Nheyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba inomira seimwe yedziviriro dzinogarisa zvikurusa dzehurumende dzinonyengerwa munzanga dzehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu. Kupfurikidza nokukamuranisa chiremera pakati pamapazu akasiyana - siyana(chimwe nechimwe nemitoro yacho chimene namasimba) — iyi tsika inoumba gadziriro yokudzivisana iyo inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga uye inovimbisa kuva nechaunga chokuzvidavirira. Pasina kukamukana kwakadaro, kunyange hurumende dzinosanonangidzirwa dzinogona kukukukurwa kuudzvinyirira, simba rokupa ngwariro munzira idzo dzinorerutsa maruramiro adzinorehwa kuchengeteka. Iyi nyaya inonzvera nheyo dzouzivi, mibato inoshanda, zvidzidzo zvenhau, uye denho dzazvino unopa kuparadzana masimba, zvinopa nzwisiso hurusa yeichoicho chinova chinhu nokuda kwokudzivisa kubatwa nehurumende.

Mavambo Okuparadzana Kwesimba

Midziyo youchenjeri yokuparadzana kwamasimba inodzokera shure kuvafungi vakatsvaka kudzora kushandiswa kwokuzvidira kwechiremera. Muzivi weFrance Montesquieu, mubasa rake ra1748 Mudzimu weMitemo, akataura kuti rusununguko rwezvamatongerwe enyika runoda kuparadzanisa kwemibato yehurumende pakati pomutemo, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu edare. Akanyevera kuti apo “mitemo namasimba makuru anobatanidzwa mumunhu mumwe cheteyo, kana kuti muboka rimwe chetero ravatongi, hakugoni kuva nerusununguko. Nenzira yakafanana, John Locke akanga atangira pakuvamba pakati pechibvumirano chemitemo, chinzvimbo chapamutemo, uye masimba anokudzwa, anoisa nheyo yehurumende yakaganhurirwa.

Iyi mifungo yakapesvedzera zvikuru vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo reU.S. James Madison, mu Murongi Nhaka. 51, yakanyora zvakakurumbira kuti “rudado runofanira kuitwa kuti rukurire gwinyiro.” Iye akarangarira kuti kupfurikidza nokupa bazu rimwe nerimwe mitoo nevavariro zvokudzivisa kupindira kwavamwe, chimiro chehurumende chingagona kuitwa kuti chizvidzore. Bhishopu nokudaro yakasika mapazi matatu anokwana, rimwe nerimwe rine masimba akasiyana namano okunzvera vamwe kuti risagadzirirwe kubudirira asi nokuda kwerusununguko.

Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba hakusi kungovawo zvako mubatanidzwa wemaune; musengwa wouzivi kupfungwa yokuti simba guru rine ngozi.Iyi nheyo zvino yakaiswa mubumbiro remitemo rakawanda munyika yose, kunyange zvazvo kuitwa kwaro kuchisiyana.

Mapazi Matatu Nenyaya Yawo Yokupindirana

Bazu Romutemo: Inzwi Ravanhu

Bazu remitemo rinoitwa basa rokuita mitemo. MuUnited States, iri simba rinogara muCongress, boka rebidaral rinoumbwa neDare neImba yavamiririri. Mugadzirirwo webicameral imene icherekedzo: Imba, ine mashoko ayo amakore maviri, inogamuchira zvikuru kumirangariro yakakurumbira, nepo Dare, rine mashoko amakore matanhatu nemirairo yakaenzana pahurumende imwe, rinogovera kurangarira nokutsiga. Mutemo unofanira kupfuura makamuri ose ndokusainwa naPurezidhendi (kana kuti ive yakagadzwa pamusoro peato) kuti ive mutemo. Iyi mifungo yakaoma inovimbisa kuti mitemo iratidzire bvumirano yakafara panzvimbo pezvikurusa.

Dare rinewo simba rechikwama, rinodzora mari nemutero zvehurumende. chiremera ichi chinoipa simba rinokosha pabazu guru, sezvo pasina mari inogona kupedzwa pasina kubatanidzwa kwesangano. Kuwedzera, Dare rinofanira kusimbisa kugadzwa kukuru kwevakuru vakuru uye zvibvumirano zverafy, zvichibatira secherekedzo pachisarudzo choupurezidhendi.

