Ruwa RweMEMber Rwuri Rumwe Chii?

Garatidziro yeMonion-MD (SMD) ndiimwe yegadziriro dzakapararira zvikurusa dzezvisarudzo dzinoshandiswa mudzimba dzoruwa kupota nyika. Muiyi fashoni, nyika inokamurwa kuva maruwa enzvimbo, imwe neimwe inosarudza chaizvoizvo mumiriri mumwe kuti abatire muboka remitemo, zvakadai separamende, musangano, kana kuti gungano. Munhu anogamuchira mavhoti akawanda zvikurusa muruwa runowana chigaro, mutoo unowanzonongedzerwa so "wokutanga-shure-poto" (FPP) kana kuti "winner-act-al-all"" izvi zvinomira zvakananga kumitemo yemitemo yema (PR), uko vamiririri vazhinji vanosarudzwa kubva mumaruwa makuru nezvigaro.

Tsika yeSMD inheyo youpenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzinoverengeka dzine pesvedzero, kubatanidza United States (Imba yaVamiririri), United Kingdom (Imba yaVamiririri), Canada (Imba yaVanowirirana), India (Lok Sabha), uye nyika dzakawanda dzeCommonwealth. Kuva kwayo nyore uye kunanga kwakaiita chisarudzo chisingagumi nokuda kwegadziriro yokusarudza, asi kunotakurawo kutengeserana kunotapura kumirira, kutsiga kwehurumende, uye kuvhotera.

Kuti tinzwisise zvizere zvinorehwa neSMD, zvinokosha kuongorora kwete bedzi vagadziri vemagadziri vezvinhu zvacho asiwo mavambo azvo enhau, zvazvinoita pamagariro ezvamatongerwe enyika, uye gakava rinodzokororwa pamusoro pokururamisira kwaro nokushanda kwaro.

Mavambo Enhau Nokugamuchirwa Kwevana Munyika Yose

Kutanga Kukura muGreat Britain

Mavambo egadziriro yeSMD anogona kurondwa nemhindumupindu yemimiririri yeparamende muEngland yeMiddle Ages. Pasati pazana ramakore rechi19, vamiririri vazhinji vakasarudzwa nemitezo miviri kana kuti yakawanda, kazhinji kazhinji ine miganhu inopfuudzwa neukuru hwavanhu husingawirirani. Shanduro yeMabasa ya1832, 1867, na 1884 zvishoma nezvishoma yakadzika mipimo yepfungwa yenhengo imwe yesangano rimwe kuti ivandudze batano pakati pemaAtlanties nensts Act. 1885 Redis yakagadzwa nenzira yapamutemo gadziriro yamaruwa mazhinjisandemumaruwa eBritish House of Commons, muenzaniso uyo pakupedzisira wakaendeswa kunzvimbo nehurumende muUmambo hweBritain.

Kupararira Kuenda kuUnited States uye Kupfuura

MuUnited States, maruwa ane mitezo imwe akasimbiswa neAportion Act ya1842, iyo yaida kuti mitezo yeImba yavamiririri itsaurwe kubva mumaruwa "kudzoreka uye kubatana". Ikoku kwakanga kuri kuita chimwe chinhu pagadziriro huru dzokuvhota idzo dzakabvumira mativi makuru kudzora vhoti. Nokufamba kwenguva, nyika dzakawanda dzakagamuchira SMD serutivi rwenhaka kana kuti rwakagadziridzwa rwechikamu cheWestminster-sic Control. Nhasi, mukuwirirana neACEElectoral Known, inenge 45% yemitezo yezvirongwa zvokuvhotera zvapasi pevhu zvinoshandisa maruwa makuru murumwe rudzi rwokutanga rwechiteshi, nepotezo chezvikamu zvakabatanidzwa zvemitengo yemitengo yemitezo yemitezo.

