Sumo

Sarudzo huru inomirira mavambo ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu vanomirira, bva revo yavo inowanzorerutswa nevoruzhinji. Kupfuura zvikuru kuvhota kwokutanga kwakapfava, aya makwikwi okutanga anoumba nhungamiro yepfungwa dzebato vezvamatongerwe enyika, anosarudza rudzi nechimiro zvevavhoti, uye anopesvedzera kuvimbisana kwevavhoti, uye kupesvedzera kuvamba kwevavhoti vokupedzisira vasati vaiswa. MuUnited States uye dzimwe hurumende dzakawanda dzinosarudzwa navanhu, muitiro wokutanga wakabva mukusarudza kwomusha kupfurikidza neboka rakakwirira kukuita mabasa avo makuru, mavandukire, mashandire enzvimbo nefashoni. Kunzwisisa mashandisirwe ehurumende, mafambiro adzoro, mafambiro, uye kurukurirano pamusoro pezvinetso zvinopfuurira, kuti vagadzirise sei.

Kunzwisisa Zvinosarudzwa Zvokutanga: Mitiyo Nemichina

Pamavambo, makwikwi makuru okuvhota matsva anoshandiswa kusarudza chinzvimbo chebato rezvamatongerwe enyika nokuda kwesarudzo yavose. Zvisinei, mitemo yakananga inodzora izvi sarudzo inosiana zvikuru, ichiparira misiano inokosha muna vana vanogona kutora rutivi uye kuti vanoda kutora vanopinda vanobva sei. Kurongwa kwavose kunobatanidza marudzi makuru matatu:

  • Mitezo yakavharwa: bedzi mitezo yakanyoreswa yebato rezvamatongerwe enyika ingavhota mubato iroro guru. Iyi gadziriro yakarongedzerwa kudzivisa kudzongonyedzwa kwechikamu uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti nhimbu inoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvebato rakavimbika. United States kufanana neNew York neKentucky inoshandisa maprimries akavharwa.
  • Avhura mipambo: Api naapi akanyoreswa avhota (_asipo webato) angatora rutivi mubato ripi neripi guru. Anotsigira mukuita kuti vavhoti vasarudze, maprimriging anobvumira vanhu vanozvimirira uye kunyange mitezo yemapoka anopikisa kuva neshoko. Minnesota neWisconsin mienzaniso.
  • Semi-Vaki kana kuti Semi-open Primitalary: Iyi mivhenganiswa inobvumira vavhoti vasina kuvhota kusarudza kuti ibato ripi guru rokuvhota, nepo mitezo yebato yakanyoreswa yakaganhurirwa kuboka ravo vamene. Iyi ganhuriro yeboka inodzorwa nemubatanidzwa, sezvinoonwa munyika dzakadai seArizona neMassachusetts.

Kupfuura aya mapoka makuru, mimwe misiyano iripo. Mamwe maprimiry inopartisan (mutoo, mutoo wakasarudzwa weCalifornia "jungle"), umo vada kubhapatidzwa vose vanooneka pabhorati rimwe uye kumusoro kwembiri pasinei zvapo namapati. Vamwe vanofukidza primmary (aichimbova akashandiswa muWashington neAlaska) umo vavhoti vanogona kuyambuka mitsetse yepati pabhoroti rimwe. Muitiro wakasarudzwa unopesvedzera zvikuru mufambiro wavatengi: muvaprimrinth, vadaviri vanowanzova vanoda kutsigira mipimo yebato; muvanzi, vangadzosera shoko ravo kuti vakwidze kukwidza kunzi vavhoore.

Mumwe musiyano wakakomba ndiwo pakati pesarudzo huru nekaucuses. Nepo chinhu chikuru chiri chigaro kurusarudzo rwamaruvara rwapachivande nenzvimbo dzokuvhota, caucus inobatanidza mumisangano yapachivande, kurukurirano, uye vhoti dzinovhura. MaCaucus anodzorwa nezvinoitika zvakaderera zvikuru zvinodzorwa navatsiri vebato vakapindwa zvikuru, izvo zvinogona kuparira vadaviri vanonyanyisa zvikuru kupfuura mitezo yebato. Kuchinja kubva pacaucus kuenda kunzvimbo dzezvigadziko dzakawanda kunoratidzira chishuvo chokuwana ungwanyuko hukuru zvikuru nepfupi kutora rutivi.

