Miitiro Yapakuvamba Yezvamatongerwe Enyika: Nguva Yamakororo Nekokorodzano

Pamberi pokusvika kwesarudzo huru, mabato ezvamatongerwe enyika eAmerica akavimba negadziriro inodzorwa zvakanaka uye kazhinji kazhinji yakajeka yezvirongwa nekokorodzano kusarudza vadaviri vavo. Mukutanga kwezana ramakore rechi 19, vatungamiriri vebato navakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa (vaizivikanwa se “kutonga murumbidzo dzehurumende”). Gadziriro iyi yakapa pesvedzero yakaitwa yapaburikwa kubato, vatsigiri vakapfuma, uye vapunzi venzvimbo, nepo vavhotiwo zvavo vakanga vasina kutaura chinhu. Mutoo waitsoropodzwa nokuda kwokusimudzira ushati, chicricle, chitso, uye kushaidzwa kwokuoneka, sezvo zvisarudzo zvaiitwa shure kwamasuo avanhu vaidzwa pasina kuzvidavirira.

Pakasvika makore 1820 na1830, kukura kwamapati ezvamatongerwe enyika makuru uye kukwidziridza kusarudzwa kwakawedzera vasarudzi, asi muitiro wokusarudza wakaramba wakasimba mumaoko avakuru vakuru. Kokorodzano dzamarudzi idzo dzakaoneka muma 1830 pakuvamba dzakagadzirirwa kuwedzera kutora rutivi, bva dzakakurumidza kudzorwa navadzori vebato vaidzora zvitupa uye kutsinhanwa. Somuuyo, mugari wemowo zvake akanzwa akaparadzaniswa zvikuru nomuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, kuraira kwokuvandudza.

Nguva Inofambira Mberi Nokutanga Kwezvisarudzo Zvikuru

Mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 19 napakuvamba rechi20 zvakaunza chinjo huru dzenzanga nedzezvamatongerwe enyika sezvo sangano rinofambira mberi rakatsvaka kudzora simba rehurumende imwe chete nemichina yezvamatongerwe enyika yakashata. Vachinji vakarangarira kuti prinige chaidzo ichaputsa mutevedzeri webato uye kupa vhoti inzwi rine revo muchisarudzo. Mutemo wokutanga wehurumende wakagadzwa mu Wiscon muna 1903 , wakatsigirwa naGavhuna Robert M. La Follette, mutengi mukuru. Uyu mutemo wechiratidzo wakatanhamara waida kuti mapoka ave nechisarudzo chikuru, kureva kuti murwi wacho azova mukusarumbiso. Dzimwe nyika dzakatevera nokukurumidza: Oregon: gadziriro yokutanga mu 1904, uye kupfuunika kupfuvura hafu yezvikamu zvikuru yezvikamu zvikuru.

Iyi mibato yapakuvamba yaiwanzova isina kuvhara kana kuti kuisa pamutemo, asi yakavamba nheyo yokuti muvhoti (haisi bedzi vafundisi vebato) anofanira kusarudza vamirineri. Mubato wokutanga wakawana simba mumakumi maviri amakore okutanga ezana ramakore rechi20, nemitemo yakasiyana zvikuru nehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira mapringiritari akazarurwa, achibvumira muvhoti upi noupi akanyorwa kutora rutivi pasinei zvapo nebato, nepo vamwe vaidiwa vaipfiga mativi ebato akaganhurirwa kumitezo yebato. Nhambo inofambira mberi yakaisa nheyo yetsika yehwaro yechinhu chikuru yazvino uno, asi yaizotora makumi amakore anoverengeka kuti ive mutoo mukurusa wezvitendero.

Wisconsin Primarial ya1903: Chiratidzo Chapanyika Chakatanhamara

Wisconsin wokutanga wa1903 akanga asati ari wokutanga bedzi asiwo muenzaniso wechinjo. Munsi meLa Follette, muganho wehurumende yakaisa mutemo wairaira mapoka kusarudza vamiririri vavo kupfurikidza nevhoti yakananga panzvimbo pekokorodzano. Mutemo wakashanda kuhurumende yose nehofisi dzomunzvimbomo, kunyange zvazvo vapamberi vedare reUnited States vakanga vasingabatanidzwi kutozosvikira pashure pePramende ye17. Gadziriro yeWisconsin yakaratidzira kuti maprista akananga aigona kuderedza pesvedzero yemichina yebato uye kuwedzera kutora rutivi. Mukati megumi rimwe nerimwe renyika muMidWest neWest neWest, kunyange zvazvo nyika dzokumaodzanyemba yaiwanzoramba, inoda vatengi vebato vebato vakabva kuAfrica.