Bazu Rinotungamirira: Rinochengeta Mitemo

Bazu guru, rinotungamirirwa naPurezidhendi, rine mutoro wokushandisa nokushandisa mitemo. Purezidhendi anobatira saMutungamiriri wemauto ane zvombo, anoitisa mirau yokumwe, uye anotarisira masangano ehurumende. Kudzivisa kutsoropodzwa, Bumbiro reMitemo rinopa Dare simba rokukunda purezidhendi nevoruzhinji vane mativi maviri matatu, kuzvidza nokubvisa Purezidhendi nokuda kwe “Crimends neMisdemys,” uye kuramba varwi.

Kunyange zvazvo maturusi aya achishanda zvakanaka, anogona kushanda zvakanaka pakudzora, anoregawo kuronga mitemo.

Bazu Rokutonga: Guva Rokuva Mutezo Webumbiro reMitemo

Bazu rinotonga rinotsanangura mitemo uye rinovimbisa kuti inowirirana neBumbiro reMitemo. Kupfurikidza nesimba rehwirudzuro yedare, rakatangwa munhau yechiratidzo chenhau Marbury v. Madison (1803), matare anogona kurova mitemo kana kuti zviito zvavakuru vakuru zvinoputsa gadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo. Iri chiremera ndicho chekunzvera kukuru kwedare pamamwe mapazu. Vatongi vehurumende vanogadzwa nokuda kwoupenyu, vanoadzivirira padzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika uye vanoabvumira kuita zvisarudzo zvisina muganhu.

Zvisinei, matare anopedzawo gakava pakati pamapazu uye pakati pehurumende, anochengeta mutemo, uye anodzivirira maruramiro avanhu.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Makeki nemadzikano ndiwo mashandiro anoita kuti kuparadzana kwemasimba kubudirire.

  • Simba reVeto: Mutungamiriri wehurumende anogona kuramba mutemo, asi Congress inogona kukurira chivhoti namatatu maviri mumakamuri ose ari maviri. Iri simba kutaurirana nokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira.
  • Kupasa: Imba inogona kushora Purezidhendi, vatongi, kana kuti vamwe vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwe “kurangarira, chiokomuhomwe, kana kuti mamwe matsotsi makuru uye Miseve.” Dare ipapo rinotonga uye rinogona kubvisa vakuru vakuru nevhoti mbiri. Muitiro uyu wakashandiswa mukurwisana naMapurezidhendi Andrew Johnson, Bill Clinton, naDonald Trump, kunyange zvazvo Johnson naClinton vakasunungurwa muDare.
  • Sarudza Chibvumikiso: Purezidhendi anoisa vatongi vehurumende, vanyori vedare, uye nhume, asi Dare rinofanira kuvasimbisa. Ikoku kunopa bazu romutemo inzwi mukugadza vakuru vakuru.
  • [[FLT: 0] judicial Review: Dare rapamusoro rinogona kuzivisa mitemo isina kurongwa, sezvarakaita mu Brown v. Dare reDzidzo (1954) uye Obergefell v. Hodges (2015). Simba iri icherekedzo yakananga pazvose zviri zviviri chigaro nemukuru wehurumende.
  • Chibvumirano nebvumirano: Dare rinofanira kutendera zvibvumirano kupfurikidza nevoruzhinji vaviri vatatu, richivimbisa kuti zvibvumirano zvamarudzi ose zvinoratidzira tsigiro yakafara.
  • Kutarisira kwokutonga: Matare anonzvera zviito zvehurumende, kudzorwa, uye kubudisa nhau. Iri simba rokutarisira rinokosha nokuda kwokufukunura kusazvibata, sezvinoonwa mukati mekutongwa kweWatergate.

Kushanda uku hakusi kwokusagona kudzora. Kudzorwa kwemibato, kudzorwa kwechiremera chavakuru vakuru kunogona kuvanetesa. Somuenzaniso, kuwanda kwemirairo yavakuru vakuru kwawedzera mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura, pane dzimwe nguva kudzongonyedza Dare. Nenzira yakafanana, kushandiswa kwokuronga nguva yokupinda nokushanda pasina munhu panzvimbo yokupinda munyika nekutengeserana kwakanyandura nharo pamusoro pokuva nomunyengeri. Kunyanguvezvo, gadziriro inoramba ichitsungirira apo vagari namasangano vanoidzivirira nenzira yokushingaira.

