Kunzwisisa ukoshi hukuru hwokuvhota hakusati kuri muitiro wedzidzo yedzidzo yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, kupa vagari vemo simba rokuumba mitemo, vatungamiriri, uye mitemo zvinorondedzera nzanga yavo. Munyika umo kodzero dzehurumende kazhinji kazhinji dzinooma uye pane dzimwe nguva dzinoderera, kunzwisiswa kwoukoshi hukuru hwokuvhota hakusati kuri kungovawo muitiro wedzidzo chete wokutora. Chidzidzo chimwe nechimwe chinopa mukana wokupesvedzera nzanga, rudzi, uye kunyange nhau dzenyika yose. Asi mamiriyoni evavhoti akakodzera anoramba ari pamativi emativi evhiringidziko nemhaka yenyongano, kusakendenga, kana kuti mhinganidzo. Nyaya inonzvera shanduka - shanduka kwenhau yokuvhotera, basa rayo rakakomba mugadziriro yazvinosarudzwa zvazvino uno, masangano, mhinganidzo dzinopfuurira, uye nzira dzinogona kusimbisa kubatana kwevagari vemarudzi ose kuti vasvike.

Zvakaitika Kare Pakubudisa Manzwi

Kodzero yokuvhota, kazhinji kazhinji inonongedzerwa kwairi sechisarudzo kana kuti francise, yakafamba rwendo rurefu nerusingadzoreki. MuAthens yakare, inorangarirwa zvikuru kuva nzvimbo yokuberekwa kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vavanhu vose, kuvhota kwakaganhurirwa kuvagari vemorume vaiva nenzvimbo (vakadzi, varanda, uye vokumwe). Kwamazana amakore pashure pacho, hurumende zhinjisa dzakaganhurira kuvhotera kurutsiro ruduku. Magna Carta muna 1215 yakadyara mbeu dzapakuvamba dzemumiriri wehurumende muEngland, asi kuvhotera kwechisiko chose kwakaramba kuri kure. Kwakanga kusati kuri chiroto chenguva yezana rechi 19 nerechi20 apo masangano enzanga akavamba kudenha idzi nhambo dzakatanhamara.

Kufamba Kwavakadzi Kwourombo

Kurwisa kwamaruramiro okuvhota kwavakadzi kwakawana simba pakati pama18800. Muna 1848, Seneca Falls Convention muUnited States yakabudisa Declaration of Sentiments inoda maruramiro akaenzana, kubatanidza vhoti. Mapiona akafanana naSusan B.Anthony naElizabeth Cady Stanton vakatarisana nokunyombwa, kusungwa, uye kushurikidzwa kwapachena. Bva mumakumi amakore okuronga, kupesvedzera, uye kusateerera kwavagari vemo, vakadzi muNew Zealand vakava vokutanga kuwana maruramiro orudzi okuvhotera muna 1893. United States yakatevera neSandement yechi 19th Demendement muna 1920, uye mamwe marudzi akawanda pashoma napashoma pashure peHondo yeNyika I neHondo Yenyika II.

Sangano Rekodzero Dzevagari Vemo Nechibvumirano Chokupa Kodzero

Kunyange pashure pevimbiso dzebumbiro remitemo dzakarongwa, mapoka akawanda akaputsa nokusatenderwa kwemitemo, mitero yokuvhota, nzvero dzokunyora nokuvhura. MuUnited States, Civil Rights Movement yema1950 na 1960s akatarisana zvakananga neizvi kusaruramisira. Zviitiko zvakadai se1965 Selma kuMontgomey zvakatungamirira kukupfuura kweChibvumirano cheRevoting Rights mu 1965, icho chinorambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Kurwisa kwakafanana kwakaitika munyika yose (kupesana kwechikwata chinorwisa kurwisana neartheid muSouth Africa kutsutsutsutsumo yepro-mocration muMyanmar. Rukundo rumwe norumwe runosimbisa kuti kufamba kwakarurama kuvhotera kusatongowanikwa zechigarire; kunofanira kuchengetwa nokudzivirirwa nokukudziridzwa.

