Kunzwisisa Machapupu Matatu Okutonga

Zuva riri rose, vagari vemo vanobatira pamwe namabasa ehurumende, kubva pakunwa mvura yakachena nokutyaira mumigwagwa yakakotsekana kusvikira pakugamuchira tsamba nokubhadhara mitero. Chichipo chinoitwa navanhu vazhinji kunzwisisa [[FLT: 0] mwero wehurumende ndiyo ine mutoro weicho. Iyi nhungamiro inojekesa mabasa akasiyana ehurumende, hurumende, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, inotsanangura kuti mwero mumwe nomumwe unotapura sei upenyu hwako uye kuti vanoshanda sei pamwe chete kuparira nzanga yakatsiga.

Kuziva kuti ndiani angadaidza (naiye anofanira kuzvidavirira) kunokupa simba rokuita zvinobudirira zvikuru nevamiririri vako uye mutsigiri nokuda kwokuchinja.

Ndedzipi Dziri Zvinzvimbo Zvikuru Zvehurumende?

Nyika zhinjisa dzedemokrase, kubatanidza United States, dzinoshanda mugadziriro yehurumende . Iyi gadziriro inokamura chiremera pakati pehurumende yenyika nehurumende duku dzeruwa. MuU.S., mwero mikuru mitatu ndi:

  • [ Federal (nyika yose) - mutoro wenhau dzinotapura nyika yose.
  • State[ - zvinobata nhau dzakananga kunyika 50.
  • [ yapano - inodzora maguta, maruwa, mataundi, uye maruwa chaiwo.

Mwero mumwe nomumwe unobva mubumbiro remitemo kana kuti chibvumirano. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S. rinopa masimba akati kuhurumende yomubatanidzwa (muchib., kuumba mari, kuzivisa hondo), nepo richichengeta mamwe nokuda kwehurumende (mujee., achiitisa sarudzo, achitungamirira kutengeserana kwezvinzvimbo). Hurumende dzomunzvimbomowo, dzinoumbwa nehurumende dzehurumende uye dzinofarikanya utongi hwakaganhurirwa.

Chivako ichi chine miganhu inodzivisa chinhu chimwe chete kuva chine simba zvikuru uye chinoita kuti zvisarudzo zviitwe pedyo sezvinobvira nevanhu vazvinotapura.

Hurumende Yehurumende: Utariri Hwenyika

Hurumende yehurumende yehurumende [[FLT: 1] inogara pamusoro pevatungamiriri vevafundisi. Ichiremera chakakwirira zvikurusa munyika uye mitemo yayo inowanzotsiva hurumende nemitemo yomunzvimbomo (pasi peSupremacy Claus yeU.S. Constitution). Hurumende yehurumende ine mapazu matatu: chigaro chemitemo (Chonagnet), mukuru mukuru wehurumende (Prezidenti namasangano).

Mitoro yeHurumende Inotonga Nyika

  • National Defense and Foreign Policy: Hurumende yehurumende inochengeta mauto akashongedzerwa nezvombo, kutaurirana, kumirira nyika mumasangano amarudzi ose, uye budisa mapasipoti. Ndiwo mwero bedzi unogona kuzivisa hondo kana kuti kupinda mukurukurirano.
  • Intestate Commerce and Economic Policy: Congress inodzora kutengeserana pakati pehurumende namarudzi okumwe. Dhipatimendi rezvokutengeserana rinotarisira zvibvumirano zvebhizimisi ramarudzi ose, nepo Federal Reserve inodzora gadziriro yemari kudzora kukwira kwemitengo nebasa.
  • Sacial Security and Medicare: Iyi gadziriro yomubatanidzwa inogovera mari neinishuwarenzi youtano nokuda kwavapunzi vemidyandigere, vakaremara, uye vamwe. Vanobhadharwa nemitero inounganidzwa munyika yose.
  • Environmental Protection: The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) inogadza mipimo yorudzi rwose nokuda kwomugariro wemhepo nemvura, kuraswa kwetsvina ine ngozi, uye kuchengeteka kwamakemikari.
  • Chivil Rights neImmigration: mitemo yeFederal yakadai seCivil Rights Act inorambidza rusaruro rwakavakirwa padzinza, vatano, rudzidziso, uye urema. Hurumende yehurumende inodzorawo muitiro wokupinda munyika, chisiko, uye chengeteko yemuganhu.