Mashandiro Anoita Simba Remudm

Kugadzirwa Kwezvinhu Zvemaruwa uye Kugadzirwa Kwemichina

Mugadziriro yakachena yeSMD, nyika inokamuraniswa kuva maruwa akawanda sapane zvigaro zvemitemo. Ruwa rumwe norumwe runoda kuva nenhamba yakafanana yavavhoti, kunyange zvazvo chiverengero chavagari vemo nedzokupindira kwezvamatongerwe enyika zvinogona kuparira kusadzikama. Pazuva resarudzo, vhoti vanokanda bhoti imwe nokuda kwomubhadhari mumwe muruwa rwavo. Muvhoti yakakwirira zvikurusa inowana chigaro, pasinei zvapo nokuti vanochengeta voruzhinji here (vanopfuura 50%) kana kuti vanhu vazhinji. Mune dzimwe mativi, mudzoro, mudzodzo wedavi renyika kana kuti muteshi unoshandiswa kana pasina mutengi mukuru anosvika pachikumba chakati chakati, asi chisaririra chakaisvonaka SMDD chinova mumativi ose.

Maruwa eMember rimwe v. Maruwa akawanda-Member

Chikamu chinorondedzera cheSMD ndi "nhengo imwe": ruwa rumwe norumwe rune mumiririri mumwe chete. Irworwu runosiana nenzvimbo dzine mitezo mizhinji (MMDs), umo zvigaro zvinoverengeka zvinozadzwa kubva munzvimbo imwe cheteyo, kazhinji kazhinji zvichishandisa mitoo yokuvhota nayo kana kuti mipikicha. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti SMD inoparira kuzvidavirira kwomunhu oga pakati pavavhoti namadziro avo, nepo vanotsoropodza vachirerutsa kuti kunoderedza mhatsa yemanzwi muruwa rwakagoverwa.

Betsero Dzetsika Yemudm

Kumirira Kwakajeka Nokuzvidavirira

Imwe yebetsero dzinodudzwa zvikurusa dzeSMD ibatano yakajeka pakati pomuvhoti nomumiriri wavo. Voter vanoziva chaizvoizvo kuti ndiani mutsigiri anofanira kuva nomutoro nokuda kwenhau dzomunzvimbomo, zvisarudzo zvemiitiro, uye kupiwa basa. Uku kuzvidavirira kwomunhu oga kunogona kuita kuti vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vabvume zvikuru kuzvinodikanwa, sezvo kusarudzwazve kwavo kunotsamira pakuchengeta tsigiro yomunzvimbomo. Mukupesana, gadziriro dzePR namaruwa makuru dzinogona kubvisa iyi wirirano yomunhu oga, kuchikuita kwakaoma zvikuru kuti vatsigiri vakunde budiriro kana kuti vakundikane mumwe wezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchengeteka Kwehurumende Huru

Mibatanidzwa yeSMD inowanzoita nhamba dukusa inoshanda uye inowanzotungamirira kuhurumende dzakawanda dzine chikamu chimwe. Iyi dzikamo inokosheswa navatsigiri vehurumende dzinotonga nesimba: Hurumende zhinji dzinogona kupfuudza mitemo nokukurumidza zvikuru, inoshandisa miitiro yenhambo refu pasina kurukurirano dzenguva dzose dzemibatanidzwa, uye inogovera miuyo yakajeka. Kuvavhoti vazhinji, mano oku "rasha madracal" ndokutsiva hurumende imwe chose chose chose norumwe rutivi runokosha rwedemocracy huru. Nyika dzakafanana neUnited Kingdom neCanada dzakafarikanya nhevedzano yetsika dzemitemo yeChirungu.

