Kusarudza ibasa rinokosha rokutonga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kugovera mutoo wakarongeka uyo vagari vemo vanogona kuratidzira nawo zvido zvavo, kupesvedzera muitiro wavose, uye kurangarira vatungamiriri kuva vanozvidavirira. Zvinopfuura purogiramu yetsika, muitiro wakasarudzwa unobatanidza nheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira . pfungwa yokuti chiremera chezvamatongerwe enyika chapamutemo chinowana mukubvumira kwezvidzorwa. Munzanga kupota nyika yose, chimiro chesarudzo kwete bedzi uyo ane simba asi nhungamirowo yomuitiro worudzi, kugoverwa kwezviwanikwa, uye rudzi chamagariro ezvibvumirano zvenzanga pakati penyika nevagari vemo. Kunzwisisa basa rakasiyana - siyana reSarudzo munzanga kunokosha nokuda kwokunzwisisa simba razvo padzikano yezvamatongerwe enyika, tsika, uye kuparadzirwa kwakakwana kwesimba.

Basa Rokusarudza Muhurumende Inosarudzwa Navanhu

Pamavambo payo, hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu inotsamira papfungwa yokuti vagariwo zvavo vane maruramiro namano okusarudza kuti vanodzorwa sei. Nhuro dzinobatira segadziriro yokutanga yokushandura iyi donzo kuti rishande. Inoita mabasa anoverengeka akakomba: vanopa simba vagari vemo kuti vasarudze vamiriri, vanoparira kuzvidavirira kupfurikidza nokupa vavhoti mano okubvisa pasi pevakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende, uye vanopa chiremera pachiremera chehurumende. Pasina chiremera chenguva dzose, chakasununguka, uye kusarudza kwakarurama, hapana gadziriro inogona kudzorwa nenzira isingabvumiki kuva yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu; Sarudzo iko inoparadzanisa udzori hwehurumende yehurumende inotonga kwehurumende inotonga.

Basa rinopa simba resarudzo harigoni kunyanyotaurwa. Apo vanhu vanokandira chirongwa, havasi kungoratidzira chinodikanwa; vari kutora rutivi muchiito chokuita chisarudzo cheboka icho chinotema kuumbwa kwemasangano omutemo, kusarudzwa kwavakuru vakuru, uye kudzorwa kwezvikarakadzo zvemitemo. Uku kuisa kubatanidzwa kunosimudzira pfungwa yesangano pakati pavagari vemo, kusimbisa chitendero chokuti mirangariro yavo ine chokuita uye kuti vanogona kuchinja kupfurikidza nemikoto inobvumirwa nomutemo. Uyezve, Sarudzo dzinogovera nzira ine rugare yokupedza nayo kurwisana kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kupinza kusabvumirana kwakarongwa kwezvirongwa panzvimbo pemasimba masimba kana kuti kudzosa.

Kuzvidavirira ndirimwe divi regadziriro yevhota. Vakuru vakuru vanoziva kuti vanofanira kutarisana navavhoti panguva dzose, uye iyi kariro inoisa udzori hune mutoro. Vakuru vakuru vanokundikana kupa zvipikirwa, vanopinda muushati, kana kuti kufuratira zvinodikanwa zvengozi dzavo dzinovhoterwa muhofisi. Iyi nzira yokurangarira nguva yakapfuura. Zvirongwa zvokurangarira zvamashizha zvinotonga maererano nezviito zvavo, uye zvinovimbisa kuti hurumende inoramba ichibvuma kudavidza. Kunzvera kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaratidza nguva dzose kuti kuzvidavirira kwemigumisiro yemigumisiro yedare uye kuderedza kusakoshata, zvikurukuru apo vavhotera vane maza akavimbika pamusoro pezviito zvevamiriri vavo.