Rimwe basa guru rinowanzofuratirwa ndiro mari inotsigirwa nokuda kwokunzvera nokubudirira. Zvirongwa zvakafanana neNational Institutes of Health (NIH) uye National Science Foundation (NSF) inopinza mabhiriyoni munzvero yesayenzi nerezvokurapa izvo zvinobetsera nyika yose.

Nokuda kwokuputsika kune udzame kwamasimba omubatanidzwa, kurangarirwa kwe White House kwehurumende yeU.S. inzvimbo yakaisvonaka yokutanga.

Kutapura Kunoita Hurumende Yenyika Yakabudirira Upenyu Hwako Hwezuva Nezuva

Apo unotumira tsamba, United States Postal Service .a rehurumende inoigovera. Paunodya zvokudya, Food and Drug Administration (FDA) inovimbisa chengeteko yazvo. Apo unotyaira mumugwagwa mukuru wepakati penyika, mari yehurumende yakagovera kuvakwa kwayo. Kunyange mafoni ako anotsamira pamigove yehurumende inogoverwa neFederal Communications Commission (FCCC). Hurumende yehurumende inotapura anenge mativi ose oupenyu hwazvino uno, kunyange zvazvo kuvapo kwayo kunganzwa kuva kure.

Hurumende: Vashandi Vehurumende Inotonga Vanhu

Hurumende dzinoshanda pasi pechiremera chegadziriro yehurumende asi dzinofarikanya udzori hune revo. Hurumende imwe neimwe ine bumbiro remitemo rayo imene, gavhuna, mugaro womutemo, uye gadziriro yedare. Hurumende dzinowanzonzi masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu" nemhaka yokuti dzinogona kuedza mitemo yadzo yemitemo yakadai sokuchinja utano, mipimo yedzidzo, uye mirau yemhoteredzo isati yagamuchirwa norudzi.

Mabasa Ehurumende

  • , United States inogadza mipimo yezvidzidzo, zvikoro zvemari zvesangano rehurumende K-12 (kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemitero yehurumende neyenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo), uye inotarisira mayunivhesiti avose. Vanoshandisawo kunzvera kwakarongwa nomudzidzisi.
  • :[ Madhipatimendi eHurumende ezvokufambisa edzorororosa migwagwa yehurumende, mabhiriji, uye gadziriro dzokufambisa dzavose. Anodzorawo kuisa mutyairi mumugwagwa uye kunyoresa motokari.
  • Kushanda kwemari neUtano Hwevanhu vose:[[FLT: 1] United States inoshandisa mapurogiramu eMedicaid (nemari inotsigirwa nehurumende), inodzora zvipatara neinishuwarenzi youtano, uye inoita nhimbe dzoutano hwavanhu. United States inochengetawo kunyoresazve kwokuberekwa, rufu, roorano, uye chatanuro.
  • Public Safety and Criminal Justice: mapurisa ehurumende anotenderera mumigwagwa mikuru nenharaunda dzomumaruwa; matare ehurumende anobata mhaka dzoutsotsi nedzevagari vemo. Matorongo ehurumende anoisa vanhu vane mhaka dzemhosva dzemhosva, nepo mabhodhi ehurumende anosunungura anokwanisa kusunungura zvisarudzo.
  • Kudzosa nokuronga mari: nyika dzinounganidza mitero yemari inowanwa, mitero yokutengesa, uye mimwe mitero. Dzinogovera mari yedzidzo, gadziriro, mabasa enzanga, uye yakawanda.
  • Sarudzo neMajeri: United States inogadza mitemo yesarudzo (munhungamiro dzehurumende), inokweva miganhu yoruwa yesangano nemitemo (kurongazve), uye inoita sarudzo nokuda kwehurumende, hurumende, uye mahofisi omunzvimbomo.

Nemhaka yokuti Hurumende dzine simba rokudzora utano nechengeteko mukati memiganhu yadzo, dzinogona kuita mitemo pamisoro yakadai sokudzora pfuti, kubvisa pamuviri, kunyoreswa pamutemo kwembanje, uye kusarapwa zvakanaka kunosiana zvikuru munyika imwe neimwe.