Kushingaira Kwomunzvimbomo Nokuisa Pfungwa Pamberi

Nemhaka yokuti ruwa rumwe norumwe ruduku zvakakwana (pakati penyika yose) urwo vada kusangana navavhoti somunhu oga, SMD anokurudzira mutoo wemidzi youswa wokutsigira. Vatambi vanofanira kutaura nhau dzomunzvimbomo, kupinda zvinoitika zvenzanga, uye kutanga chiratidzo chomunhu oga chakasiana nebato ravo rorudzi. Ikoku kunogona kuita kuti nhimbe dzesarudzo dzivedzerwe pamwero womunzvimbomo ndokukurudzira vezvamatongerwe enyika kunzwisisa zvinodikanwa chaizvo zvoruwa rwavo, kubva kumabasa epfuma kusvikira kumari yechikoro.

Kuda Kutsamwisa Nemitambo Yokutamba

Munzvimbo inohwina mhoteredzo yose, mapati maduku ane tsigiro yakaparadzirwa munyika haawanzohwina zvigaro kutoti vatsigiri vavo vakaisa ngwariro huru mumaruwa akati. Iri basa guru semhinganidzo mukurwisana nepati dzinonyanyisa kana kuti dzinorwisana negadziriro yetsika, dzinorwisa kukunda musefa weSMD. Mugumisiro, murondedzero, imhaka yezvamatongerwe enyika ine mwero zvikuru, sezvo mapoka anofanira kukwirira muvhoti wenhau muruwa rumwe norumwe kuti ahwine. Iyi sundo kukuvadziko yemwero inogona kuderedza kukura ndokuita kuti pave nyore kana pasina boka rinowana voruzhinji.

Zvinetso Netsoropodzo Zvegadziriro Yemuviri

Kuparadzana Pakati Pemazango Nemaseat

Kutsoropodza kukurusa kweSMD ikombamiro yako yokuparira kusawirirana kukuru pakati pezvigaro zvakakurumbira zvebato negoverano yazvo yezvigaro zvewirirano. Uku kupesana muuyo womuzvarirwo wezvitakuri zvinotanhanha: boka rinowana 40% yevhoti asi riri mberi zvikuru mumaruwa akawanda rinogona kuwina nzvimbo hurusa yezvigaro, nepo boka rine 20% zvezvigaro zvinovhota zvakapararira zvikuru munyika ringasawana zvigaro zvose. Mukuwirirana nefundo yeElectoral Reformation Society, UK yakaona kuvhotal yakahwina kwa3,9% yezvigaro zvakakotseka, nepo UK Conserverate Party yakawana chigaro chimwe chete.[15]

Zvaishandiswa Pakupambadzwa uye Kugadzirwa Kwemabasa Akanaka

Muvhoti yeSMD, vhoti iri yose inoiswa nokuda kwomutendi anorasikirwa i "wakarambwa" mupfungwa yokuti haibatsiri kusarudza mumiririri. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kukuvhota kwakapararira [ kwakakomba, uko vhoti vanosiya vadikani vavo vanodiwa kuti vatsigire chimwe chinhu chinobatsira kuti vasawana mutendi. Chinoitika chacho chinodzvinyirira muvhoti, kutsigira mapoka makuru maviri, uye kubvisa mavhotera pakati pevatsigiri vemapoka maduku vanonzwa kuti mavhoti avo haakodzeri. Voter anorega kutsigira masangano eSDDD kazhinji kazhinji kupfuura mumasangano ePR, zvikurukuru pakati pemapoka anonzwa asina kunyorwa zvhoti.

Kutsigirwa Kwemiduku Nevakadzi

Nemhaka yokuti maruwa eSMD anosarudza mumiriri mumwe bedzi, mapoka mashoma akaparadzirwa muruwa kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakaganhurirwa chiri madikanwa kusarudza mudanho wavo. Kunyange apo mapoka maduku anowanikwa, anogona kudzorwa mumaruwa ayo anokamuranisa simba rawo rokuvhota kana kuti kuderedza pesvedzero yawo. Nzvero kubva kuBrennan Center for Justice yakaratidza kuti maruwa emitezo imwe muUnited States kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji haashandisirwi mukuderedza simba rokuvhotera redzinza nedzinza, muitiro uyo Vong Rights Act ya19565 inonangidzirwa kutaura nawo. Nenzira yakafanana, vakadzi vanokombamira kupfuurirwa mumasangano ePDSD, rutivi nemhaka yokuti masangano haadiwirirani zvikuru muruwa rwamakwikwikwikwikwikwi.