Zvidzidzo Zvenhau: Apo Kuparadzana Kwesimba Kunokundikana

Nhau inogovera nyevero dzakasimba pamusoro pemiuyo yokuparadzana kwamasimba kwakaparadzwa.

Mabasa eAlien NeaSedition (1798)

Zvichipfuudzwa neFederalist Congress yakadzorwa naPurezidhendi John Adams, iyi mitemo yakapinza kutaura kwoutsotsi pamusoro pehurumende ndokukuita kuti kuve kwakaomera vatami kuva vagari vemo. Zviito zvakaonekwa zvikuru sokushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwesimba kwakananga pakudzivisa vashori vezvamatongerwe enyika. Kudzorwa kwavose uye kusarudzwa kwakatevera kwaThomas Jefferson kwakaratidzira ukoshi hwenzvero yakasununguka nechero dzevhoti. Mabasa akapera kana kuti akadzorwa, asi ivo vanoramba vari nhevero pamusoro pokuvakwa kwapamutemo kudzoreswa nekurukurirano yemitemo (panguva, Dare Rapamusorosoro harina kurova mitemo pamativi okutanga).

Kupindira kwevaAmerica vokuJapan (1942)

Mukati meHondo yeNyika II, Purezidhendi Franklin D. Roosevelt akabudisa Urairo Hukurusa 9066, achibvumira kutama nokuiswazve kwokumanikidzirwa kwevaJapan vanopfuura 120 000 veJapan, vazhinjisa vavo vakanga vari vagari vemo veU. Dare Rapamusorosoro rakatsigira muitiro mu Koritatsu v. United States [1944] [FLT], ichitaura nezvechengeteko yehurumende yehurumende. Iyi nhau zvino inoshurikidzwa zvikuru sokukundikana kwetarisiro yedare uye kuratidzirwa kwenzira iyo rutyo runogona kubvisa nayo dziviriro yebumbiro remitemo. Hurumende gare gare gare gare gare yakakumbira ruregerero uye yakagovera nhevedzano, asi chinoitika chinosimbisa kudikanwa kwokunzvera kunyange munguva dzenjodzi.

Ramgate (1972 - 1974)

Nhau yeWatergate yakavamba nokuputsika padzimbahwe reDemocratic National Committee ndokukura kuva mubatanidzwa wokushatiswa kwebazu kunodzora, kubatanidza kudzongonyedzwa kweruramisiro, vhavharo, uye kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamasangano akachenjera. Congress congression, inotungamirirwa neDare reSametergate Committee, uye chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa reUnited States v. Nikon (1974) United States v. anomanikidzira kubudiswa kwamatepi, kuzivisa ukurukudzora kwetsika kwapamberi, kuisa papepa, Purezidhendi Richard Nixon.Gadentipal.

Mienzaniso Yazvino Uno: Nhevedzo Yakananga uye Chiito Chisiri Chomuuyo

Mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura aya, purezidhendi wamativi ose ari maviri akashandisa nenzira inowedzera mirairo yavakuru vakuru, purezidhendi wenhau, uye ziziviso dzokuita muitiro pasina bvumirano. Somuenzaniso, kurambidzwa kweboka reTrump kuvhozhokera nyika dzinoverengeka dzechiMuslim namabhirini akatarisana nedenho dzapamutemo, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakatsigira shanduro yakadzokororwa mu Trump v. Hawaii (2017). Vatsoropote vakataura kuti kurambidzwa kwechiremera chomutungamiriri uye kuputsa nheyo dzemitemo dzevaisi vezvo. Njotoo, nenzira yakafanana, dare revadzidzi rinorevesa chikwereti chekanganwiro rakarohwa nedare rinonzvera mu [FLT] Brancen.[3] [2003] [Flect], vakaisa zviremera zvikuru nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende.