Fundo Yenhau: Kudzorwa Kwemhoteredzo Kwehurumende

California, somuenzaniso, ine sangano rayo imene remhoteredzo (CALPA) uye inogadza mipimo yorumano zvikuru yokubudisa motokari kupfuura hurumende yehurumende. Dzimwe nyika dzingashandisa mipimo yeCalifornia kana kuti kuomerera nezvinodikanwa zvomubatanidzwa. Uku kuchinja kunobvumira nyika kuwirirana nemitemo yomunzvimbomo nezvinoiswa pakutanga zvomunzvimbomo — asi inoparirawo basa rakaganhurirwa remitemo iyo mabhizimisi anofanira kunzvera.

Hurumende Yomunzvimbomo: Kwaunogara Nokushanda

Hurumende dzenzvimbo yapachake ndidzo dziri pedyosa navanhu uye kazhinji kazhinji dzine tapuro yakananga zvikurusa paupenyu hwezuva nezuva. Dzinobatanidza maguta, mataundi, mataundi, misha, misha, uye maruwa chaiwo (semapuranga echikoro, zviremera zvemvura, uye maruwa eraibhurari). Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinowana simba radzo kubva kumabumbiro emitemo nemirairo, uye dzinotungamirirwa zvakaisvonaka nemeyameya yeguta kana kuti mutungamiriri wenyika, dare reguta kana kuti masangano eruwa, uye mabhodhikiti akasiyana- siyana.

Mabasa Ehurumende Yomunzvimbomo

  • Hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinogovera mvura yokunwa yakachena, kurapa kwetsvina, kuunganidzwa kwamarara, uye mwenje yomumugwagwa. Dzinochengetawo migwagwa yomunzvimbomo, nzira dzomumugwagwa, uye mabundu.
  • Mutemo wapanharaunda neMabasa okudzimisa moto: Mapato amapurisa anorinda nharaunda, anoita chimwe chinhu kumigariro yakakomba, uye anomanikidzira mitemo yomunzvimbomo. Madhipatimendi omwoto anobata mwoto, migariro yekurumidziro yezvokurapa, uye mabasa okununura.
  • Kuronga uye Nyika Inoshandiswa: Makambani omunzvimbomo anosarudza uko misha, mabhizimisi, uye mafekitari zvinogona kuvakwa. Anodzora mabumbiro okuvaka, ukuru hwezvirango, uye zvinhu zvinoshandiswa ne() kushatisa mavara enharaunda.
  • Maguta, Nhandaro, uye Maraibhurari:[[FL:1] Maguta namapaki avose, nzvimbo dzenzanga, madziva okushambira, uye maraibhurari. Izvi zvinhu zvinovandudza upenyu uye zvinotsigirwa zvikurukuru nemitero yenzvimbo yomunzvimbomo nemitero.
  • , (maruwa):[[FOLT:1] Kunyange zvazvo muitiro wehurumende uchiita mipimo, mabhodhi ezvikoro omunzvimbomo anotarisira mabasa ezuva nezuva ezvikoro zvavose: maodha vakuru, mesting, uye zvivako zvokutarisira. Mabhodhi echikoro anosarudzwa navagari vomunzvimbomo.
  • Kusarudza nokuchengeta pamutemo kwenharaunda:[[FLT: 1] Mabharani eruwa anotarisira kunyoresa kwomuvhoti, kurota, uye kuchengeta zvinyorwa zvezvinhu, marezenisi eroorano, uye mvumo dzebhizimisi.

Mumadzoro akawanda, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinewo simba ramapurisa(8)] zviremera zvokuita mitemo nokuda kwoutano hwavanhu, chengeteko, uye garikano. Ikoku kunobatanidza mirau yeruzha, mitemo yereshi, zvinodikanwa zvokubviswa kwechando, uye kudzorwa kwebhizimisi.

Muenzaniso Wenyika Chaiwoiwo: Chivako paMain Street

Chimbofungidzira kuti pane gomba rinooneka paMain Street. Kana Main Street iri mugwagwa weguta, dhipatimendi rebasa reguta richaigadzira. Kana iri mugwagwa mukuru wehurumende, dhipatimendi rezvokufambisa rinoibata. Kana iri mugwagwa mukuru uri pakati penyika, hurumende yehurumende (Federal Highway Administration) inogovera mari, asi hurumende inodzora chaizvoizvo kugadziriswa. Kunzwisisa kuti mugwagwa ndeupi kunobetsera vagari vemo kutungamirira zvichemo zvavo nevhota dzavo(ne ) uye mavhota avo (kuvakuru vakuru vakuru verudyi).

