Tsigiro yeBumbiro reMitemo: Kunzwisisa Kusarudza Kutsinhirana

Bill of Rights, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakatanga kushandiswa bedzi kuhurumende yehurumende. Nyika dzakanga dzasununguka kutanga mitemo yadzo dzimene pamusoro perusununguko rukuru(8) dzimwe maruramiro ayo hurumende yehurumende yaisagona kubata, nepo dzimwe dzisina. Ikoku kwakagadzira basa rakaganhurirwa redziviriro munyika yose. Idzodzi, dzakatenderwa muna 1868, dzakachinja nzvimbo kupfurikidza nokusuma Gwara reBasa Claus: “Hapana Hurumende ichaita kana kuti kusimbisa mutemo upi noupi uchadzivisa ropafadzo kana kuti kudzivirira vagari vemo veUnited States; uyewo Hurumende ipi neipi haisati ichizotorera munhu upi noupi upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro womutemo.”

Asi Dare Rapamusoro zvikurusa harina kukurumidza kutsanangura Dare reMitemo rechigumi namana serinoshandisa Bill of Rights kunyika. Panzvimbo pezvo, mukati mezana ramakore rechi20, Dare rakakudziridza dzidziso ye inosarudza kubatanidzwa [[. Muiyi dzidziso, Dare rinonzvera kodzero imwe neimwe muBill of Rights kusarudza kana kuri “pfungwa dzokuraira rusununguko” uye naizvozvo rinofanira kugombedzerwa kurwisana nehurumende kupfurikidza neCurtive Clausce. Iyi nzira inopesana nokubatanidza hwerengedzo, iyo ingagona kushandisa gadziriro iri yose.

Kusarudza kwakabvumira Dare kugadziridza dziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo kuti dzichinjire mipimo yenzanga nepo richichengeta unani hwehurumende. Nhau dzechikwangwari dzakafanana ne McDonald v. Chicago (2010) inobatira seratidziro dzine simba dzokuti dzidziso inoshanda sei mukushandisa uye nei ichiri chishandiso chinokosha chokudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu.

Historical Path to McDonald v. Chicago

Zvisarudzo Zvokutanga Zvekusarudza

Rwendo rwakavamba ne [[FLT: 0] Charicago, Burlington & Quincy Railroad Co. v. Chicago (1897), apo Dare rakabatanidza Dare raMazita okuchinja kweFindmerment yeFind Findtext yaingori. Nguva chaiyoiyo yokuchinja yakauya mu [[[FLT:] Getlow v. New York[FLT] [12] [1925], apo Dare raikarakadza kuti Dare rokutanga reFirst Amendment raitaura makasununguka nedziviriro dzapachena dzinoshandiswa kudzimwe nyika kupfurikidza neChiitiro cha Claus Claus, kunyange zvazvo Dare rakatsigira kupyyisesate. Zviitiko. Zviitiromezidzo zvakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma: [FFF].[5] [5]

Kubatanidzwa Kwamaruramiro Outsotsi

Ganhuriro yeWarren Court yakava nokukura kunokurumidza kwokubatanidzwa mumuitiro woutsotsi. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) yakashandisa mutemo wokubvisa; Gideon v. Wainwr[[FLT]] [1963]) yakabatanidza maruramiro kuzano; Manda v. Arizona (1966] dzakatanga dziviriro dzebvunzurudzo yokuranga. Pakasvika kuma1960, gadziriro zhinjisa dzeRegiontion dzakanga dzabatanidzwa murusarudzo; [FLT: Amend] nadziviri dzinooneka.

Nzvimbo Yakagadzirwa Kutanga: Kusava Nechokwadi Kwechipiri

Kwemakumi emakore, revo yeChipiri nenzvimbo zvakapokanidzwa. Dare Repamusorosoro rakanga risina kutaura nhau yacho zvakananga chifo United States v. Miller (1939], iyo yaibatanidza mutemo wehurumende uye yaipa nhungamiro isina kujeka. Matare epasi akawanda akarondedzera Hurumende yeChipiri seyaidzivirira kodzero yakabatana nebasa remauto, kwete kodzero yomunhu oga yokuva nepfuti nokuda kwesimba rake amene. Somugumisiro, mitengo nenzvimbo zvakadzika mitemo yokudzora pfuti pasina kutya denho yebumbiro remitemo.