Kuchinja Pakati pezana remakore rechi20: Kumuka kwePrimita

Pakasvika ma1920 na1930, zvikwata zvaive zvakajairika asi zvisati zvavapo munyika yose. Nyika dzakawanda dzakapfuurira kushandisa kokorodzano kana kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yakavhengana, zvikurukuru nokuda kwokuiswa kwemabhirimeti apurezidhendi. Sarudzo yakaramba iri kokorodzano, nenhume dzakasarudzwa namatare ehurumende. Zvisinei, pakati pezana ramakore rechi20 pakava nokuchinja zvishoma nezvishoma sezvo nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchirwa semasangano anodzora. Muna 1952 na 1960 kusarudza kwakasimbisa ukoshi hwamapriji: vadariji vaifanana naDwight Eisenhower naJohn F Kennedy vakashandisa kukunda kukuru kuratidzira tsigiro yakakurumbira nedzvinyiriro.

McGovern-Fraser Commission uye Chinjo dza1972

Chinjo inoshamisa zvikurusa yakaitika pashure peKonquisition yeDemocratic National 1968, umo vatsungiri vanorwisana nehondo vakarwisana nebato navanoumba uye muminee vakasarudzwa pasina vhoti huru imwe. Mumhinduro, Democratic Party yakatanga McGovern-Fraser Commission [[[FLL:1], iyo yakabudisa nhungamiro dzinoda kuti nyika dzinoda kugadza mitoo yokusarudza yakavhurika, yakajeka, uye inomirira. Chinjo dzeDhipatimendeswo yakatanga nenzira inobudirira kuti nyika dzose dzinoita kuti dzibvumire kutora rutivi rwakafara, uye dzaida kuti dzive dzakarongwa pamwerotevedzerwa nemigumisiro mikuru. Iyi migariro iyi yakachinjwa zvikuru muna 1968, 15 chete yainzi nenhamba yeDdemocritiescate nen; muna 1972, chikamu chakasvetuka nen Chikamu cha19, kunyange zvazvo chikashatswa nechiteve.

McGovern-Fraser Commission yakawedzerawo basa ravakadzi, vashoma, uye vanhu vaduku senhume, vachisimudzira mhatsa huru mukati mebato. Chinjo dzehurumende dzakaita kuti gadziriro yokuisa urongwa hwezvidhori ive yakarongwa asi yakava nemigumisiro yaisakarirwa: yakakudziridza muitiro kunhimbe huru, yakawedzera pesvedzero yenyika dzokutanga dzinoita zvinhu dzakadai seIowa neNew Hampshire, uye yakabetsera kukwidza vakwikwidzani vaigona kushandisa simba reuswa.

Muitiro Wazvino Uno Wehwaro Hunokosha: Kuumbwa Nokuchinja

Nhasi, nyika iri yose inoshandisa zvimwe chikwata chikuru kana kuti chapakusarudza nhume nokuda kwekokorodzano dzenyika. Zvisinei, mitoo inosiana zvikuru, ichiita chidimbu chemitemo inogona kuva inovhiringidza nokuda kwavavhoti navanoda kubhapatidzwa zvakafanana. Marudzi anozivikanwa zvikurusa eprimmist anobatanidza, akazaruka, uye akavharwa kaviri, imwe neimwe ine revo dzakasiana nokuda kwokutora nokubatana kwebato.

Marudzi Ezvikwereti

  • Avhura mavhoti: Muvhoti upi noupi akanyoreswa angatora rutivi mubato ripi neripi guru, pasinei zvapo nesonganiro yavo vamene. Vatsigiri vanopikisa uku kusimbisa chisarudzo chomuvhoti ndokukurudzira kuvhota kwapakarepo, nepo vatsoropodzi vachinetseka kuti kunobvumira kuvhotera kwebato rimwe chete.] Masangano erimwe boka anobvumira kuvhota nenzira inoshanda zvakanaka kuti apesvedzeri.
  • Vavhoti vakavharwa: Vavhoti bedzi vakanyorwa nebato vanogona kuvhota mubato guru. Irori rinochengeta perero yebato uye rinovimbisa kuti vatsigiri vanosarudza bedzi vavhoti voga, asi rinobvisa vavhoti vakazvimirira uye vasina kushata, avo vanoumba mugove unokura wavavhotera.
  • SAMI-PRIMA: Mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa nevokuvhota vasina kubhadharwa ingatora rutivi, asi mitezo yamamwe mapoka haigoni. Ikoku kunopa dzikamo kupfurikidza nokubvumira inzwi kusununguka apo kunenge kuchiganhurira kuyambuka mubato dzinokwikwidzana.