Mashandisiro Anoita Kupindira Kwehurumende

Hamuna mwero unoshanda mukuparadzana. Vavambi vakaronga gadziriro yamasimba akarongeka uye anorongeka [ inoda batira pamwe( uye pane dzimwe nguva rwisano.

Kupindira Kunokosha

  • Madhipatimendi-in-Aid: Hurumende yehurumende inogovera mari kunyika nenharaunda nokuda kwezvinangwa chaizvo: kuvakwa kwemigwagwa mikuru, kuchinja dzidzo (mutoo, Muturo Ini Ndinotsigira mari yezvikoro zvemari yakaderera), zvirongwa zvoutano (umr., Medicaid), uye ngwavaira. Iyi mari inowanzouya nemigariro (mapfundo akasungirirwa) ehurumende iyoyo.
  • : Hurumende yehurumende inogona kuda nyika kuti dziite mipimo yakati, yakadai semipimo yemhoteredzo kana kuti zvinodikanwa zvokuwana pasi peAmerica neChiratidzo cheUrema. Dzimwe nguva iyi mirayiro inobhadharwa; pane dzimwe nguva haibvumirwi.
  • Mabumbiro eInterstate: United States inopinda muzvibvumirano nomumwe nomumwe( somuenzaniso), kuti igoverane maruramiro emvura, kuti itarisire zviremera zvezvifambiso zvomunharaunda, kana kuti itsinhiranise nhamburiko dzokurwa kwoutsotsi.
  • Kusunungurwa: Apo mutemo wehurumende unodzora zvakajeka mamiriro ezvinhu kana kuti mutemo womunzvimbomo() wakadai somukuchengetwa kwokupinda munyika kana kuti kuraswa kwetsvina ine ngozi kunoitika. Nenzira inopesana, mitemo yehurumende inogona kubvisa mitemo yomunzvimbomo (mh., hurumende inorambidza kurambidzwa kwepurasitiki).
  • Gadziriro dzeMasangano eMitemo yeMazuva ano dzakawanda dzinobatanidza mwero yose mitatu. National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) inoda masangano ehurumende kuti aone miuyo yemhoteredzo, asi kazhinji kazhinji anobatira pamwe nesangano renyika nenzvimbo. Kupindura kungwavaira yomusikirwo yakadai sePhurricane Katrina kana kuti zvirwere zvinoparira kudikanwa kwekubatana kusingavanzi nechakanaka (naicho chinoitika apo inoputsika.

Cherechedza uye Dzikamo

Nemhaka yokuti simba rinoparadzirwa, vagari vemo vane mikana mizhinji yepesvedzero. Kana usingadi muitiro wehurumende, unogona kukurudzira mutezo wako weCongress. Kana mutemo wehurumende usiri kushanda, unogona kumhanyira nokuda kwechibvumirano chehurumende kana kuti kutsigira kuronga basa. Panzvimbo yomunzvimbomo, kupinda musangano wedare reguta kana kuti kunzwiwa kwedare rechikoro kunogona kuva nemigumisiro yapakarepo. Uku kusvika kwakawanda ibasa gurusa regadziriro yehurumende.

Nei Kunzwisisa Hurumende Kuchikosha?

Kuziva kuti wakura zvakadini kunokubatsira:

  • Muvhesi wejenari. Unogona kuyera vadaviri vakavakirwa pamasimba chaiwoiwo ehofisi avanotsvaka. Mukwikwidzi weguta haagoni kuchinja mutemo wehurumende wokupinda munyika, uye musenator weU.S. haagoni kugadzira zvakananga chiwi chomunzvimbomo.
  • Zvinetso funga kupedzwa nokukurumidza. Kutarisana nenyunyuto yoruzha inobva kumuvakidzani? Kusangana nemapurisa omunzvimbomo kana kuti bumbiro remitemo reguta rokuchengetera mapurisa (haiwa gavhuna. Yakanyanyova nomutemo mutsva wehurumende? Mumiriri wenyu muCongress ionano yakarurama.
  • Vamiriri vanoramba kuzvidavirira. Kana hurumende ikatadza kutsigira dzidzo zvakakwana, unoziva kuti ndiani anofanira kupomera mhaka (/ndiani wokuvhota) kana hurumende yehurumende ikaregeredza dziviriro yorudzi, purezidhendi neCongress vane mutoro.
  • Mukushambadza. Unogona kurongera kuita kwako kusvikira kumwero wakafanira: kumanikidzira nokuda kwechinjo dzomunzvimbomo kukurudzira dzimba dzinotengwa, murevereri wemitemo yenzvimbo yehurumende, kana kuti nhimbe yenhimbe dzemari dzehurumende dzechirongwa chemari.

