Chirongwa cheSCs (SC) neSPurmed Triniples zvinomirira maviri amapoka enzanga akasimudzirwa zvikuru munhau muIndia. Kuziva kwawo muBumbiro reMitemo reIndia kwakaratidzira nhano inochinja kururamisiro yenzanga, kuvavarira kupedza mazana amakore erusarurano nerusarurano. Nhasi, revo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeSCs neSTs inotambanukira kure kupfuura kumimirezawo zvayo; inoumba miganhu, pesvedzero dzinosarudzwa, uye denho dzesimba rakadzika midzi. Nyaya inonzvera mamiriro ezvinhu enhau, mabumbiro emitemo, ezvematongerwe enyika, zvinetso zvinopfuurira, uye mabanza enguva yemberi nokuda kweidzi nzanga dziri mukati mamiriro enyika eIndia.

Munhau Yakare: Kubva Pakuzvidzora Kuenda Kukuzivikanwa kweBumbiro reMitemo

Gadziriro yenzanga yetsika yemapoka echiHindu nekuparadza dzinza zvakatangira kutonga kweBritain kwapamberi pekudzora, asi makanga muri mukati menhambo yehurumende yokumwe yeBritain umo uku kukamukana kwakaumbwa nokurongwa. Ubati ushe hweBritain hwakatanga mitemo yokuti nzanga dzakabatanidzwa nokuda kwokushanda zvakanaka kwokudzora, kupfuurirazve kuisa pamuganhu weDalits (panguva iyoyo yaizivikanwa se "vasingatapurwi") uye Adivasis (mapoka edzinza). Kuverengwa kwehurumende kwe 1891 nenzvero dzakatevera kwakanyorwa nenzira yakarongwa kuti ive yapamutemo, kuvambazve kubviswa kweDalit (zvinozivikanwa sezvisingadzorwi) uye mativi aizivisa zviito.

Masangano makuru okuchinja, akadai saaitungamirirwa naDr. B. Ambedkar naMahatma Gandhi, akaunza mamiriro ezvinhu eSCs neSTs kutungamirira hurukuro yorudzi. Ambedkar kutungamirira kwehurukuro yenyika. Ambedkar nokuda kwokuva mumiriri wezvamatongerwe enyika uye kodzero dzenzanga dzakaguma nePact yeProct yePunionton ya1932, iyo yakavimbisa zvigaro zvakachengetedzwa zvavekwa pavana vakaora mwoyo mudzimba dzomuruwa. Post-incencencencence, Constituent Assent, neAt Complantronetic , semuchikuru weMitemo yeMitemo yemitemo yeSaunicratiko, yakaisa dziviriro yakakwana nokuda kweSCs neS. Bumbiro remitemo ramato remitemo ya1953, rakava pa 26 January 1950, uye 15, 16, 46, uye Part IX neIX (pacratimetics)

Iyi nhevedzo yenhau yakaparira chinjo kubva pazvinhu zvechinjo yenzanga kuenda kuvatori rutivi vanoshingaira muudzori hwehurumende yedemokrati. Kugoverwa kwezvigaro muParamende namadziro ehurumende kwakanga kusati kuri chiito chokufananidzira bedzi asi mutoo wamaune kuva nechokwadi chokuti idzi nzanga dzine inzwi mukugadzira mutemo nokuumba muitiro.

Kugadzirwa Kwebumbiro Remitemo Nemanyorerwo Emitemo

Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia rinogovera gadziriro yakasimba yokusimbiswa kweSC neSTs.