Mukuwedzera kumarudzi iwaya, dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa pamusoro-pamberi mbiri , uko vada kubuda mumativi ose vanooneka pabhoti rimwe, uye vavhoti vaviri vapamusoro vachienda mberi kurusarudzo pasinei zvapo nebato. Washington neCalifornia vakagamuchira uyu muenzaniso, unogadzirirwa kuderedza kukwirira kwenzvimbo dzinogara dziripo kupfurikidza nokumanikidzira vakwidza kukwidza kupfuura pasi pavo. Zvisinei, fundo dzinoratidza miuyo yakavhenganiswa: pamusoro-2 primicrorigies dzinogona kuwedzerawo vapangi vane mwero asi vanovhara manzwi echikamu chechitatu chebato uye vanoderedza chisarudzo chokuvhotambira murudzo.

Kutapura Kubatanidzwa Kwejeri Neboka Zvinorema

Kukura kwevhoti huru kwakawedzerwa pasina mubvunzo. Muhurumende nemhiko dzezvirongwa zvokuvhota, kukwikwidzana kunogona kukwikwidza mwero yesarudzo yavose, uye vavhoti vane bviro zvikuru yokunzwa kuva voga pamusoro pechinonzi. Muwadhi wa2008 na2016Primicaries vakaona chinyorwa, chakasundwa navavhoti vakururi vakakwirira navanoronga mishata. Vapari vemiitiro yezvibvumirano vanoshandisawo zvitendero namapoka ezvidzidzo, vanogona kuunganidza vavhotera panhau dzakananga. Kune rumwe rutivi, gadziriro huru yakaparira kukwikwidza kukwidza. Nemhaka yokuti vasarudziri vakurusa vanowanzova vanonyanyonyanyisa kunyanyisa kupfurikidza navanoronga.[1] Vatambi vezvipfumi vezvipfumba vanowanzogamuchira nzvimbo zvokusarukira zvisarudzo zvikuru.

Kumuka kwe mawindi muDEmocratic Party] vatungamiriri vebato vakasarudzwa navakuru vakuru vakasununguka kutsigira mutezo upi noupi(akabatanidzwa mumwe musengwa wokuoma. Huru dhelegendi dzakasikwa pashure pekusarudza kwa1980 kupa vabatiri chekichero pamichero yemapulism, asi vatsoropodzi vanoshaidza chimiro chedemokratiki chebasa guru. 2016 pakati paHillary Clinton naBern Sanders yakasimbisa uku kuoma kwepfungwa, kuchitungamirira Ddemocratic Party kuti idemocratic Party idefatives mu 2020 kupfurikidza nokudzidzira miuyo mikuru.

Kutakura Mabhokisi Kumberi Negakava reCalendar

Rimwe denho yazvino uno ikarenda yeprimmist nekaucuses. Mitemo inowanzokwikwidza kuita makwikwi apakuvamba − Iowa inoparira makwikwi apakuvamba neNew Hampshire kuva mamiriro okutanga murudzi kwamakumi amakore, ichivapa pesvedzero yakasiana. Iyi “kunyanyoisa zera rokuzvidira” inomanikidzira vaipinda kupinda mumibato yapakuvamba uye kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kugadzira pamberi pezvibvumirano zvisati zvazogona kurema. Democratic Par Party yakaedza kuchinja kare, kubatanidza 2020 chinjo idzo dzakaita kuti dzive nedzoke zvikuru kufanana neSouth Carolina neNevada, asi kurwa pamusoro penzvimbo kunopfuurira. Vatsoropoteshi vanoramba kuti gadziriro yazvino inopa simba rapakuvamba, nyika dzapakuvamba dzinosiya nyika dzapa simba duku.

Denho Netsoropodzo: Kunyepedzera, Kudzvinyirirwa Nenzwi, uye Kukakavadzana Kwokuchinja

Pasinei zvapo nechipikirwa chayo chedemocracy, gadziriro yokutanga inotarisana netsoropodzo dzakakomba. Varever inoramba iri nhau inopfuurira, ine mitemo inoda muvhoti, inoganhurira kuvhota kwapakuvamba, kana kuti kubudisa mipumburu inovhota yapakuvamba inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi voruzhinji uye vawani vemiuyo yakaderera. Iyi mhinganidzo inogona kudzongonyedza kudzorwa kukuru, zvikurukuru mumitemo inoganhurirwa. Gerderinging[ inoshatisawo miuyo mikuru kupfurikidza nokuita maruwa akachengeteka apo sanzverorudzo huru iri pamutemo inobudirira bedzi.

goverano yewinner-all inoshandiswa neRepublican primries inogona kukurumidza kusimbisa tsigiro shure kwemubato wemubato, nepo mirau yeDEmocratic ichida kugoverwa kwakaenzana, uko kunorebesa mijaho yamakwikwikwi. Masangano ose ari maviri ane vatsigiri vawo, asi vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti kukunda - zvose kunogona kudzvinyirira manzwi mashoma mukati mebato. Zvikurukurukurukuru, mamiriro ezvinhu makuru enyika [ akaisvonaka, apo Mupfumidzero mukuru PACS anogona kupedza mutengo zvitsauko zvisina kukwana nokuda kwevarati. [FLT:] Chisarudzo chamageo.[FFFF]