Mabasa Emaruva Okusarudza Kwepakutanga

Sarudzo huru dzinobatira madonzo anokosha akawanda, rumwe norumwe ruchiparira kusimba namakwikwi zvegadziriro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kudzora Kusarudza Kwakanaka

Basa riri pachena zvikurusa nderokusundira nzvimbo kubva kuminhenga mizhinji kusvikira kumumwe mutevedzeri webato. Uyu muitiro unoisa mutoo unoraira wevara rinodzorwa: vada kubvumikisa kuti vanogona kuvaka mubatanidzwa, kusimudza mari, kukurukura mashoko anowirirana, uye kumira pakunzvera kubva kuvanobudisa nhau navavengi. Chikamu chikuru chinogona kuvhara pasina kukwaniswa kana kuti chinenge chakakanganisa zvikuru vasati vatarisana nebato rinopikisa. Zvisinei, kunaka kwechidzitiro chacho kunotsamira zvikuru pakuvhota.

Kubatanidzwa Nedzidzo

Utsotsi hunoitika mwedzi mishomanene pamberi pekusarudza kukuru, kuchipa vavhoti banza rapakuvamba rokudzidza pamusoro pavadaviri nenhau. Iyi nhambo yenguva yakarebeswa inokurudzira zvikuru kuvimbisana: vavhoti vanogona kupinda horo dzetaundi, nzvimbo dzemiitiro yokunzvera, uye kunyange kukurukurirana zvakananga navadaviri pazvinoitika zvavose. Kufukidzwa kwapanhau kwakakura mukati memakwikwikwi okukwikwikwidzanisa kunodzidzisawo kuvhoterano dzemiitiro yakaoma iyo neimwe nzira ingava yakapfaviswa munhimbe. Somuenzaniso, 2020 Democratic purentiarial shood kwakatanhamara kwakasimbisa kurukurirano huru pamusoro pokuvandudza utano, muitiro wemhoteredzo, uye ruramisiro youtsotsi, zvinopfumisa hurukuro yavose.

Kuvaka Boka Nechinzwano

Mukusafanana nemurangariro wokuti starmine inokamuranisa, mutungamiriri mukuru anogona kusimbisa kubatana kwebato. Vatsigiri vanomanikidzirwa kutsinhiranisa mipimo inowirirana ndokuwana mativi akaenzana panheyo huru. Pakupedzisira munhamba inofanira kushanda kuti ibatanidze mapoka anorwisana, kazhinji kazhinji ichipa gadziridzo kana kuti chikuva kuti zviunganidze boka. Iyi purogiramu inogona kuparira mufambiro wakasimba zvikuru uye wakabatana mukusarudza. Nenzira yakapesana, kukwikwikwidzana kwakanyanya kunosiya mavanga akadzika michetura anogona kukuvadza chinzwano chebato.

Kusarudza Nokuchinja Zvinhu

Vaparidzi vanoshanda somutoo wechinjo yepfungwa mukati memapati. Nokufamba kwenguva, denho huru dzinobva kuruboshwe muDemocratic Party (muchirevo, "Squad" mitezo isingadyi muminzungu) kana kuti kurudyi muRepablican Party (zvichingori, fungu reTea Partition) dzakabvisa zvikuva zvose. Vapariri vemhosva vanobvumira kuti vatsigiri vezvouswa kuti vabatisi vasaruki vanozvidavirira nokuda kwokutsauka mubato. Basa iri rinovakwa kaviri: rinovimbisa kugamuchira asi rinogonawo kubvisa mapoka kubva kumavhoti enhau.

Kutapura Kukura Kwematongerwe Enyika

Chinonyanya kumanikidza chinoumba vanopona, chichipesvedzera zvinzvimbo zvavo zvemitemo, matauriro, uye zvinhu zvinokosha.