Zviitiko Zvikuru Pasi Rose Mukutsigira Kodzero

Kupota nyika yose, kukura kwekusvetukira kwakatevera nzira dzakasiyana. Australia yakapa vakadzi kodzero yokuvhota muna 1902 asi yakabvisa vanhu vakaberekerwamo kutozosvikira muna 1962. Finland yakanga iri rudzi rwokutanga rweEurope kubvumira vakadzi kumira muparamende muna 1906. Nyika zhinji muLatin America neAsia dzakapa mari yokuvhota pashure pekuedza kwokuzvimirira kwapakati. Nhasi, dzinenge nyika dzose dzinoita sarudzo, kunyange zvazvo ruramisiro nekusasarura ikoko zvichisiyana zvikuru. Kunzwisisa nhau iyi kunobetsera vagari vemo vanonzwisisa ukoshingarudzano yavo uye kuziva kuti kuvhotera iropafadzo inowanwa kupfurikidza nezvizvarwa zvezviito.

Chikonzero Nei Tichiparidzira Vamwe Zvinhu

Kutamba kunopfuura zvikuru muitiro; mutoo uyo vagari vemo vanoratidzira nawo boka ravo vanoda. Paunovhota, hausati uchingosarudza bedzi mushakabvu() uri kungobvuma chiono nokuda kwenguva yemberi, nhau dzinotanga, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. zvikonzero zvokuvhota zvinogona kuiswa munzvimbo dzinokosha dzinoverengeka.

Kumirira uye Kusiyana - siyana Kwemanzwi

Democracy yakanaka inoda kuti zvikamu zvose zvenzanga zvive nechigaro patafura. Apo kuvharwa kunenge kwakaderera kana kuti kwashaikwa kuchiverengero chakati chavagari vemo, miuyo yemiitiro inowanzoda vavhoti vanoshingaira. Kusimbisa kuva nechokwadi chokuti nzanga dzakaganhurirwa, chiverengero chavagari vemo, uye mapoka maduku anogona kutsigira zvinodikanwa zvavo. Kuzivana kubva kuU.Censureal Bureaunior kunoratidza nguva dzose kuti vakura, vakapfuma, uye vachena vavhotera vatori vemiteveri, kureva vanhu vaduku namapoka anowana mari shoma kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kuva nepesvedzero shoma. Kupfurikidza novhotera, mugari wemo ari wose anowedzera inzwi ravo kunziro, kuhurumende inoratidzira mhando dzechokwadi dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika dzenyika.

Kuzvidavirira Nokuzvidavirira

Vakuru vakuru vanoziva kuti vanotarisana nesarudzo yenguva dzose vane bviro huru yokuita mufariro yavose. Tyisidziro yokuvhoterwa kunze kwehofisi inokurudzira vaiti vemitemo kutaura itiro hanya dzavamiriri, kupfuudza mitemo ine revo, uye kudzivisa ushati. Mukupesana, apo muvhoti anenge akaderera, vatsoropodzi vangava vasingakendengi, uye kurasika kunogona kutungamirira kukuderera kwemitemo. Nyika dzinovhota nenzira yapamutemo, dzakadai seAustralia neBelgium, kazhinji kazhinji dzinoona kugamuchirwa kwehurumende nemhaka yokuti vezvamatongerwe enyika vanofanira kukwidza kuvhotera kuva vavhotera vose, kwete vashomanene.

Simba uye Kuzivikanwa

Kuvhota kunopa vanhu pfungwa inooneka yesangano. Kuchinjira vanhu vasingashandi kuva vagari vemo vanoshingaira vanopa miuyo yenzanga yavo. Uku kusimba kune betsero dzendangariro nedzenzanga: nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanovhota sezvingabvira zvikuru vanozvipira, vanotevera nhau, uye vanopinda mumimwe mibato yehurumende. Kurumbidza kunosimbisawo pfungwa yokuti nyika ndeyavanhu vayo, kwete bedzi fariro dzepamusoro kana kuti dzesangano.