  • Simba ravagari vemo – Kusarudza kunopa vanhu inzwi rakananga mukusarudza vatungamiriri uye kuumba muitiro wezvinhu zvinokosha, kusimbisa sangano rehurumende.
  • Kuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa – Sarudzo yenguva dzose kunogovera gadziriro yokuti vavhoti vatsive kana kuti varange vachivakira pabasa, vachiodza mwoyo ushati nokuregeredza.
  • pamutemo wehurumende - Hurumende dzinobuda musarudzo dzinovimbika dzinofarikanya kugamuchirwa kukurusa navanhu, uko kunopfavisa kuwirirana nemitemo nebatira pamwe namasangano ehurumende.

Nhoroondo Yokuti Zvinhu Zvakaitika Zvakaitika

Murangariro wesarudzo wakavamba zvinoshamisa kwamazana amakore, unoratidzira chinjo huru muuzivi hwezvamatongerwe enyika, zvimiro zvenzanga, uye ruzivo. MuAthens yakare, yaiwanzodudzwa semavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, vagari vemo vaitora rutivi zvakananga mumagungano asi yakatsamira pahusarudzo(hwunosarudzwa) nokuda kwenzvimbo dzakawanda dzokutonga panzvimbo pokukwikwikwidzana. Roman Republic yakatanga miitiro yokuvhota yakarongwa zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo kutora kwaiganhurirwa kunyanzvi duku. Zvisinei, nhau huru yavanhu yaidzorwa nehurumende dzinogarwa nhaka uye dzine chiremera umo vanhu vaive vaishaiwa chinhu chikuru kana kuti vapi vapire muchisarudzo chavatungamiriri.

Rumbidzo youchenjeri yeNjereso muzana ramakore rechi 17 nerechi18 yakashandura zvikuru kufunga kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Vazivi vakadai saJohn Locke, Jean-Jacques Rousseau, uye Montesquieu vakarondedzera rondedzero dzouchangamire hwakakurumbira, zvibvumirano zvenzanga, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba ayo akadenha kodzero youmwari yamadzimambo. Iyi pfungwa yakawana kutaura kunoshanda mumasangano echinjo nenzvimbo dzeAmerica (1775-17883) uye Chinjo yeFrance (789-1799) iyo yakatsvaka kutanga hurumende dzakatenderwa mubvumirano yehurumende. MaAmerica, zvikurukuru, akasuma murangariro wechisarudzo chenguva dzose sorutivi rukuru rwehurumende yeRepublication, kunyange zvazvo yakaganhurirwa kunzvimbo yezviwanikwa navanhurume yavanhu vachena kwamakumi amakore akawanda.

Zviitiko Zvinokosha Zvenhau

Zviitiko izvi zvinoratidza kurwisana kwaiita mapoka ainge akacherwa kuti awane bhokisi remavhoti uye nevaichinja zvinhu kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti mavhoti anomiririra zvakarurama zvinodiwa nevanhu.

  • Magna Carta (1215) - Kunyange zvazvo isati iri chinyorwa chedemokrase, Magna Carta yakatanga nheyo yokuti mambo akanga asina kupfuura mutemo uye kuti maruramiro akati aisagona kuputswa nenzira yamaune, achiisa hwaro nokuda kwezvinoitika zvebumbiro remitemo rapashure.
  • Chinjo yeAmerica (1775-1783) – Chinjo yakabudisa republic itsva yakavakirwa panheyo youchangamire hwakakurumbira, nesarudzo yenguva dzose yemahofisi emitemo neanotarisira, kunyange zvazvo ganhuriro yaiganhurirwa pakuvamba.
  • Suffge Movement (zana ramakore rechi) – Nhimbe nokuda kwokusarurwa kwavakadzi, chinzwano chorudzi mukuvhota, uye kubviswa kwezvinodikanwa zvezvinhu kwakawedzera zvishoma nezvishoma sarudzo, zvichiita sarudzo inobatanidza zvikuru uye inomirira.
  • Mutemo weVoting Rights wa 1965 – uyu mutemo unoshamisa wakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mumiitiro yokuvhota, uchibvisa mhinganidzo Jim Crow-era dzakanga dzabvisa mamirioni avagari veAfrica vagari veAmerica.
  • Mugumo weHondo Yemashoko (1989-19991) – Kuputsika kwehurumende dzechikomonisiti muEastern Europe neSoviet Union kwakanyandura fungu rokuparadza nokudzika midzi, namahurumende matsva anozvimirira kugamuchira mabumbiro emitemo namasangano akasarudzwa akavakirwa pasarudzo yamakwikwi.