Maonero Anoita Nyika Dzose Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Nepo muenzaniso weU.S. uchipesvedzera, dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakatanga nzira dzadzo dzimene dzokukamuranisa simba. United Kingdom, somuenzaniso, inoshanda mugadziriro yeparamende umo mukuru mukuru (Mukuru mukuru neKabhinet) anotorwa kubva kuvoruzhinji vehurumende. Hakuna kutsaurana kukuru(Indeded), kubatanidzwa kwamasimba masimba chiratidzo, kwete chiputsi / asi kunzvera kuripo kupfurikidza negamuchidzanwa rakasimba rebasa ravagari vemo, muchina wakasununguka, uye mutongi wedare guru reUK, rakatangwa muna 2009, rinogona kuhwirudzura zviito zvehurumende nokuda kwekuva zvapamutemo asi risina simba rokuzvizivisa pasi paMabasa eParamende (kugona kuzivisa kuti zvivepo nekodzero dzomutemo wavanhu).

Dare reFederal Constitution rine chiremera chikuru chokuhwirudzura mutemo nechiito chavakuru vakuru. Germany inoisawo vhoti inovaka yokusavimba, inodzivisa mutungamiriri kubviswa kutoti mutsivi asarudzwa nokukurumidza, achiwedzera kuterama. Gadziriro yeFrance inokamura simba rechiremera pakati papurezidhendi nomutungamiriri mukuru, neDare reMitemo kuti rihwirudzure mitemo. Iyi misiyano inoratidza kuti pfungwa huru yokunzvera simba inogona kugadziridzwa kutsika dzakasiana - siana dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuenzanisa aya masangano kunosimbisa kuti hakuna muenzaniso wakakwana. Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba kunowirirana kwete bedzi negadziriro yourongwa asiwo netsika yekuva pamutemo, matare akazvimirira, uye nzanga yavagari vemo inoshingaira. Nyika umo aya masangano akaneta (akadai seidzo dzine majarija akasarudzwa kana kuti matare akasarudzwa anowana maruramiro ehurumende okunyengera nokushandisa zvisina kufanira.)

Zvinetso Zvazvino Uno Nokuwedzera Kwemiedzo Nedzikamo

Pasinei zvapo nebudiriro yayo yenhau, kuparadzana kwamasimba kunotarisana netyisidziro huru dzapanguva imwe cheteyo. Kuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakawedzera utsanana, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma zvikuru kuti Congress aite basa rayo rokutarisira. Apo boka rimwe chetero rinodzora zvose zviri zviviri chigaro neCongress, nzvero dzemitemo dzinowanzoderera, sezvinoonekwa mukati menhambo dzakabatana dzehurumende.

Kukura kwehurumende kunoparirawo denho. Masangano ehurumende anobatanidza mibato yemitemo, yehurumende, uye yedare: anonyora mitemo (Aasi-legisititi), anoigombedzera (kanganisira) uye kuisa simba mudare rimwe. Uku kuisa simba mukati mesangano rimwe kunogona kukunda nzvero dzegamuchidzanwa. Matare akadzosa, nezvisarudzo zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi mu West Virginia v. EPA222)[FL:] uye [FLT:] Kurura Bhegn.[2]

Gadziriro yokutonga yazova inodzorwa zvikuru, nehondo dzinoparadza Dare Rapamusorosoro dzinobvisa chivimbo chavanhu. Kushandiswa kwaDialbuster muDare netyisidziro dzapanhambo nenhambo dze “kurongedza” kunomutsa funganyo pamusoro pokuzvimirira kwedare. Munguva ino, kushandiswa kwesimba redare rekurumidziro, zvakadai sokuzivisa kurumidziro yenyika kudzosa mari (muchirevo, nokuda kwemasvingo emuganhu), kwakaedza miganhu yomutemo.

Zvinetso izvi zvinoda ngwariro yenguva dzose. Kuparadzaniswa kwemasimba hakusi kuzviparadza; kunotsamira pamipimo yesangano, muenzaniso wapamutemo, uye kuvimbisana kwevagari vemo kushanda. Sezvo chinjo dzemhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika, tsika inofanira kuchinjira nepo ichigara iri yechokwadi kunheyo dzayo dzakavakirwa.