Kutapura Kunoita Zvetsika Paupenyu Hwezuva Nezuva

Kubva pamitengo yemitero uye kutarisirwa kwoutano kudzidzo yemari uye mirau yezvakatipoteredza, zvisarudzo zvinoitwa nevakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa zvine chokuita nechinhu chose choupenyu. Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, dzinowanzofuratirwa, dzinosarudza mitemo yezvikoro, mitemo yokuronga nyika, uye bhajeti rekotsekano. Sarudzo dzehurumende dzinoumba muitiro wokunze, urongwa hwemari, uye mambure okudzivirira nzanga. Nokuvhota, vagari vemo vanopesvedzera zvakananga miuyo iyi. Somuenzaniso, chisarudzo che 2020 U.

Muitiro Wokutakurika

Kunyange zvazvo nzira dzokuvhota dzichisiyana - siyana zvichienderana nenyika uye nyika, masangano akawanda ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu anotora matanho akafanana: kunyoresa, kudzidza nezvevanoda kuvhota uye nyaya, kukanda pepa rokuvhota, uye kusimbisa kuperera kwesarudzo.

Kunyoresa Nemari

Munyika dzakawanda, vagari vemo vanofanira kunyoresa kuti vavhote pamberi pesarudzo. Uyu muitiro unogona kuva wakapfava kana kuti wakaoma kutsamira pamitemo yomunzvimbomo. Mamwe marudzi, kufanana neGermany neSweden, anonyoresa pamutemo vagari vemo apo vanowana id. Dzimwe, kufanana neUnited States, dzinoda vanhu vamwe navamwe kuti varambe vachinyora, kazhinji kazhinji namavhiki enguva pamberi porusarudzo. USA.GOUSA. inopa muganhu wokunzvera kunyoresa. Revota inhau nemhaka yokuti mapoka akawanda asinganyoreswi haagoni kuisa chinyoreso. Mapo akarongwa okunyoresa haakwanisi kuronga kunyoresa kuti abetsere kutungamirira vanhu muitiro wacho.

Nzira Dzokukurukurira Nadzo Mashoko

Utongi hunosarudzwa nevanhu hwamazuva ano hunopa nzira dzakawanda dzokuvhota nadzo kuti hugovere mapurogiramu nezvinodiwa zvakasiyana - siyana:

  • [ Kuvhota paZuva rorusarudzo mutoo wegamuchidzanwa, nenzvimbo dzokuvhota dzakazaruka kuvambira mangwanani kusvikira madekwana. Majekiseni angada kuratidza chiziviso ndokumirira mumutsetse.
  • [ Kuvhota kwokukurumidza kunobvumira vanhu kukanda chivhoti chavo mumunhu mukati menhambo yakasarudzwa pamberi peZuva reSarudzo, kuchideredza kunyanyowanda uye kuchigovera kuchinjika.
  • Potaro yeMail kana kuti yasipo inobvumira vavhoti kugamuchira ndokudzorera mabhora neposvo. Uyu mutoo wakura mukukurumbira, zvikurukuru pashure pedenda reCOVID-19, uye unoshandiswa zvikuru munyika dzakadai seOregon neWashington.
  • Kuvhota kusingabvumiki kunoshandiswa mune dzimwe nyika, kunyange zvazvo funganyo pamusoro pokusavirwa nokuongororwa kwamabasa dzaderedza kushandiswa kwayo. Brazil neIndia dzakava namakombiyuta munyika yose, nepo hurumende dzakawanda dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzeEurope dzichiramba dzichipanikira.