Marudzi Okusarudza

Masangano edemocracy anoshandisa mhatsa yemiitiro inosarudzwa, imwe neimwe inobatira zvinangwa zvakasiyana mukati megadziriro yehurumende yakafara. Kunzwisisa mhando idzi kunojekesa kuti muitiro wesarudzo wakasiana - siana, kumirira, uye kuvimbisana kwavose. Chirongwa chegadziriro dzevhotarororororo (hwuva chezvisarudzo, wiriranwa, kana kuti zvakavhengana) chine revo huru nokuda kwemiuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika uye kunaka kwokumirira.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo dzinooneka zvikurusa uye dzinotevera zviitiko zvezvisarudzo zvinooneka zvikuru muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinjisa. Zvinosarudza kuumbwa kwemarusarudzo ehurumende yorudzi uye, mugadziriro dzapurezidhendi, utungamiriri hwehurumende. Mumasangano eparamende, sarudzo dzavose nenzira inobudirira kusarudza hurumende, sezvo mubatanidzwa kana kuti mativi mazhinji ezvigaro anoumba kabati. Sarudzo huru inowanzoitika pamarusando akatemwa.[1] Makore mana kana mashanu ari ose mumademocracy mazhinjisaro (8) mamwe masangano anobvumira kusarudza apakuvamba mumigariro yakati. Voter anotendeuka mumitevedzero inoratidzika kuva akakwirira kupfuura mamwe marudzi ezvisarudzo, achiratidzira marusarudzo anobatanidzwa.

Kusarudza Kukuru

Sarudzo huru dzinobatira basa romukati mukati memapati ezvamatongerwe enyika, dzichibvumira mitezo yebato kusarudza vadaviri vachamirira mubato murusarudzo rwavose. Vatongi vanogona kuvharwa (kuganhurirwa kumitezo yebato yakanyoreswa), kuzarura (kubvumira muvhoti upi noupi kutora rutivi), kana kuti kashoma kuvhura. Sangano rokutanga, zvikurukuru rakatanhamara muUnited States, rinopa mitezo yebato yeboka kutaura zvakananga mukusarudza mutevedzero, kuderedza simba rebato rokuvhotera kuvhotera. Zvisinei, vabati vanogonawo kuita kuti vakwikwiri vakwidzi vokuita mhindu yokunyanyisa, sezvo vasarumbiso vanokomba vanowanzova vanova vanotsiva zvikuru kupfuura vasarutsiro.

Zvisarudzo Zvomunzvimbomo

Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzora voruzhinji, mabhii, mabhodhi ezvikoro, uye dzimwe nyika. Nepo vachigamuchira ngwariro shoma yezvinobudisa nhau kupfuura makwikwi enyika, sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo dzine tapuro yakananga neyapakarepo paupenyu hwevagari vemo hwezuva nezuva(--affective remitero yezvinhu, mirau inoronga mirau yavose, kuchengeteka kwavose, kuunganidzwa kwemarara, uye kunaka kwezvikoro zvomunzvimbomo. Nenzira isingafadzi, muvhoti mukusarudzo munzanga dzomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji iduku, pamwero yedzodzo inoderera padzimwe nguva pasi pe20 muzana. Kubatanidzwa uku kwakaderera kunogona kuparira fariro chaiko kunokosha uye kuderedza kuzvidavirira kwavakuru vakuru vemo vomunzvimbomo kunzanga yakafara.