Basa Revagari Vemo Mukutsigira Kuparadzana Kwemasimba

Vagari ndivo vanonyanya kuchengetedza utongi hwebumbiro remitemo. Vanhu vanoziva uye vanoshingaira vanogona kudzivisa hurumende kutsotswa nokuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vazvidavirire uye vadzivirire miganhu yehurumende. Zviito zvinokosha zvinosanganisira:

  • Kusarudza muzvisarudzo: Kusarudza vamiriri vanoremekedza kuparadzana kwemasimba uye vanodisa kudenha kukunda kana kuti kurambidza mitemo.
  • Kunzwisisa mudzidzo yevagari vemo: Kunzwisisa kuti hurumende inoshanda sei, kubatanidza mabasa ebazi rimwe nerimwe uye mashandiro echeki nedzinodzikama. Nonpartisan upfumi hwakafanana ne [[FLT]] CONTION[[FLT]]
  • Kubudisa muchina wenhau wapachena: zvinobudisa nhau zvinoshanda se “nzvimbo yechina” inonzvera nokufumura kusashandiswa zvakanaka kwemitemo. Journalism inofukidza zvisarudzo zveDare rapamusorosoro, tarisiro yedare, uye zviito zvechiremera zvinobetsera kuchengeta vanhu vachiziva.
  • Kuisa panzvimbo nokuda kwokuona: Mitemo yakadai seFreedom of Information Act (FOIA) uye zvinodikanwa zvesangano pachena zvinogonesa vagari vemo kunzvera mibato yehurumende. Kutsinhanhanyidzira nokuda kwemirau yetsika yakasimba zvikuru nezvinodikanwa zvekuzivisa kunoderedza ngozi yokunyengera kwakavanzwa.
  • Kuparira munzanga yavagari vemo: Zvisingabatsiri, mapoka ezveubereki, uye masangano ebhari anogona kunyora mipfupiso mumatare, kugamuchirwa nokuda kwokuchinja, uye kudzidzisa vanhu. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza [[FLT:] John Adams Project[[FLT:]] na American Liberity Union (ACLU) inodenha kuchengetwa nokurondwa kusiri kwapamutemo.

Vagari vemo vanofanira kurambawo vachipanikira zvikumbiro zvekurumidziro kana kuti chengeteko yenyika inoruramisa simba rokupa ngwariro. Kubatanidzwa kweJapan nepurogiramu dzokunzvera dzapashure pe9/11 dzinoratidza kuti kunyange hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinogona kunyanyisa. Kungwarira ndiko inishuwarenzi yakanakisisa mukuparadzwa kwedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo.

mhedziso

Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba hakusati kuri chisaririra chenhau asi chisaririra chipenyu chinofanira kuchengetwa nokudzivirirwa. Chinangwa chayo hachisi chokuita kuti hurumende ibudirire, asi kuti ive yakakotsekana. Kupfurikidza nokukamura chiremera pakati pamapazu anogona kunzvera nokudzikamisa, iyi tsika inodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza simba rokudzvinyirira kodzero dzevanhu. Kubva kuzvinyorwa zveNyerevo yeMontesquieu kusvikira kukurukurirano dzokuvaka dzeConstitution yeBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo, nheyo yacho yatsungirira nemhaka yokuti inoshanda / apo inotsigirwa.

Bva chizvarwa chiri chose chinotarisana netyisidziro itsva: kuganhurirwa kwokusasarura, kudzorwa kwechikuru, kudzorwa kwedare, kana kuti kupiwa chibvumirano chemitemo. Nzvero dzeAlien neSedition Mabasa, kubatirana kweJapan, Watergate, uye zviito zvazvino uno zvokutungamirira zvinotiyeuchidza kuti kungwarira hakutongochinji. Mashandiro echekedzo nedzikamo zvehurumende akasimba bedzi savanhu namasangano anovabatira. Vagari vemo vasingaiti basa, mubatanidzwa wehurumende, kana kuti mutongi wehurumende yechipanishi anogona kusekesa gadziriro yose.

Kuti tichengetedze rusununguko, tinofanira kunzwisisa kutsaura kwamasimba kwete sechinhu chisinganzwisisiki asi sechishandiso chinoshanda chokuzvidavirira. Nokugara tichiziva, kuvhota, kupinda munzanga yavagari vemo, uye kutsigira masangano anozvimirira, vagari vemo vanogona kuva nechokwadi chokuti nheyo iyi yenheyo inopfuurira kudzivirira hurumende. Sezvinoita James Madison akanyora mu FEDA... Nhamba]. ,[FLT],, kudai vanhu vakanga vari ngirozi, hapana hurumende yaizova iri madikanwa. Kudai ngirozi dzaitonga vanhu, kana kuti zvidzori zvomukati Hurumende zvaizova zviri madikanwa." Kuparadzaniswa kwamasimba anoramba kuri madikanwa zvikurusa.