Iyo yakachinja mu Direlity of Columbia v. Heller (2008), umo Dare Rapamusoro-soro rakatonga(55-4) kuti Hurumende Yechipiri inodzivirira maruramiro omunhu okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwamadonzo egamuchidzanwa apamutemo, zvakadai se-difense mumusha. Zvisinei, Heller [ yakanga iri mhaka pamusoro pechikwata chehurumende (Honington, D.C.), naizvozvo kubata kwacho hakuna kubatanidza zvakananga mugariro nehurumende zvomunzvimbomo. Mubvunzo wakasara: Ko Ko Ko [FLD [FLT:] [IS] Heller [[FLT]] yakanga iri mhaka pamusoro pechiteshinga yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yeGene7462]?

McDonald v. Chicago: Nyaya Nechisarudzo

Chokwadi Nenhoroondo

Chicago yakanga ine mumwe wemitemo yenyika yepfuti yorumano zvikurusa. Pashure pa Heller , guta rakachengeta chirambidzo charo chepfuti, richitaura kuti Dare reChipiri Revhuramisiri harina kushanda kunyika. Otis McDonald nevamwe vagari veChicago vakakwi vaizenge vakwikwirira mhaka, vachiitira nharo kuti kurambidza kwacho kwaiputsa kodzero yavo yokuchengeta pfuti mumba nokuda kwokuzvibhadharira. Dare reruwa neDare reChicago Rokunzvera Guru rapa raitsigira mutemo waChicago, vachitsamira pamuenzaniso wokuti Kudzorwa kwechipiri kwakanga kusina kubatanidzwa. Dare Gurusa reChine reChicago rakapiwa dare rakabvumira kugariro.

Mutongo Wedare Repamusorosoro

Muchisarudzo 5-4 chakanyorwa naMutongi Samuel Alito, Dare rakachinja matare echiduku ndokutaura kuti Second Amendment inoshanda zvizere kuhurumende kupfurikidza neKineth Amendment’s Signalment Claus. Dare rakashandisa kunzvera kusarura kwakashandiswa mu Duncan v. Louisiana [1968] [1968]: kana kodzero iri “yamafungire echirongwa chedu chorusununguko chakarongwa” uye“ yakadzika midzisa nhau ino yorudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa. Voruzhinji vakagumisa kuti kodzero yokuchengeta nokutakura zvombo nokuda kwezvo zvombo zvinosangana nemupimo iwoyo, kwete kuti i“ yakarongwa kuti igadziriro yerusununguko” uye yave inoonekwa seyagara ichiwanikwa nomunhu oga oga oga.

Dare racho raivimba nechinyorwa chenhau, kubatanidza ufakazi hwokuti Vamiriri veGaramende reKineth Amendment vaida kudzivirira kodzero dzeChipiri dzeMwero Yechibvumirano pamabasa ehurumende.Mutongi Alito akanyora kuti “Second Amendment inodzivirira kodzero inokosha kugadziriro yedu yerusununguko rwakarayirwa” uye naizvozvo inofanira kubatanidzwa. Chisarudzo chacho chakataurawo nezveGumbi reClausske panzvimbo pemaropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Clause, kunyange zvazvo vatongi vanoverengeka vakaratidzira tsitsi nemuitiro wapashure mubvumirano.

Mirangariro Inowirirana Neisibvumirana

Mutongi Clarence Thomas akabvumirana zvakasiyana, achisimbisa kuti Maropafadzo kana kuti maImmunion Claus (8) kwete Gwaro Claus (asati ari motokari yeGuer Procession Claus) inofanira kuva iyo yokubatanidza nayo. Akatsoropodza dzidziso yakasarudzwa yeDare seyakashaiwa hwaro hwemagwaro hunowirirana ndokukurudzira kudzokera kurevo yapakuvamba yeKinneth Amendment.