Kuchinja

Referendondoms dzinobvumira vagari vemo kuvhota zvakananga pamibvunzo chaiyo panzvimbo pavada kufunda. Vanogona kutangwa nedzimba dzemitemo (majekiseni anodzorwa) kana kuti nechikumbiro chavagari vemo (vatsigiri). Referendendium dzinoshandiswa kusarudza kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo, chinjo huru remitemo, kana kuti nhau dzenharo dzenharo dzakadai sokunyoresa pamutemo kwembanje, mitero inowedzera, kana kuti miganhu yenyika. Nepo kudzo inodzosera kuvhota democracy, ivo vanomutsawo funga pamusoro pezvikwanikiro zvemari munhimbe dzechibvumirano, uye pesvedzero yemari mukuita ruzhinji kubvisa maruramiro akaderera.

Tapuro Yezvisarudzo Panzanga

Kusarudza kunobatanidza zvinhu zvose zvoupenyu hwenzanga nehwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kunoumba kwete bedzi uyo anotonga asi mashandire anoita vagari vemo kuhurumende, mashandisire anoita pfuma, uye manzwisisire azvinoita nzanga. Simba resarudzo rinogona kuongororwa kupfurikidza namalens anoverengeka akavhengana: miuyo, kubatanidzwa kwenzanga, kushanda kwenzanga, kushanda kwemari, uye kumirira.

Kuitwa Kwemitemo

Sarudzo inoparira zvakananga zvisakiso zvezvipikirwa zvemitemo yavose. Nhimbe dzinovimbisa zviito zvemitemo zvakati kuti ``Mitero, kutarisirwa kwoutano, mirau yemhoteredzo, kuchinja vatami, uye zvichingodaro. Pavanopinda hofisi, vada kubudirira vanowanzoshanda kuti varatidze zvipikirwa izvi, kunyange zvazvo vachifanira kushandisa miganhu yezvamatongerwe enyika yakadai sokushora mitemo, kudzokororwa kwemitemo yezvemitemo. Sarudzo yesarudzo inoziviswa zvikurukuru mumasangano nechirango chakasimba, apo sarudza kumwe kugona kuparira chinjo huru munzvimbo dzinovambira pamuitiro wezve wezve zvoupfumi kukodzero dzehurumende.

Nzvero dzemipimo inoratidzira kuti miuyo inosarudzwa ine tapuro dzinodzoka pamiuyo yemiitiro. Somuenzaniso, nzvero dzakawana kuti sarudzo yavatevedzeri vanofambira mberi inobatanidzwa nokushandiswa kwakawedzerwa papurogiramu dzegarikano, nepo sarudzavatengi vemitengo inowirirana necherekedzo nemitero nokudzorwa. Kutyisidzira kwechirango chechisarudzo kunogona kupesvedzera muitiro kunyange sarudzo dzinoitwa, somunorongwa vanokarira zvisarudzo zvevoratori uye kugadziridza nzvimbo dzavo nenzira inowirirana. Iyi "fariro yemipimo" inoreva kuti muitiro wechisarudzo kwete bedzi kupfurikidza nokusarudza vadavi asi kupfurikidza nomufambiro wehofisi inotsvakazve kusarudzwa.

Kubatanidzwa Kwechibvumirano

Kutora rutivi kwevehurumende kune mhinduro yakanaka kana vanhu vakawanda vakavimbisana. Vanhu vanovhota vangangopinda mune zvimwe zvimiro zvokutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika, kuungana nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa, kupinda misangano yenzanga, kupa mipiro, uye kukurukura zvematongerwe enyika nevavakidzani. Kurumbidzawo kunowedzera zivo yezvamatongerwe enyika: chiito chokunzvera uye nhau pamberi pokuvakira sarudzo mavambo okudzidza nzanga uko kunopinza mudzimwe nzvimbo dzoupenyu hwevoruzhinji.