Kuisa Mitemo Nokuumba

Kukunda nzvimbo huru, vadaviri vanofanira kutanga kukwidza kunzvimbo yebato, iyo inowanzova yakanyanyisa zvikuru kudarika purojekita. Iyi simba, inonzi "horder targery," kazhinji kazhinji vanomanikidzira kuisa zvisarudzo zvinobetsera muchisarudzo chikuru asi chine njodzi. Somuenzaniso, mutsigiri weRepublic angasimbisa kutsigirwa kweganhuriro dzorumano dzokubvisa pamuviri kana kuti mitero, nepo Dhemocraticment ingatsigira kubhadharira kupfuurira kubhadhara mutero kana kuti mapurogiramu makuru ezve. Pashure pokuvanza kuzviisa munzvimbo dzine mwero zvikuru nechataro, chiitiko chinozivikanwa se "kumhanya kurusa, ipapo kunzvimbo." iyi shatiso ingasimbisa kuvhotera uye inogona kushatiswa navanoshora vakuru vanosimudzira nzvimbo dzokushambadzira.

Kuwana Mari uye Mari

Nhimbe huru dzinodhura. Vatsigiri vanofanira kuratidzira mano okukwezva vapi, kubva kumipiro miduku yedallar paIndaneti (sezvakaitwa naHillary Clinton naBern Sanders muna 2016) kana kuti kubva kuvapi vakuru vesangano nePC. Kubudirira mumipiro yemijereve yemijere, iyo inokwezva zvimwe zvinhu. Muitiro mukuru wazova mutoo wemari wekuzvinyima mari: vashaiwirira kukwikwidza mari yakakwana munyika huru dzakadai seIowa kana kuti New Hampshire kazhinji kazhinji vanodonha mukana une revo rekuzvinzvera. Mhingamupidhi wemari inogona kudzivisa kuvimbisa asi kupfumisa mibvunzo mishoma.

Kunzvera Nezita Zvinobudisa Nhau

Gakava rokutanga, horo dzemataundi, uye zviitiko zvenhimbe zvinoparira kuzivikanwa kukuru kwezvinobudisa nhau kuchava nokuzivikanwa. Chinoitika chikuru chinogona kutanga mutevedzeri asingazivikanwi zvikuru panzvimbo yorudzi (mutoo, Barack Obama’s digiory 2004 nehurukuro huru yapashure). Nenzira inopesana, kushata kwapakuvamba kunoratidza pakuvamba kunoparira kuzivikanwa kwezita nechiratidzo. Rutsuko rwenhau rwe “hands" runowanzosimbisa kunzvera nokusimba, kuumba kuzadzika kwouporofita: mukatyamadzo kana kuti New Hampshire anowana gombedzero yapachena yezvinobudisa zvenhau nefariro, nepo avo vanotamburira kuwana.

Kugadzirisa Zvirwere Nemamiriro Ezvinhu Nezvidzidzo Zvakanakira

Mipari inogovera rabhoritari yakaderera nokuda kwamazano enhimbe. Madandendi okuedza mashoko akasiana - siana, unyanzvi hwesangano, uye vateereri vanyajambwa. Somuenzaniso, mukwikwidza angawana kuti ngwariro panzvimbo yezvipombi zvemari inonzwika zviri nani kupfuura misoro mikuru yechengeteko yenyika. Izvi zvidzidzo zvinokosha nokuda kwesarudzo yavose, uko mapango akakwirira zvikuru uye mavhoti akawandisa. Muitiro wokutanga unozivisawo mifungo inogona kururamiswa: mukwikwikwidzani anotambura negaffes kana kuti mubato wakashata wekurukurirano huru ungawana vatambi vatsva vekurukurirano kana kuti kugamuchira kusvika kunorangwa zvikuru.

Kutsoropodza Nedenho Zvinosarudzwa Zvikurusa

Pasinei zvapo nechimiro chavo chokutonga chavanhu, sarudzo huru inoshorwa zvakakomba izvo zvakaparira kuraira chinjo.

Kujekesa Nokubvisa

Chinonyanya kuzivikanwa ndechokuti vaparidzi vanobatira pamwe vanopindwa muropa kuti vaende kumifungo yakanyanyisa. Nokubva kwakaderera kubva kuvavhoti vane mwero uye kutora rutivi kukuru kubva kuvatsigiri vebato, manzwi akasimba anodzora vasaruri vakuru. Uku "kusarura" kunobvisa vada kufunda panzvimbo, kuchibetsera kuparira kuparadzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika uye kudzorwa kwemitemo. Kudzivirira kuroora, vadaviri vanoita zvipikirwa izvo zvakaoma kudzokera shure, kuvasiya vasina kudzivirirwa musarudzo yavose kana kuti kuvamanikidzira kupinda munzvimbo dzakaoma muhofisi kamwe.