Vapanduki vana . . . Justices Stevens, Breyer, Ginsburg, naSotomayor(argued) vakataura kuti voruzhinji vakadarika kupfurikidza nokubatanidza Hurumende Yechipiri. Mutongi Breyer akanyora kuramba kukuru kusimbisa kuti maruramiro okutakura zvombo haana kuva anokosha nenzira imwe cheteyo nekutaura kana kuti rudzidziso, uye kuti Dare rinofanira kunonokesa kuhurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzorwa nepfuti pfuti. Mutongi Stevens akataura kuti Dare reCY Procession Clausce yaive yakanga iri nzira isina kufanira uye kuti ufakazi hwenhau husinganzwisisiki.

Kukurumidza uye Kukurumidza Kutapura Kwenguva Refu kwaMcDonald v. Chicago

Nyika Nemitemo Yepfuti Yomunzvimbomo Yakaongororwa

Kupfurikidza nokubatanidza Hurumende Yechipiri, McDonald yakaisa zviuru zvehurumende nemirau yepfuti dzomunzvimbomo kuhwirudzuro yebumbiro remitemo. Matare munyika yose akavamba kushandisa gadziriro yenhano mbiri dzakatangwa mu uye [[FLT]] [[FLT]] [DONAD [[]: kutanga, kusarudza kana mufambiro unodzorwa uchipinda murugwaro rwakajeka rweChipiri Amenduro; rwechipiri, kana zvakadaro, shandisa chimiro chakati chenzverwa zvikuru. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kudenho mukurwisana namagazini, zvombo zvinodenha, zvinovanzwa, uye zvinonyorwa.

Kutapura Kodzero Dzokuzvida

Chisarudzo chacho chakasimbisa pfungwa yokuti kodzero yokuzvida mumusha rusununguko rukuru urwo rwunoti ingasakanganisa nenzira isina mufungo. Matare epasi kazhinji kazhinji akatsigira mirau ine mufungo semiedzo yapashure nenhambo dzokumirira (akadai sezvinenge zvirambidzo zvenguva inosero) asi yakarova pasi penenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvinenge zvisino kufanira kana kuti mitoro yakanyanyisa. Kutonga kwakagadzirawo nzira yenhau dzapashure dzakadai se United States v. Rahimi[FLT] [[FLD:1] [2024]), iyo yaitaura kodzero dzeChimbiso chepiri mumashoko echisimba chinodzora mirayiridzose.

Simbiso Yedzidziso Yokusarudza

yakasimbisazve kuzvipira kweDare kuvhotaidzo yakasarudzwa senzira yokushandisa Bill of Rights kunyika. Kupfurikidza nokushandisa maruramiro makuru kubva Dnow] Dhun[, Dare rakaratidza kupfuurira nenhau dzapakuvamba. Ikoku kwakareva kuti kuedza kwomunguva yemberi kubatanidza dzimwe kodzero dzisina kubatanidzwa (kwakaita sechirevo chechikamu chezvikamu zvitatu chegore cheSandementedmhed kana kuti pembedzo yeRepulet Reconsoles) yaizotevera nzira imwe cheteyo. Zvirokwazvo, [FLT:] Timb. v[FPT] [FFF]

Tsigiro Yakasarudzwa: Dzidziso Mumhindumupindu

Basa Regadziriro Yakadiwa yaClaus

Dare rakabvumikisa kuva chishandiso chakapfava nokuda kwokubatanidza. Chikamu ichi nguva dzose chakati chinoda kuti chirevo chidzivirire kodzero idzodzo bedzi idzo “dzinotsamira papfungwa yorusununguko rwakarairwa,” mupimo wakajekeswa mu Palko v. Connecticut[[FL:1] [1937]. Mupimo uyu unoda kuti kururama kwakarurama kuve kunokosha kwazvo zvokuti kusazova norusununguko kana kuti ruramisiro zvingadai zvakavapo. Nokufamba kwenguva, Dare rabatanidza inenge iri dziviriro yose yekodzero dzeChibvumirano chekodzero chaMagariro, kubva pakutaura kwokutanga uye kutsikiyiwa kweFirst Amendment kukuva dziviriro yakapetwa kaviri uye kuzvidzora.