Zvisinei, ukama pakati pevhoti nebvumirano yavanhu hunoitwawo. Nepo kuvhota kuchisimudzira kuvimbisana, kuvimbisana kunokurudzirawo kuvhota. Misha ine zvinhu zvehurumende zvinoshandiswa zvikuru nesangano rinozvipira, zvinobudisa nhau, uye mashoko anowanikwa (anoda kuva nomuvhoti mukuru.) Nenzira inopesana, apo sarudzo dzinorangarirwa sedzisingakwikwidziridzi, dzakashata, kana kuti dzisina revo, vagari vemo vangabvisa kwete bedzi mukuita kuvhota asi muzvimiro zvose zvezvamatongerwe enyika. Uku kusadavidza kunogona kuparira nhambo yakashata umo kutora rutivi rwakaderera kusingatendi kutongedzerozve.

Kushamwaridzana Kwenzanga

Kusarudza kunogona kusimbisa kana kuti kudzvinyirira nzanga. Apo kunoitwa nenzira inowirirana uye inobatanidza, sarudzo inosimudzira pfungwa yokuzivikanwa kwavose nedonzo rakabatana. Chiito chokuvhota, kunyange apo vagari vemo vanotsigira vadaviri vakasiana, vanosimbisa kuzvipira kutsika dzehurumende nechisarudzo cherugare. Munzanga dzakasiyana- siyana, sarudzo inogona kubatira senhambo dzokuparadza kurukurirano nekurukurirano, dzinza, rudzidziso, uye boka rinokamukana kupfurikidza nomutauro unogoverana wougarikano.

Bva sarudzo dzinogonawo kuwedzera mapoka enzanga, zvikurukuru apo anopokanidzwa mumitsetse yedzinza kana kuti yesekete. Munzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru, makwikwi okusarudza anogona kukura kuva marusando echiro umo kuwina kunova kunokosha zvikuru kupfuura mutoo wedemokrase. Kurumbidza kuti rutyo kana kuti ruvengo, kwakabatanidzwa nokudzvinyirira, kunogona kunyandura rwisano ndokutungamirira kumasimba masimba. Democracy chaunga kuronga gadziriro dzinosarudzwa nemitemo zvinokwikwidza mumadhipatimendi zvinova zvinokosha zvikuru kupfuura muitiro wehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende.

Kutapura Kwemari

Miuyo yemari yesarudzo ihuru uye ine mvumo dzakawanda. Sarudzo dzinoita kusava nechokwadi kwemiitiro, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kuisa mari nokupinza basa mumwedzi inotungamirira kuvhoti. Zvisinei, chisarudzo chekusava nechokwadi kwevhoti. Nhasi migumisiro inoziviswa (kazhinji) kuregedzesa kubudiswa kwemibato yemari yakavharwa. Uyezve, zvirongwa zvemitemo zvinotapura zvakananga miuyo yemari: mitemo yemari, zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi, gadziriro dzemitengo, uye miraudzo yemari zvinoumbwa zvose nemiuyo yezvivhoti.

Kupfuura tapuro dzemiitiro, sarudzo dzinopesvedzera mufambiro wezvemari kupfurikidza netapuro dzadzo pamiuyo yesangano. Nyika dzine gadziriro dzinodavirwa dzinova nedzokudzora kuri nani, uori hwakaderera, uye mhoteredzo dzebhizimisi dzinonyumwira zvikuru (Zvose zvinosimudzira kukura kwenhambo refu yemari. Nenzira inopesana, nyika umo sarudzo dzinonyengedzwa kana kuti dzinoshandiswa kazhinji kazhinji dzinotambura nekodzero dzisina simba rezvinhu, chikamari chinodzorwa nechisarudzo chemari. Saka kunaka kwesarudzo ndiko kunodzivisa kukura kwemari.