Mukoto Wakaderera uye Miuyo Isina Kuratidzirwa

Kuvhota kuduku kwakaderera zvikuru (kazhinji kazhinji 20% mumakore apakati uye hakuwanzova kupfuvura 30% mumiganhu yapurezidhendi. Avo vanoita vhoti vanowanzova vakuru, vakapfuma zvikuru, vakadzidza zvikuru, uye vanopfuura vavhota. Uku kuwanda kwemitambo kunoreva kuti vakundi vakuru kazhinji kazhinji vanomirira chikamu chiduku chebato, kwete mitezo mirefu yebato. Somuenzaniso, fundo 2019 yakaitwa nePew Research Center yakawana kuti vavhoti vakuru zvikuru vanowana kuti vane bviro hurusa zvikuru kuzivisa se "very revolution" kana kuti "ve anositirimuka" kupfuura zvikamu zvepamberi zvepaini.

Kusazivisa Nokurwira Kwakaipa

Makwikwi okutsiva anogona kuva akaipa. Anoramba kurwisana pamusoro pekuchena kwepfungwa, unhu hwomunhu, uye kunyange nhau chaidzoidzo. Makwikwi makuru pane dzimwe nguva anotungamirira kukuparadzirwa kwemashoko anoshatisa kana kuti madhaka asina kutendeseka anonetesa mukundi pakupedzisira. Kana angoguma, boka rinopikisa rinogona kurwisa denho idzi muchisarudzo chevakawanda. Muzviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kurwa kukuru kunogona kukanganisa zvikuru boka zvokuti vatsigiri vomutambi vanorasikirwa vanoramba kuvhotera mukundi, chinoitika chinozivikanwa se "parivhoo."

Basa Remari Nemapoka Asiri Avo

Chisarudzo cheDare Gurusa mu Chisarudzo muUnited[FLT v.FEC (2010) yakabvumira kushandiswa kusina muganhu namasangano namasangano, ichiwedzera zvikuru pesvedzero yemari yokunze mumijenya. Zvikuru nemapoka emari yakasviba zvinogona kupedza mamirioni kusimudzira kana kuti kuparadza vadaviri, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji nokuzivisa kuduku. Iri mari rinogona kukurira mibato youswa ndokupa simba rapa kuvapi vapfumi nefariro chaidzo.

Mirangariro Yokuenzanisa: Utsotsi Munyika Yose

Nepo sarudzo hurusa dzakabatanidzwa zvakasimba neUnited States, dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakashandisa miitiro yakafanana, kunyange zvazvo nemisiano inocherekedzwa. Munyika zhinji, mapati(adiser) system à sex) akanga akazarukira mubatanidzwa upi noupi weUnited Kingdom, muUnited Kingdom nguva nenguva inochengeta "kuvhura miitiro apo vatsigiri vakanyoresa vanogona kuvhotera vada kufunda. MuCanada, mamwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshandisa kuvhotera kwapa 2016 Republican depansial nounion (on naFrançois Fillon). Iyi mienzaniso yamarudzi ose yaisimbisa migumisiro yakananga ye "mipimo yemitemo yakarurama nepakati" inodzivisa kutora rutivi rwemiitiro dzakavhariranwa. MuCanada, mamwe masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anoshandisa mapepa anovhotera anobatanidza mapepa anovhota nevo. Iyi mienzaniso ino inosimbisa zvikuru migumisiro yemigumisiro yakananga zvikuru.

Nenzira inofadza, nyika dzakawanda dzakaramba zvigaro nemhaka yokutya ruparadziko rwebato kana kuti kubatwa kwakatanhamara.

Kuchinja Nenguva Yemberi Yezvisarudzo Zvokutanga

Pachishandiswa kutsoropodza kwacho, zvikarakadzo zvakawanda zvokuchinja zvakawanwa pakati pemasayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika nevatsigiri vokuchinja zvinhu.