Gerrymandering

Muitiro wokushandisa miganhu yoruwa nokuda kwebetsero yezvamatongerwe enyika idenho inopfuurira mumiitiro yeSMD. Kupfurikidza nokukweva maruwa kuti "pack" vavengi muzvigaro zvishomanene kana kuti "crack" vatsigiri vavo mumativi akawanda, mapoka anotonga anogona kupinza simba ravo kunyange apo vanorasikirwa nevhoti yakakurumbira. Sarudzo yeSangano reSangano reSangano reUS iri muenzaniso wakajeka: pasinei zvapo nokuwina mavhoti akawanda kupfuura maRepublican, Republicans yakachengeta voruzhinji 33 vapazwa nemhaka yokudenha kwoutsinye pashure pokuverengwa kwavanhu kwa2010. Gerryderman anoparadza chivimbo chavose munhevedzano yamarusarusaru uye anogona kuita mavhotaro mashoma.

Kuchinja Kwenharaunda Nokuchinja Kwemagariro Enyika

Miitiro yeSMD inogona kukudza kukura kwemibato yenzvimbo dzinogara nyika kupfurikidza namapati anotusa akatsinhana apo anoranga avo vane tsigiro yakafara asi isina kudzika. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunzvimbo yezvamatongerwe enyika inodzorwa namapati enharaunda ndokuderedza kuratidzirwa kwemirangariro mishomanene inodzorwa norudzi. MuCanada, somuenzaniso, Bloc Québébécois yakawana zvigaro zvikuru kubva Quebec nezvisingasviki 10% zvevhoti yenyika, nepo Green Par, netsigiro yorudzi yakafanana, yakawana zvigaro zvishomanene nemhaka yokuti vhotera vayo vakapararira. Masimba akadaro anogona kuita kuti mirairo yorudzi ive ipfupi inorumbidzwa zvikuru uye inogamuchira zvikuru kuwanda kunze kwenyika dzinovhotera kunze kwenyika.

Kuenzanisa Nemienzaniso Yezvirongwa Zvokumiririra

Kusiyana Kukuru Kunoguma Nemigumisiro Yacho

Vatsoropodzi veSMD vanowanzotaura kuti kumiririra vakadzi kwakakura kunopfuura zvimwe. PR, zvakadai semireza yebato kana kuti vhoti imwe inotamiswa (STV), inoisa zvigaro zvakarurama zvikuru mutsinhirano negoverano dzevhoti, kuchiguma namavhoti mashoma anopambadzwa uye marondedzero makuru evakadzi nevorushoma. PR inoitawo kuti pave nemasangano akawanda, anogona kusimudzira hurumende dzinobatanidza nyika dzinoratidza mativi akawanda emaonero ezvematongerwe enyika. Zvisinei, PR dzimwe nguva inotsoropodzwa nokuda kwokutungamirira kuhurumende dzisingachinjiki, sezvo kuchinja kwakawanda kwemibatanidzwa kunogona kuita kuti pave nomutemo uye kusingadeyi kujeka.

Kukwanisa Kuenzanisa Nokutsigira

Vatsigiri veSMD vanotaura kuti kubviswa kwokusawirirana iteramo rehurumende. Nepo PR ingabudisa paramende dzinoratidzika zvikuru sedzinosarudzwa muchiverengero chavagari vemo, vanogonawo kugonesa mapoka akakomba kuwana nzvimbo dzeparamende ndokuita kuti hurumende dzive nhapwa. Sangano dzeSMD, nokupesana, dzinoita kuti vakundi vajeke zvakajeka uye vashandurwe musimba, dzichideredza bviro yokusarudza magirati. Chisarudzo pakati peSMD nePR nokudaro chinobatanidzawo mutongo mukuru pamusoro pezviro zvinokosha zvikurusa: kumipimo yakarurama kana kuti kudzora kwakarurama nokuzvidavirira kwakananga kwakananga.