Nzira imwe neimwe ine simba noutera. Kuvhota tsamba kunogona kuwedzera asi kungatarisana nokunonoka kwechiito. Kuvhota kunopa pfungwa yemhemberero nechengeteko asi kunogona kusvikiki kuvanhu vakaremara kana kuti vanopedza nguva refu vachishanda.

Kutendeseka Nokuchengeteka Zvinosarudzwa

Kuvimba mumuitiro wevhiyi kunokosha. Kuyera kwakadai semitemo yeID inovhota, mikoto yepepa, kunzvera kwapashure perusanzvero, uye masangano evhoti anozvimirira kunobetsera kuvimbisa ururami. Zvisinei, gakava pamusoro pechengeteko nokuwana kazhinji kazhinji rinobva mumativi ose. Somuenzaniso, Brennan Center for Justice inoramba kuti mitemo yemitengo yeid yevhotera inogona kudzora kudzorwa pakati pevashoma uye inowana vavhoti pasina kudzorwa kukuru. Nenzira yakasiana-po, vatsi vemitemo yakadaro vanodudza kudikanwa kwechivimbo mugadziriro. Pasinei zvapo nechimiro chomunhu, kunzwisisa kuti kunoitwa sei kuvhotera nokuda kwemitemo yakanaka.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuparadzira

Pasinei zvapo nokushushikana kwepasi pose, vagari vemo vakawanda vanotarisana nezvibingamupinyi zvinoderedza bviro yavo yokuvhota.

Kushandisa Mitemo Yezviziviso Nedzvinyiriro

Mune dzimwe nyika dzinoverengeka dzeU.S. uye dzimwe nyika, mitemo inoda zvimiro zvakati zvokuzivisa mifananidzo yakatangwa. Nepo mitemo iyi yakaitirwa kudzivisa kubiridzira, inotapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi vakwegura, vanhu vane ruvara, uye vanowana mari shoma vangashaiwa marezenisi okutyaira kana kuti mapasipoti. Somuenzaniso, fundo 2019 yakawana kuti anenge 1 muvavhoti vakakodzera 10 vehurumende muU.S. akanga asinawo mushandi wemifananidzo yehurumende. Kudzorwa kwezvipiso kunobatanidzawo kuvhotera, kuderedza nzvimbo dzokuvhotera munharaunda dzemitengo, uye maawa okuvhotera apakuvamba.

Zvinetso Zvokupinda

Vanhu vakaremara kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana nemhinganidzo dzomuviri pazviteshi zvokuvhota zvinodavirwa, kushaikwa kwemaBraille kana kuti mapepa okuteerera, uye rovedzo isina kukwana nokuda kwavashandi vesarudzo. betsera America Vote ya2002 iri kuvavarira kuvandudza kuwanikwa, asi kuzviisa kunoramba kusina kufanira. Nenzira yakafanana, vavhoti mumaruwa vangafanira kufamba madaro marefu kuti vavhote, nepo vagari vomumaguta vangatarisana nemitsetse mirefumo mirefu nemhaka yezvikamu zvenyika. Miganhuro yomutauro inodzivisawo vakurukuri vasiri vamabhii vamabhineti; kugovera vadudziri navaturikiri vemitauro yakawanda inogona kubetsera.

Kusazivisa uye Kusaziva

Kupararira kwamashoko enhema pamusoro pokuvhota() apo uye kupi kwokuvhota, kunoda magwaro, kana kuti chengeteko yamapepa eposi neamonero-"zvingavhiringidza nokuodza mwoyo kutora rutivi. Zvikamu zvenzanga zvenhau zvakashandiswa kukudza kutaura kwokutsausa, pane dzimwe nguva navatambi vokumwe vanotsvaka kubvisa hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vasingazivikanwi. Kurwisa kunoda dzidzo yokunyora nokunyora, kuongorora idikanwo namasangano anovimbwa akadai se FactCCC.org, uye kurukurirano inoitwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vesarudzo.