Kodzero Dzisina Kubatanidzwa Nezvisingabviri

Panosvika 2025, gadziriro shomanene bedzi dzinoramba dzisina kubatanidzwa: Third Amendment (kuva mubatanidzwa wavarwi), chinodikanwa chikuru chedare reSandhear Amendment chokutonga, uye kutonga kwedare revagari vemo kweSeventh Amendment. Dare panhambo nenhambo rakaratidzira kudisa kurangarirazve nhau yeSeventemperment, asi hapana denho yakananga yakasvika dare rakakwirira misi ichangobva kupfuura iyi. Third Amendment haina kutongopiwa mumhaka yakakomba; rinopiwa simba raro razvino uno rakaganhurirwa, ringasatongotongova.

Kuenzanisa Kusarudza Kudarika Kodzero Dzebumbiro Romutemo

Kugadziridzwa Kwokutanga: Mutengo Wendarama

First Amendment yaidzivirira kutaura, kutsikirira, gungano, kukumbira, uye kurovedza muviri kwakasununguka zvakanga zviri pakati pezvinotanga kubatanidzwa. Gitrow v. New York (1925) (1925) yakavhura suo, uye pakasvika 1940 rusununguko rwokutanga rwakanga rwava kusungirwa munyika kupfurikidza neCURCK Claus. Izvi zvakavimbisa kuti nyika dzisagona, somuenzaniso, kuita kuti kusabvumirana nezvamatongerwe enyika nemhaka bedzi yokuti yakatsigirazve pfungwa dzisingafarirwi mu Branden v.[FLT][FLD:3]

Chirango Choutsotsi: Mujaho Wakapararira

Rechina, , , Chitanhatu, uye Remendements dzakadokubatanidzwa chose chose. Mapp v. Ohio (1961) yakashandisa mutemo wekubvisa; Gideon v. [FLT:] [[FLT]] [196] yaida nyevero pamberi pokubvunzurudzwa. Dare rakabatanidza matendero orudyi mu [FL:] parati.[5][5]

Kuchinja Kwechipiri: Kwenguva Asi Kwehwaro

McDonald inomira senhau inokosha zvikurusa yezana ramakore rechi 21. Kudavira kwayo kuti kodzero yeChipiri ye Amendment ndiyo inokosha zvinoreva kuti hurumende inofanira kugovera dziviriro huru sehurumende yehurumende. Chisarudzo chacho chakaparira gakava guru pamusoro pokuti maruramiro anotambanudzwa kusvika papi, somuenzaniso, kana achidzivirira kutakura pfuti muvoruzhinji.

Kutsoropodza Nedziviriro Dzokusarudza

Kutsoropodza

Dzimwe nyanzvi navatongi vanotaura kuti kubatanidzwa kunosarudza chisarudzo chedare chapamutemo. Mutongi Thomas, sezvadudzwa, akatsoropodza Gwaro reBasa Claus rakavakirwa pa “kusashanda” uye“ dzidziso yerugwaro”. Vamwe vanotaura kuti Dare rave richinyanyova noutsinye, njodzi yechipiri yemitemo pamusoro pemigariro yomunzvimbomo. Vatsoropodzi vanonongedzerawo kukushandiswa kusina kukodzera: dzimwe kodzero (sorudyi kutakura zvombo) dzakabatanidzwa nokukurumidza, nepo dzimwe (sokwakarurama kupiwa zano) dzakabatanidzwa nokukurumidza. Uku kusabvumirana.

Kuzvidzivirira

Vadziviriri vanotaura kuti kuvhota kunosarudza ndiyo nzira bedzi yokudzivirira nayo maruramiro makuru pakubatwa zvisina kufanira kwehurumende dzehurumende. Dzidziso inoremekedza kuva noutongi kupfurikidza nokubvumira nyika kushandura, chero bedzi vasingaputsi rusununguko rwapakati. Uyezve, inopa gadziriro yokuti Bumbiro reMitemo richinjire senzwisiso yenzanga ye “rusununguko rwakarongwa” ruchishanduka. Chinononoka, kugadzikisa, dare kubvumirawo kuti dare rivake mutezo unosanotangira noruzivo rwokuzviwanira.