Mufananidzo

Nhumbi mutoo mukuru wokuva nechokwadi chokuti mhatsa yenzanga inoratidzirwa mumasangano ayo anodzora. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunotsamira papfungwa yokuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vachatsigira fariro nemirangariro yavanhu vavo. Zvisinei, mwero apo sarudzo dzinowana rondedzero inorondedzerwa (8) apo mavara okuvapo avakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa anoratidzira avo vanogara muchiverengero chavagari vemo chapasi (8) vanoshanda mumiitiro yose.

Gadziriro yegadziriro yemiitiro yeElectorial inoita basa rinokosha mukuumba. Gadziriro dzokumirira dzinoita masangano anomirira anosanoratidzira masangano anogadza wirirano ayo anoratidzira zvikuru kuva murume nomukadzi, dzinza, uye mirangariro yakasiana- siyana yemifungo zvemuvhozhokeri, nepo gadziriro dzavakuru dzinogona kupfuudza mapoka maduku. Kutora mashoko nezvigaro zvakachengetwa zvinogona kuwedzerazve kuratidzwa kwenzanga dzakasiana. Apo sarudzo dzinobudisa mitumbi inova inosanofanana nenzanga yavanotonga, vagari vemo vemo vemo vanogona kunyanyovimba nehurumende uye vanorangarira kuti fariro dzavo dziri kurangarirwa.

Zvinetso Nenhau Dzinosarudzwa

Kunzwisisa zvinetso izvi kunokosha pakugadzira magadzirirwo anodzivirira kusarudzwa kwoutongi uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti vasarudzo vazadzise chipikirwa chavo chehurumende.

Kudzvinyirirwa Nemagetsi

Kudzvinyirira kweVoter kunonongedzera kunhamburiko ipi neipi, kana iri yapamutemo kana kuti isiri yapamutemo, kuodza mwoyo kana kuti kudzivisa vagari vemo vakakodzera kukanda mavhota. MaTC anobatanidza mitemo yeID yorusando inosanosasarura iyo inotapura nomutoo wakaderera zvikuru uye inovhota vashomanene, kubviswa kwemivhoti inobvisa zvitsama zvakatsaurwa zvinodikanwa, kuderedzwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhotera dzine miuyo yakakwirira yavavhoti vashomanene, uye miganhu yokuvhotera. Iyi mipimo, kazhinji kazhinji inoruramiswa seiri madikanwa kudzivisa kubiridzira (iyo iri isingawanzowaniki muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji), ine muuyo wokubvisa miuyo inovhotera yapamutemo neinovhotera yapamutemo kumirirwa kufambwa navanovhotera vadzorwi vesimba.

Nzvero yakaitwa neBrennan Center for Justice yakapupurira kuti mitemo yemuvhoti inoderedza nhambo pakati pevavhoti vashomanene navawani vakaderera nezvinopetwa zvinoverengeka, zvakakwana kuchinja miuyo yesarudzo yapedyo. Nenzira yakafanana, kuvharwa kwenzvimbo dzokuvhota munhamba huru dzeAfrica America munyika dzakadai seGeorgia neTexas kwakamanikidzira vamwe vavhoti kufamba madaro marefu ndokumirira kwamaawa kuti varase muvhoti. Kurwisa kuvhotera kunoda dziviriro dzapamutemo dzakasimba, kutsigira kwakakwana nokuda kwokutarisira sarudzo, uye matanho anoshanda kuvimbisa kuti mugari ari wose akakodzera anogona kutora rutivi.

Gerrymandering

Gerrymanindering itsika yokunyora miganhu yeruwa yevhota kuti ipe mubato mumwe wezvamatongerwe enyika betsero pane vanokwikwidza. Kupfurikidza nokuunganidza nokungwarira maruwa anovhota vavhoti muchiverengero chiduku chamaruwa (uko ivo vanopambadza simba ravo rokuvhota) kana kuti kuaputsa muruwa rwakawanda (uko ivo vari vashomanene zvikuru zvokusagona kupesvedzera miuyo), vagadziri vemapu vanogona kusarudza nenzira inobudirira miuyo yesarudzo. Shoko racho rinowanwa kubva kuElbridge Gerry, gavhuna weMassachusetts uyo akasaina mepu yeruwa yakabatanidza zvinhu zvose muna 1812 iyo yakafanana nesamrander.