Gerrymandering uye Ruwa

Miganhu yeruwa yevhoti inosarudzwa kuti itsigire mubato mumwe (kuvhota) inogona kuderedza simba revhoti. Apo maruwa anoumbwa kuti ape ngwariro kana kuti aparadzire vatsigiri vebato, miuyo yesarudzo inova yamakwikwi mashoma uye inopa ngwariro shoma nokuda kwechido chakakurumbira. Dzimwe nyika dzinoshandisa masangano akazvimirira kuisa miganhu, kuderedza kushandiswa kwevatsigiri.

Kuoma Kwemari Nenguva

Vashandi vanotambira mari shoma vangaparapatika kutora nguva yokuvhota, zvikurukuru kana mushandirwi wavo asingagoveri zororo rinobhadharwa. Vabereki vari voga, vashandi vanochinjana, uye vatarisiri kazhinji kazhinji vanowana kusabvumirwa kwokuvhota. Kuita kuti Esantion Day aroote, kuwedzera kuvhota kwokukurumidza, uye kupa nguva inobhadharwa kunogona kupedza idzi mhinganidzo dzemari.

Kubatanidzwa Kunokurudzira Kwechikwata

Kuvimbisana kunoitwa neCovic kunoitwa kuti pave nezvakanaka: kana vanhu vakawanda vachivhota, vanobva vaona kukosha kwokuvhota.

Dzidzo Yezvikoro

Vanhu vaduku vazhinji havatongogamuchiri muraidzo wakarongwa pamusoro penzira yokuvhota nayo, nei kuchikosha, kana kuti nzira iyo hurumende inoshanda nayo. Comphensensive dzidzo yavagari vemo(-"Brequence") Yakavanzika bumbiro remitemo, mapati ezvematongerwe enyika, nhau yesarudzo, uye vagadziri vesarudzo(can demysfict tracts nokuwedzera. Programs se zvirongwa zvechiCicons, zvakavambwa neMutongi Sandra Day O’Connor, kupa mipiro yapachena nokuda kwavadzidzisi.

Kuparadzana Kwezvikepe Zvakadzika Mitemo

Masangano omunzvimbomo, mapoka okutenda, uye asingapinzi purofiti kazhinji kazhinji zvinotanga nhano. Idzi dzinobatanidza kugogodza suo, kubhangi refoni, kutumira vapindi venzvimbo dzokuvhotera, uye kugovera chokufambisa kunzvimbo dzokuvhotera. Nzvero kubva kuYaLT’s Institution for Social and Policy Studies inoratidza kuti kurukurirano dzomunhu oga kuvavakidzani ndeimwe yenzira dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzokuwedzera nadzo kubuda.

Kushandisa Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Nezvinobudisa Nhau Zvenzanga

Maturusi emagetsi anogona kunyoresa nzvimbo yokuvhota, anogovera mashoko okuvhota, uye anoyeuchidza vanhu kuvhota. Zvikarakadzo zvakafanana ne .org zvinobatsira vashandisi kunyoresa nokukumbira vasipo. Mabudirekiti enzanga anogonawo kushanda sevagadziri vane simba. (cconf divisionsssssss defigment resformation reconficificiation. Semistrence reconstrences.comss anogona kuranga mishumo yemiesarudzo yakananga yeminuro yavanoitirana hanya pamusoro penhau dzavo.

Mushandirwi Netsigiro Yesangano

Makambani anogona kukurudzira kuvhota kupfurikidza nokupa nguva inobhadharwa, kubvumira kunyoreswa kwevhoti, uye mipiro inowirirana nemipiro yavashandi kunhamburiko dzokusatora. Koreji namayunivhesiti zvinogona kugadza nzvimbo dzokuvhota dzepakoreji ndokubatanidza kunyoresa kwevoti muchimiro. Tsigiro yakadaro inova inova yakapfava kuvhota uye inokuita kuti kuve nyore zvikuru kuti vanhu vakabatikana vatore rutivi.