Kuongorora Nyaya: SMD Muchirongwa

United Kingdom

UK’s House of Commours yashandisa SMD chifo cha 1885, nenzvero dzeganhuriro dzenhambo nenhambo kuwirirano nechiverengero chavagari vemo. Gadziriro yakabudisa maomanisiro akatanhamara: muna 1951, Conservative Party yakawanawo zvigaro zvizhinji apo yakagamuchira mavhoti mashoma kupfuura Labour, uye muna February 1974, Labour yakawana zvigaro zvakawanda apo vaAborv vakakunda mavhoti akawanda. Chisarudzo cha 2015 na 2019 chikuru chakaratidzirwawo kuratidzira kwakakwirira. UK’s Elctoral Reformation yakaramba nguva dzose nokuda kwechinjo inowirirana, asi mapoka makuru akadzivisa nemhaka yokuzvidzora. Mu 2011, kuzivisa kwezvikamu zvinotsiva (zvikamu zvinotsiva)

United States

US House of Declarations Services semuenzaniso wakatanhamara zvikurusa weSMD munyika. Makore maviri ari ose, maruwa 435 ane mitezo inosarudzwa kupfurikidza nokuvhota. Gadziriro inoiswa mumutemo wehurumende nomuitiro webumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo yakagadziridzwa munguva yakati neVoting Rights Act kuvimbisa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kumirira kwevoruzhinji kupfurikidza nokuchinja. Gerrymering inoramba iri nhau inokakavadzana zvikuru, namapoka ose makuru ose ari maviri anoshandisa zvishandiso zvamashoko kuti awane mepu dzakanaka. Dare gurusa rakatonga kuti gerryman imubvunzo wezvamatongerwe enyika unopfuura kusvika matare ehurumende, achisiya hurumende kuti igadziridze zvigaro uye masangano azvimiriro.

Canada

Sarudzo dzehurumende dzeCanada dzinoshandisa SMD neboka rakapfava, rutivi rwakabviswa kubva kunhaka yadzo yeBritain. Sarudzo ya 2015 yakaona Liberal Party ichiwina 39.5% yevhoti uye 54.4% yezvigaro, nepo New Democratic Party yakawana 19.7% yevhoti asi 10.9% bedzi yezvigaro, uye Green Party, ne 3.4% yevoti, yakawana chigaro chimwe chete (09%). 2019 ne201 zvaramba zvichiitwa kuti zvigadzirirwe nokuda kweBloc Québébéis uye pasi pekugadziriswa kwezvikamu zvokuruboshwe. Mumhinduro, Justin Justin Srudeaul purotor akavimbisa kugadziriswa mu 2015 asi gare gare gare gare gare gare, kushaiwa kubvumiranisa mhaka yakajekerwa kweBro.

Kuchinja uye Zvinotsiva Tsika YeSMD

Masangano eMember Proportigal (MMP) akasanganiswa

Nyika dzinoverengeka dzakagamuchira gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa yakavhengana yeSMD nemubatanidzwa wezvigaro zvendandanda kururamisa kuvhota. Germany, New Zealand, uye Scotland mienzaniso yakatanhamara. Voter vanokanda mabhora maviri: mumwe nokuda kwomutengi womunzvimbomo muSMD uye mumwe nokuda kwendaza yebato. Zvigaro zvezvigaro zvinogoverwa kuva nechokwadi chokuti kugoverwa kwezvigaro kwose kunowirirana negoverano yebato rimwe nerimwe revhoti. MMP inochengeta chinzwano yomunzvimbomo apo inodzivisa kushatiswa kwakaipisisa kweSMDSD. New Zealand inogamuchirwa pashure pezvikamu muna 1992 na 1993, uye kufunda neNew Zealand Elector Commis inoratidzira kuti kugutsikana uye kumirira kwavakadzi uye kugadzirirwa kwemiitiro itsva.