Kuronga kwazvino uno kwazova kwakatanhamara, kwakayamurwa nesoftware ine simba inobvumira vagadziri vemamepu kutevedzera mamiriyoni emiganhu yeruwa inobvira ndokusarudza iyo inokudza betsero dzinotsiva. Miuyo yacho yakakomba: maruwa akarongwa anoita sarudzo isingawiriraniswi, anoderedza chisarudzo chomuvhoti, uye anoisa mukubatanidza. Nemhaka yokuti gergermermeringing vatsi vatsigiri vemi vemipinduro kubva mukuzvidavirira yakasarudzwa nemutongi, inosekesa nheyo yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende iyo vavhotera vavhotera vavhotera panzvimbo pokusarudza vamiriri vavo. Nhambudzo dzechinjo dzinonanga pamitengo yokuvhotera, miraniso yetsika yetsika, uye kuongorora kwokutonga kwechimbisoro dzechisarutsidzo.

Mashoko Asina Kunaka

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema kana kuti anotsausa mukati menhimbe dzesarudzo kunopa tyisidziro inokura kuperevedza kwesarudzo. Mishprogist inogona kuva nezvimiro zvakawanda: nhau dzenhau dzakaitwa, mifananidzo yakashandiswa namavhidhiyo, rondedzero dzemhesano pamusoro pemiitiro yokuvhota, uye kutaura kwenhema pamusoro penzvimbo kana kuti migariro. Mabumbiro enhau enzanga, nokujekeswa kwawo kwemifungo inonyandura, zvakakurumidzisa nhambo yenhau nemhedziso dzenhema, zvichikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma nokuda kwokuvhotera kuti vasarukidze idiso nengano.

Kukuvadza kunoparirwa nenhema kunoparirwa kunopfuura mirangariro isina kururama yomunhu oga. Nhema dzakapararira dzinogona kubvisa chivimbo mumuitiro wokusarudza umene, kuchitungamirira vagari vemo kupanikira kuvakwa kwapamutemo kwemiuyo yesarudzo. Muzvinoitika zvakanyanyisa, kusatenderwa kwamashoko kwakawedzera masimba masimba, sepo kutaura kwenhema pamusoro pesarudzo kwakasunda denho paU.S. Capitol. kutaura mashoko enhema kunoda mutoo wakawanda: dzidzo yokugona kunyora nokunyora kuti ishongedze vagari vemo vane unyanzvi hwokufunga hwakaoma, zvinodikanwa zvokujeka nokujeka, kunzvera nhano dzenhau, idikakaka, uye miitiro yepachikuvadziko inoderedza kushatsa utachiona hwenhema.

Mari Yenhimbe

Basa remari mune zvematongerwe enyika iitiro hanya inopfuurira youtano hwesarudzo yehurumende.

Nzvero yemipikicha yakaratidza kuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vane bviro huru yokutsigira miitiro inodiwa navapi vakapfuma, kunyange apo mitemo iyoyo inorwisana nezvinodiwa navanhu vose. Mitemo yemipiro yemari yakadai semiganhu yemipiro, zvinodikanwa, uye gadziriro dzemari dzavose (idzodzora pesvedzero yemari ndokuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba. Zvisinei, zvisarudzo zvedare mune dzimwe nguva muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, zvikurukuru U.S. Dare Gurusa remitemo yemari rinoita kuti pave neganhuriro United[FFLT:1], rabvisa ganhuriro pakushandiswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, richibvumira ndyiko dzamabhizimisi dzisingaganhuriwiwi namasangano. Kukakava nenharo pamusoro pemibato yemari inorwichadenga rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusakendenga Kwemazakwatira