Basa Revaduku Vanoita Mitambo Yemitambo

Vanhu vaduku (vane 18-29) vanomirira chiverengero chavagari vemo chine simba icho munhau dzakava pasi pamapoka ezera rakura (apo ikoko kuri kuchinja. Mujarura re 2020 reU.S., pwere dzakasvika 50% kwenguva yokutanga mumakumi amakore, ichisundwa nenhau dzakafanana nokuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, chikwereti chavadzidzi, uye ruramisiro yenzanga. Kuvhota vaduku kunokosha nokuda kwoutano hwedemocracy yenguva refu.

Nhau Dzinosunda Vanhu Vaduku

Chiito chemamiriro okunze anotengwa, dzidzo inotengwa, ruramisiro yedzinza, kodzero dzokubereka, uye mukana wemari ndizvo zvinonyanya kuwanda nokuda kwavavhoti vaduku vakawanda. Vatsigiri vanokurukura nhau idzi nenzira yechokwadi vanogona kukurudzira kubuda kwakakwirira. Nenzira inopesana, apo vanhu vanofuratira zvinonetsa vaduku, kusakendenga kunowedzera. Mitezo se yaMararamiro Edu, yakarongwa navapukunyuki vechikoro cheParkland, yakaratidzira kuti vanhu vaduku vanogona kutsigira zvakasimba miitiro yakananga ndokushandura chishandiso kuva dzvinyiriro yezvisakiso.

Kukurira Kutsoropodza Nokusakendenga

Vamwe vavhoti vaduku vanonzwa vhoti yavo isina basa, zvikurukuru munyika dzisina kuringa kana kuti maruwa akadzorwa. Kudzivisa ikoku kunoda kuratidza batano dzinooneka pakati pechinjo yokuvhota negadziriro. Somuenzaniso, sarudzo dzapakati penhambo 2018 dzakaona pwere dzapamberi penhambo dzakawana kudzokororwa kwemitemo inofambira mberi mune dzimwe nyika. Nhimbe dzenzanga dzinodzorwa navakupesvedzera, uye masangano epwere akadai seSepteGen America anobetsera kubvisa nhau yacho mukudzorwa kusimba.

Kuderedza Nguva Yokutanga Kuwana Zvokudya

Dzimwe nyika uye manisiparati zvakarangarira kuderedza zera rokuvhota kusvika ku16 kana kuti 17 nokuda kwesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo.vatsiri vanotaura kuti vanhu vaduku vane njodzi mumitemo yedzidzo nemhoteredzo, uye kuvhota kwapakuvamba kunovaka miitiro youpenyu hwose. Vashori vanonetseka pamusoro poukuru nezivo. Scotland yakabvumira 16 na 17 zvezera kuvhota muhurosi yayo yokuzvimirira ya2014, uye kunzvera kwakaratidza bvumirano yakakwirira pakati pavavhoti vatsva.

mhedziso

Kupa mari inodiwa chaizvo uye ikodzero uye mutoro, (jee) ndiyo nzira yakananga zvikuru yokuti vanhuwo zvavo vaumbe hurumende yavo. Nhau yokuvhota inhau yokurwisa nokufambira mberi, chiyeuchidzo chokuti kutora rutivi kwehurumende yegutsaruzhinji hakutongovimbiswi.

Zvisinei, kuvhota kwoga hakuna kukwana. Ubati ushe hwehurumende hunodawo kuvimbisana pakati pesarudzo: kunyorera vakuru vakuru, kupinda muhoro dzetaundi, kukumbanira mapoka okuvhota, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vazvidavirire. Asi chiito chokuvhota chinoramba chiri fandesheni. Chinobvumira hurumende, chinopa mhete yakasiana, uye chinopa mugari wemo ari wose danda munguva yemberi. Kana uri muvhoti wokutanga kana kuti mutsigiri akasimba, vhota. Register, dzidza brateot, uye ratidza. Democracs anowana simba apo vagari vanotora rutivi.