunzvera ne [FLT: 0][FLT] [ kunokarakadza kuti majariti navatongi vanowanzobvumirana mumigumisiro muzvinoitika zvizhinji, kunyange zvazvo juliote inokomba kukuvadziko huru pakati pezvikuvadziko zvomunhu oga oga. Chisarudzo pakati pechino chamariro, asi chinowanzovarambira chinyorwa chapamutemo nokuda kwechisarudzo chavagari venhau vachagara.

Kutonga Kworuzhinji Nomutemo Wegadziriro Yeruramisiro

Kururama kwematare edare rinotonga kunotapura zvakananga kuvimba kwevanhu mumatare. Apo matare amatare anoita seanoita seanoita migumisiro yakarurama, anosimbiswa kuva pamutemo. Zvisarudzo zvinomutsa nharo . zvakadai sokurevererwa kwemapurisa mukuuraya kwepanzvimbo yakakwirira(8) zvinoparira kutsutsumwa uye kurayira kuti pave nokuchinja. Sangano remitemo reU. inotsamira pamvumo uye ruremekedzo rwavanhu; pasina chivimbo chavanhu, matare angava asina basa kana kuti anoonekwa sematurungwe. Jury, kupfurikidza navanhuwo zvavo mukutonga, inobetsera kuchengeta kuti kuva vagari vemo vapamutemo kupfurikidza nokupa danda mugadziriro. Mazano anoratidza kuti vanhu vanoshanda pamatare edare vanowedzera kuremekedza pamutemo, kunyange kana vakasabvumirana nomutongo.

Zvinetso Zvamazuva Ano uye Kuchinja Zvinhu

Zvisinei, kuchinja kwakati kuti kuri kuitwa kuti kurambe kuchiita kuti pave nesimba, kunenge kuri kutyisidzira zvikuru muzana remakore rechi21, kubva pakuderedza mari kusvika pakuisa mitemo padivi.

Mwero Yokutonga Yakashata

Chimwe chedenho inokosha zvikurusa kuderera kwenhamba yekutonga kwedare rinobetsera vatongi. Mumubatanidzwa, chiverengero chekutonga kwevagari vemo namatsotsi chakaderera nezvinopfuura 60% chifo chama 1980, chakasundwa nechikumbiro chokukumbira nokuraira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti “kutonga kwokuwedzera” kunosekesa basa rebumbiro remitemo redare. Mumhinduro, mamwe mativi akagadza zvipfuro zvokuwedzera mwero yokuedza, nepo mamwe ane miitiro yedare rinopa murairo kukuita kuti basa rive rinorema zvishoma.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runopawo zvinetso: zvinobudisa nhau zvinokuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuvimbisa kusasarura vatongi, sezvo vatongi vangaratidzirwa kumashoko akasiana - siana kana kuti kukurukura nhau yacho paIndaneti. Dare zvino rinopa zano nguva dzose kudzivirira vatongi kuti vadzivise zvinobudisa nhau dzenzanga, uye dzimwe nzvimbo dzinoda kuti vatongi vasarongedze mhaka dzakakwirira.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Kunobatsira Kuvandudza Vamiririri Ndokuderedza Mavara

Kuti dzigadzirise kusaenzana mukusarudza vatongi, nyika dzakawanda dzakachinja zvinetso zvinongoerekana zvabuda. Somuenzaniso, Washington State yakabvisa zvinetso zvose muna 2020, ichitevera rumbidzo kubva kudare guru rehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakashandisa mitemo yorumano inoda magweta kuti ape zvikonzero zvenhangemutange nokuda kwezvinetso. Kuwedzerazve, nhamburiko dzokuwedzera mativi edare redare redare rinobetsera vatongi neakawanda, kubvumira paIndaneti kubvunza mibvunzo, uye kuwedzerwa kwemibayiro (pamubatanidzwa) kuwedzera kuberekana nokuwedzera kuwanda kwemisiyano yemajaho.

Rovedzo yorusaruro yakakwana nokuda kwavatongi namagweta inozivikanwa zvikuru, uye mamwe matare zvino anopa vatongi mirayiridzo pamusoro pokudzivisa rusaruro nokurangarira mifungo. Miraidzo yedare rinobetsera vatongi reCalifornia, somuenzaniso, inokumbira zvakajeka vatongi kunzvera mirangariro yavo vamene. Miganhu yakasiana - siana yakaedzawo ne “kusarudza dare rakapofumara” uko mashoko okuwanda edare anonyimwa mumagweta kuti aderedze simba retsika.

mhedziso

Miedzo yaJury inopfuura zvikuru chisarudzo chenhau; imhiko yebumbiro- pamutemo kutsinhirano. Kupfurikidza nokuisa vagariwo zvavo pakati pegadziriro inowirirana, vatongi vanovimbisa kuti mirangariro yakarurama neyakaenzana hazvisati zviri zvinangwa zvemhindumupindu asi zvakararama. Kushanduka kwenhau kwedare redare redare renguva yekare (vatongi) kubva kuzvapupu zvenhau zvenguva yapakati kukuita kuti zvinhu zvive nokusawirirana nesimba nokudzivirira kodzero. Zvirongwa zvacho zvichapfuurira kushanda sezvinokosha zvikuru setsika dzedzinza, kuderera kwemitengo yemitengo, uye miganhuro yetsika yavanhu inoramba iripo, simba rinogara retsika yedare rinozvitonga riri musimba raro raro rimene rokuzviruramisa. Sematare namasangano anogadzira masangano anobatira masangano anokosha pakuongorora simba rehurumende nerevo.