Pfuurira mazakwatiramu uye Magadziriro Apamusoro-Pasoro

Mitezo yakadai seCalifornia neWashington yakagamuchira "top-2" horpartisan, umo vadaviri vose vanooneka pabhora rimwe uye vavhoti vaviri vapamusoro vanofamba mberi kurusarudzo rwavose (pasina mufungo nokuda kwesonganiro yebato). Iyi gadziriro inovavarira kuderedza kuderera kwenzvimbo dzinogarwa navanonyandura kukwirira kuvakuru vakuru vavhotera uye kupfurikidza nokudzivisa vavhozhokeri vakanyanyisa kupfuudza nomumugwagwa mukuru wakavharwa. Vatsigiri vanopikisa kuti yakapfavisa mhoteredzo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeCalifornia; vatsoropote kuti inogona kuguma navapari vaviri veboka rimwe chetero, vachingova vanopinda mumabato echitatu.

Ranked-Choice Voing (RCV) uye Mitambo Mishanu yokupedzisira

RCV inobvumira vavhoti kuisa vadaviri pachido, uye kana pasina muwani anowana voruzhinji, mutevedzeri akaneta zvikurusa anobviswa uye vhoti dzavo dzinodzorwa. Iyi tsika inokurudzira vakwikwidzi vanogona kuumba bvumirano mumapoka. Muna 2020, Alaska yabatanidzwa RCV neRC inositan isati iri foroma, inopa hwunohwana hw. RCV inoderedzawo "ipeyi yemiuyo yespoler" uye inoomesa nhimbe, sezvo vadavi vechikamu chechipiri chavatsigiri vavo.

Dzidzo Yakawedzerwa Neyemari

Mitengo mizhinji yakasunda misi yokutanga kuwedzera kutora rutivi / kuitora pazuva rimwe chetero sarudzo rwavose (sokupinda kwapurezidhendi weNevada) kana kuti kubatana namakwikwi omunzvimbomo. Dzimwe dzakagamuchira kunyoresa kwokuzviitikira nokuvhota kwapakuvamba. Nonpartisan vatungamiriri navavhoti navanonyoresa, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanotsigirwa namasangano ehurumende kana kuti mayunivhesiti, vanogona kubetsera kuzivisa vavhoti. National Association of Secretary of State anopa ndaza yemisi mikuru nezviteshi.

Kuchinja Mari Kwavose uye Kwechirongwa

Kurwisa pesvedzero yemari, dzimwe zviremera zvakagadzira zvirongwa zviduku zvinowirirana (seNew York City) kana kuti gadziriro dzemari dzakazara. "Emond Act" muenzaniso, unosimudzirwa namapoka akadai semamediamUs, angagovera mari yavose kumuvhoti ari wose, uyo vaigona kupa kuvatendi vechisarudzo chavo. Chinjo dzakadaro dzinogona kuderedza mhinganidzo yemari nokuda kwemidzi yetsangadziso youswa ndokuderedza rutsamiro pavapi vapfumi.

mhedziso

Sarudzo huru inopfuura zvikuru makwikwi okutanga chete. Nhaka dzadzo dzinopfuura mamiriro ezvamatongerwe enyika anogadzirwa. Kubva panzvimbo dzemiitiro inoumba uye gadziriro dzenhimbe kupesvedzera kubatana kwebato nokuvhota, vasarudzo vane pesvedzero huru neinogara kwenguva refu panzvimbo dzose dzemhoteredzo. Kunyange zvakadaro zvikanganiso zvavo (vhotera, kuderera kwemari, uye kumira miganhu) zvakaenzana nokuda ngwariro. Sezvinoita vagari navachinji vanobatira pamwe nokusimbisa utongi hwehurumende hunosarudzwa navanhu vose. Gadziriro yesarudzo yokutanga inofanira kuva itiro yenhau huru. Zvingava kupfurikidza namasangano akazaruvara, kuvhotera, kana kuti kuwedzerwa kugadzirirwa, vavariro yavose, vavariro inofanira kuva yokuchengeta basa guru remari nemotokari yokusarudza painenge ichiita kuti iratidzirwe zvakanaka. Kusarudza kwokusarudzwa kunzwisiswa kworumano.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [[FLT: 0] Pew Research Center yenzvero yevavhoti vakuru , Brookings compotions's compotion of primes, uye Conference of State Legislatures yerudzi rukuru [.