Migumisiro Inoshanda Kumitemo yeHurumende

Pashure pa , nyika uye manisiparati zvinofanira kuva nechokwadi chemitemo yavo yepfuti iwirirano neChipiri Amendment sezvinorondedzerwa namatare ehurumende. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kunhivi dzerigitation. Vazhinji “kungava nendima inotakura hurumende dzakadenhwa sedzisina kuganhurirwa. Dare Rapamusoro rakatora nhau iyoyo mu [[FLT:] New York State Rifle & Lamp; Pristol Association. v[FLT][5][5]

Hurumende nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinotarisanawo nechokwadi chokuti hadzigoni kudzivisa Mutezo weChipiri kupfurikidza nerondedzero dzokugadzira kana kuti mitoro inorema.Matare akaputsa mitemo inoda “chikonzero chakanaka” kuti awane mvumo, mitemo inorambidza zvikwata zvepfuti, uye mitemo yakakwirira zvikuru. Panguva imwe cheteyo, matare akatsigira mirau yakadai sokuva nepfuti netsoropodzi, zvinodikanwa zvokunzvera, uye zvirambidzo panzvimbo dzinotapukira (g., zvikoro nezvivako zvehurumende).

Nguva Yemberi Yokusarudza

Dare rapamusoro rinopfuurira kutsamira pakubatanidzwa kwakasarudzwa mumhaka dzazvino uno. Mu Ramos v. Louisiana (20), Dare rakabatanidzwa chinodikanwa cheSikisith Amendment chechisarudzo chedare redare rimwe chete, kupfuudza muenzaniso wegore rakare 48. Chisarudzo chacho chakashandisa kunzvera kumwe cheteko kwakarurama kukuru kwakanga kwamboshandiswa munhau dzapakuvamba. uye Timbs v. Indiana[FLT:][FT3]] (20:9), Dare rakashandisa rondedzero yechiNgeki yakakwirira ye8, rinosimbisazve kuti kubatanidza kuti kubatanidzwa kwacho kwapakuvamba kwaipfuurira.

Kubatanidza kungaitawo basa mukuvamba nhau dzebumbiro remitemo, dzakadai sekodzero yokuva woga, kuzvidzora, uye kuva woga kwemitemo. Kunyange zvazvo idzi maruramiro asingaoneki muBill of Rights, dzimwe dzinotorwa mu “penumbras.” Dare ringabatanidza kodzero dzakadaro kupfurikidza neSangano reChiitiko kana richirangarirwa sechinhu chinokosha. Zvisinei, kuda kweDare razvino uno kudzora kukura kwakadaro, sokuonekwa mu Dobs v. Jackson’s Health Organization yeVakadzi [FLT:] 2022], yakatenderwa pamusoro pe .[FFLT]V [FLT]

mhedziso

McDonald v. Chicago inomira sechiratidzo kwete bedzi nokuda kwekodzero dzeChipiri dze Amendment asiwo nokuda kwedzidziso inogara yokusarudza. Nokushandisa Second Amendment kuhurumende kupfurikidza neCurvement Procession Claus, Dare Rapamusoro rakasimbisa mutoo wakaumba mutemo wemitemo weAmerica wedokero renyika yezana ramakore. Chisarudzo chacho chakavimbisa kuti Dare rorudyi rataura kuti rinokosha mu Heller Haaizosiiwa kumafungiro emitemo. Yakaratidzirawo kuti kuisaidzo inosarudzwa rinoramba iri chishandiswa chipenyu, chishandiso chinochinjika chakapfava chinokwanisa kudzivirira kumamiriro ezvinhu matsva emitemo yehurumende.

Nzira inobva Gitlow[[FT:1] ku [FT:1] McDonald[ inoratidzira kuti Bill of Rights yakachinja sei kubva pasimba rehurumende bedzi kuva vimbiso yerusununguko runokosha nokuda kweAmerica iri yose, pasina chinhu kwainogara. Sezvo Dare rinopfuurira kutarisana nezvinetso zvemanyuko, kubva kuzvakavanzika zvemageno kusvika kuuzvidzora.