Mafungiro Anowanzotaurwa Asina Kunaka Pamusoro Pezvinzvimbo Zvehurumende

Vagari vemo vakawanda vane pfungwa dzisina kururama dzinogona kutungamirira kukukangaidzika kana kuti kuzvishandisa zvisiri pamutemo.Hedzino tsananguro shomanene:

Kukanganisa Kunoita Pfungwa 1: “Hurumende Inotonga Zvinhu Zvose”

Somuenzaniso, hurumende yehurumende haidzori kushandiswa kwenzvimbo, mapurisa omunzvimbomo, dzidzo yakawanda, kana kuti mitemo yeroorano, kunyange zvazvo ichigona kupa zvikarakadzo kana kuti mipimo miduku.

Pfungwa Isina Kururama 2: “Hurumende Yorudzi Inogara Iri Kumusoro Kwehurumende Yomunzvimbomo”

Mitezo yehurumende inogona kuputsa mitemo yomunharaunda, asi kazhinji kazhinji inopa maguta utongi hwapamusha, hunobvumira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kugadza mitemo panhau dzeitiro hanya yomunzvimbomo pasina kudzongonyedzwa.

Mufungo Usina Kururama 3: “Hurumende Dzose Dziri Kushanda Zvakaenzana”

Masangano ehurumende kazhinji kazhinji makuru uye mabhureaucracy, asi anogona kushandisa unyanzvi noupfumi munyika yose. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinogona kuva dzinofara zvikuru uye dzinogamuchira asi dzingashaiwa zvishandiso kana kuti unyanzvi. Kubudirira kwomwero upi noupi kunotsamira pautungamiriri, mari, uye gadziriro yesangano.

Zvaungaita Kuti Ushande Nehurumende Yoga Yoga

Hedzino nzira dzinobatsira dzokuita nadzo chimwe nechimwe:

  • .FLT'FURAL: Sarudzo muSarudzo yapurezidhendi nesangano; onana navamiriri vako panhau; batira padare rehurumende kana kuti dare; nyorera nokuda kwebasa rehurumende; tsinhira pamusoro pemiraudzo inokarakadzwa kupfurikidza ne .gov
  • Chimiro: Sarudzo mugubernarial nehurumende; pinda horo dzezvibvumirano zvehurumende; pupurira pamabhiri pacapitol; kumbanira dare rehurumende kana kuti hofisi (zvikurukuru, dzidzo yakakwirira).
  • Nzvimbo iri: Ipinda dare reguta nemisangano yedare rechikoro; vazvipiri vedare romunzvimbomo (nzvimbo, mapaka, raibhurari); mhanyirai hofisi; tora rutivi muzvinochenesa nzanga; mushumo wenhau dzinopfuura 311 kana kuti website yeguta.

Kana ukapinda zvikuru, gadziriro yacho inoshanda zvakanaka. Sezvinotaurwa netsumo, “Vezvematongerwe enyika vose ndevomunzvimbomo” (8) asi kunzwisisa mibatanidzwa yehurumende nehurumende kunokuita mugari wemo anobudirira zvikuru.

Mugumisiro: Simba Rinogoverana

Mitengo yehurumende, hurumende, uye yomunzvimbomo inoita mubatanidzwa wokuzvidavirira, mumwe nomumwe une mitoro yakasiana asi yakabatana. Hapana mwero womuzvarirwo mukuru; mumwe nomumwe une simba noutera. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa kuti zvinokamuranisa sei simba(/) uye kuti zvinoshanda sei pamwe chete) unogona sei kutungamirira mabasa ehurumende, kutsigira chinjo, uye kutora rutivi mune revo muhurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Iyi nhungamiro inogovera hwaro, asi unyanzvi chaihwoihwo hunobva muruzivo rwokuzviwanira. Tanga kupfurikidza nokushanyira website yehurumende yomunzvimbomo yako, kurava bumbiro remitemo rehurumende yako, uye kutevera sangano rehurumende rinokufadza.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, Consitution Annoted inogovera tsananguro dzine chiremera dzesimba rehurumende, uye Conference of State Legislatures inogovera mitengo yakaisvonaka pamabasa ehurumende.