Chimwe chitsoropodzo ndechokuti vaparidzi vanogona kupa vaparidzi mubayiro vanofarira kutsigira kutsigira kwakaipa uye kubudisa mashoko kwenhau dzenhau dzenhau uye dzenzanga, panzvimbo peavo vane ruzivo rwokuzviwanira rwokutonga kana kuti kufadza kukuru. Vaparidzi vepakati penhambo dzapakati pa 2022 vakaona vadaviri vanoverengeka vachitsigirwa naaichimbova Mutungamiriri wehurumende Donald Trump vachihwinha mumakwikwi anoitwa asi ipapo vachirasikirwa nesarudzo, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pebasa guru regadziriro yokusarudza.

Kuchinja Kwezvinhu Kwenguva Ichangobva Kupfuura uye Nhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Mukupindura kuidzi zvikanganiso, chiverengero chakati chezvinjo chakakarakadzwa uye, mune zvimwe zvinoitika, chakaitwa. vhiyi yemavhiyi (RCV) yakawana wirirano senzira yokuderedza nayo nhimbe dzakashata, kuvimbisa kuti tsigiro zhinji, uye kudzivisa miuyo inoshatisa. Maine akava nyika yokutanga kushandisa RCV nokuda kwapresidential primetries muna 2020, uye Alaska akagamuchira pamusoro-na huru yakabatanidzwa neRCV nokuda kwerusarudzo dzayo. vatsigiriki vanodavira RCV vanokurudzira kuvaka zvibvumirano zvakakura zvikuru uye kurambidza zvikumbiro zvinoshatsarira. Zvisinei, kushatisa kudhura nokuvhiringidza nokuda kwavhooki.

vhoti yakakurumbira yamarudzi ose ndiimwe chinjo inonangidzirwa pakuvimbisana kunowedzera, kunyange zvazvo ichinangidzira ngwariro pasarudzo dzavose panzvimbo pemapringi. Nokuda kwegadziriro yokutanga zvakananga, zvikarakadzo zvinobatanidza karenda yokutanga ine nyika dzapakuvamba dzinochinja kuvimbisa dzikamo yenharaunda neyavanhu. Democratic National Committee yakagamuchira gadziriro yakadaro nokuda kwa2024, kuendesa South Carolina kunzvimbo yokutanga uye kudzosa Iowa neNew Pampshire, kunyange zvazvo zvinetso zvapamutemo nerogis.

Dzimwe nyika dzakaedza mapepa ose kana kuti kuvhota kwapakuvamba kuti dzitsigire. Mukati medenda reCOVID, nyika dzakawanda dzakachinjirwa kutumira tsamba dzokuvhotera nokuda kwezvipringi, uye ufakazi hunokarakadza kuti kukwidziridza kutora rutivi pasina kubvumiranisa chengeteko. Vamwe vakakarakadza kunyoresa kuvhota [ kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti vagari vose vakanaka vanogona kutora rutivi mumaPrimicrigi.

Tsika huru mbiri muCalifornia neWashington yakakweva zvose zviri zviviri rumbidzo netsoropodzo. Nepo yakaparira vadaviri vane mwero zvikuru mumamwe marudzi, kwakatungamirirawo kurusarudzo navatendi vaviri vanobva papati imwe, uko kunogona kuvhiringidza voga ndokuderedza kuzvidavirira. Panguva ino, suo aivhura bhii raipfuurira kukura, namasangano anoverengeka anorangarira zvirongwa zvokuvhotera kuti vatsigiriki vasai.

Kupedzisa: Mhindumupindu Inoenderera Mberi Yesangano Redemocratic Institution

Mhindumupindu yesarudzo huru muUnited States inoratidzira kurwisa kwamazana amakore kudzikamisa kudzora kwakatanhamara nedemokrase youswa. Kuvambira pamakamu akazadzwa noutsi ekokorodzano dzebato kusvikira kumakwikwi akasiana- siyana uye anyongana zvikuru anhasi, tsika yazova yakapararira zvikuru asi yakaoma zvikuru. McGovern-Fraser chinjo dzemisika dzemisi ya1970 dzakanga dziri nguva yakatadzwa, asi hadzina kupedza kusawirirana pakati pemireza nerunako, pakati peboka nokuchena kwepfungwa. Sezvo muvhotera wavanhu unowedzera kuva wakasiana zvikuru uye wakazvimirira, uye sezvo ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoramba ruchinje, gadziriro huru ichapfuurira kugadziridza. Kuchinja kwakafanana nenzvimbo inovhotera, uye kupiwa nzira dzinobudirira mberi, asi dzinoda kupfuurira kusimbisa nhau yezvamatongerwe enyika.