Muvhoti akaderera idenho yakapararira muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakatangwa. Apo zvikamu zvikuru zvevhota zvinokundikana kuvhota, miuyo yesarudzo ingasaratidzira kuda kwavanhu vose zvavose. Kusakendenga kunobva mumanyuko akawanda: chitendero chokuti vhoti yomunhu haisi chinhu (chinetso che "kusaziva" kwokusaziva"), kuodzwa mwoyo negadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, kushaiwa mashoko pamusoro pevadaviri kana kuti nhau, uye ganhuriro dzinoshanda dzakadai sokuvhotera kwamaawa akawanda kana kuti kushairwa kwechokufambisa.

Migumisiro yokuzvidzora inokosha. Nzvero inoratidzira kuti vasati vari vavhoti vanowanzova vaduku, varombo, uye vasina kudzidza zvikuru kupfuura vavhoti, kureva kuti zvisarudzo zveaya mapoka zvinopiwa nenzira ikarongwa mumigumisiro yemitemo. Hurumende dzinosarudzwa nepombi dzakaderera dzingava dzinova nefariro dzechikuru, dzakapfuma, uye vavhoti vakadzidza zvikuru, kubvisa kusawirirana munzanga nezvemari. Kuchinja kutaura nevongi kunobatanidza kuita zuva reSarudzo, kushandisa kunyoreswa kwevhoti, kuwedzera kwezva kwokukurumidza uye kuvhota, uye kugamuchira kumanikidza kuvhotera (sokunoitwa muAustralia, Belgium, uye dzimwe hurumende dzourongwa).

mhedziso

Nhumbi dzinongovawo hadzo muitiro wemiitiro; inheyo apo ubati ushe hwedemocracy hunovakwa. Kupfurikidza nesarudzo, vagari vemo vanoshandisa uchangamire hwavo, vanochengeta vatungamiriri vachizvidavirira, uye vanoumba nhungamiro yenzanga dzavo. Mhindumupindu yenhau yesarudzo(kuvambira pamagungano akaganhurirwa eAtene yakare kusvikira kumakwikwi makurusa, nenzira younyanzvi anhasi (8-anoratidzira kurwisa kupfuurira kwerudzi rwomunhu kuita masangano ayo ari ose ari maviri anomirira uye anobudirira.

Bva chipikirwa chesarudzo hachisi chokuzviitira donzo. Chinoraira denho dzokudzvinyirira muvhoti, kudzora, mashoko asina kururama, kusadzikama kwemari, uye kusakendenga kwevhoti zvose zvinotyisidzira kukanganisa kutendeseka kwegadziriro yevhoti. Kudzivirira nokusimbisa kusarudza kunoda ngwariro inotsigirwa navagari vemo, vagadziri vemitemo. Kunoda chinjo dzinowedzera kutora rutivi, kuvandudza kujeka, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti muvhoti ari wose anogona kukanda muvhoti asingatyisiswi kana kuti kunyengera. Masangano akadai se Brenan Center yeSarudzo yeP , [FLT:]], [FFFLT] .FFOM]

Sezvatinonzvera kuoma kwekudzora kwe21 muzana, utano hwesarudzo yedu hunoramba huri mutoro weboka. Mugari ari wose anonyoresa kuvhota, mushandi ari wose wesarudzo anoshanda munzvimbo yokuvhota, mutori wenhau ari wose anonzvera kutaura kwezvokusarudza, uye mutsigiri ari wose anokwikwidza mitemo yehurumende inoyera anobetsera kukusimba kwemasangano edemocracy. Rusarudzo rwoga rwoga harugoni kuvimbisa nzanga yakarurama, asi pasina iyo, hapana chaunga chinogona kutaura kuva chedemocracy. Chinokosha, ipapo, chakajeka, chakajeka: dzivirira perero yezvisaru, kutambanuro kubhokisi, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti inzwi riri rose rinonzwa muchirongwa chikuru chinofambirwa choudzo-zvidika.