Ranked-Choice Voting (RCV) muMaruwa eMomber Oga

Kumwe kushandura kushandiswa kwokuvhota kwakarongwa, (kunozivikanwawo sekuvhota kwapakarepo) mukati memaruwa ane mitezo imwe. Mutsika ino, vavhoti vanotora nokuda kwedanho. Kana pasina muvhoti wokutanga, muvhoti wedanho akaderera zvikuru anobviswa, uye vvukijeri vavo vanochinjirwa kuchimwe chinhu, kusvikira mumwe mutevedzeri ane voruzhinji. RCV anobvisa "spoiler tation" uye anokurudzira kuvhotera kwakananga, sezvo vapambiri vanotsvaka mavhoti echipiri kubva kuvatsigiri vatsi varwi. Inoshandiswa muAustralia House ofstations uye mukusarudzo dzinoverengeka mumaguta eUS Francisco neNew York. Nepo RCV inovandudza paSCDDB kupfurikidza nokuwana kwavazhinji, isati ichida kubvisa choserotesaro muruware.

Mabasa Okuzvimirira Okuderedza

Kurwisa kudzorwa kwemibato, mativi mazhinji akatanga masangano okuzvimirira anoisa miganhu yezvisarira anoshandisa mipimo isina kusiana yakadai sekubatana, kuenzana, uye chiverengero chavagari vemo. California, Arizona, uye Michigan muUS akagamuchira mabasa akadaro, uye Canada inoshandisa gadziriro inotsamira pamiganhu yemiganhu yevhota yeruwa imwe neimwe. Nepo isingachinji kutsika yeSMD pachayo imene, aya mabasa anobetsera kudzorera kururama uye makwikwikwi kumaruwa eUS mativi ose kupfurikidza nokubvisa miganhuro yemiganhu.

mhedziso

Gadziriro yeMusha mumwe chete inoramba iri gadziriro yeSangano reMiniber yeSangano reSangano reMisha ine simba uye inoshandiswa zvikuru, inokosheswa nokuda kwokupfava kwayo, kuzvidavirira kwayo kwakajeka, uye mano okuita hurumende dzakatsiga. Zvisinei, betsero idzi dzinouya nendyiko huru: kusabatana pakati pevhoti nenzvimbo, mwero yakakwirira yevhoti dzinopambadzwa, kuiswa kwezvikamu zvishoma nezviduku navakadzi, kukuva vakatapurwa nechero yoga yoga yoga yoga, uye kusimbiswa kwemapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika. Chisarudzo pakati peSMD uye masangano akasiana, soumiriridziro kana kuti kuvhotaro, kunotsamira paizvo zvinokosha zvikurusa muchisarudzo chayo.

Kunzwisisa vagadziri vemichina yeSangano reSangano reMidD kunokosha nokuda kwokuvimbisana kwenyanzvi. Vagadziri vemitemo vanofanira kuyera kuti gadziriro yavo yokuvhota inofanira kudzikamisa sei kwete bedzi kuumbwa kweimba yavo yesangano ravo rehurumende asiwo kunaka kwehurumende yavo inosarudzwa navanhu. Nokuda kwokuwedzera kurava, ACE Electoral Knowle Ulwazi rweProjectal, Network inogovera zvinhu zvakawanda pagadziriro yegadziriro yetsika yevhu, [[FLT] germerman netasssss trandment Society [[FLMLT] inobetsera mamiriro ezvinhu eSMD] kunzvera kana kuti mamiriro ezvinhu echineidziko echino anoramba achiitwa. [[FLT] Brenan]