  • Article 15 (4) ne 16 (4): Bvuma nyika kuita gadziriro chaidzo nokuda kweenderero mberi yeSC neST, kubatanidza kusarovha mumasangano edzidzo nebasa ravose.
  • Article 17: Abolishes "auscouting" uye anorambidza muitiro waro muchimiro chipi nechipi.
  • Article 46: Inoraira nyika kusimudzira nokutarisira chaiko fariro dzedzidzo nedzemari dzezvikamu zvisina simba, zvikurukuru SCs neSTS, uye kuvadzivirira pakusaruramisira kwenzanga nezvimiro zvose zvokushandisa zvisina kufanira.
  • Article 330 na 332[[FL:1]: Tsvaka nzvimbo yezvigaro zveSCs neST muLok Sabha (Imba yaVanhu) uye magungano ehurumende, zvichitevedzana.
  • Article 334 : pakuvamba yakagadza muganhu wamakore 10 nokuda kwokuchengeteka, asi ikoku kwakatambanudzwa kupfurikidza nemisiano mizhinji yebumbiro-mitemo (muto, 95th Amendment muna 2009 yakatambanudzwa kutozosvikira muna 2020, uye 104 Demendment muna 2020 yakatambanudzwa kusvikira muna 2030).
  • Party IX nePartic IXA: Chivako cheMantadate cheSC neST muPanchayats naManisitai eMinister, kuvimbisa kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mukuwedzera kugadziriro dzebumbiro remitemo, mitumbi yapamutemo yakafanana ne Commissional for Shedyd Castems ne Commissional for Shedyd Paramed inonzvera kuitwa kwedziviriro nokunzvera nyunyuto dzorusaruro. Shedgenad Castes neSedmagement (Kutsiva kweMagariro) AS, 1989, anosimbisazve dziviriro dzapamutemo kupfurikidza nokuranga nokuranga namabasa emasimba masimba netsoropo neropo.

Kudzorwa Mumitemo: Kushandiswa Kwenzwi

Chikamu chezvigaro muParamende uye magungano ehurumende chinotaura zvakananga kumira kwenhau yeSCs neSTs. Somuenzaniso, mumagungano eLok Sabha, 84 kubva muna 543) zvakachengeterwa SCs na 47 nokuda kweSST, zvinoda kufanana nokuwanda kwazvo muvagari vemo (16.6% na 8.6% zvichitevedzana, sapa 2011 CVS), mwero wacho unosiyana nehurumende asi unotevera nheyo dzakafanana. Uku kuchengetedzwa kunovimbisa kuti inenge imwe-divi yeimba yakaderera inoumbwa navamiririri vanobva munzanga idzi, kugovera mukoto wakananga wezvavaivo.

Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti ruguva rwoga harupi vimbiso inobudirira. Vazhinji vanochengeterwa maMP naML sevemapati makuru ezvamatongerwe enyika uye vangasagara vachiisa miganhu yenzanga yechakanangana. Kunyange zvakadaro, nzvero dzakaratidza kuti maconsituendi akachengetwa kazhinji kazhinji anoona kutengwa kwavose padzidzo, utano, uye mibato inobetsera SC navagari vemo vemo. Somuenzaniso, kunzvera kunoitwa nenyanzvi dzezvemari se Prande (2003) kunokarakadza kuti chitsamisiro chezvamatongerwe enyika chinotungamirira kutsamanyuko akawedzerwa kumigovero yezvipo zvemari yeSC neSST.

Revo Yezvamatongerwe Enyika: Haisati Yachienzaniswa Nemifananidzo

Revo yezvamatongerwe enyika yeSC neST inotambanukira mumativi akawanda: zvikamu zvevhoti, pesvedzero yetsika, uye simba renzanga. Mapati ezvamatongerwe enyika mumativi ose nenzvimbo , zvakadai seBJP neCongress kumauto enharaunda. Vagari vemo veSC/ST vakabatanidzwa veSCs neST (inopfuura 25% yechiverengero chavagari veIndia) vanovaita chisakiso chikuru mumacontituence akawanda, zvikurukuru mumibatanidzwa seUttar Pradesh, Bihar, Maharashtra, Odisha, uye nharaunda yokuchamhembe kwakadziva mabvazuva.

Pesvedzero Yakanaka Nezvibvumirano Zveboka

Musarudzo, SC naVavhoti vanowanzoumba boka rinodenha. Mapati anoshandisa unyanzvi hwakadai sokuva mubato reSC/ST mubato reSanzioustincie (kuwedzera kuzvigaro zvakachengetwa), achivimbisa mitoo yokubvuma, uye kusimbisa zvikuva zveruramisiro yenzanga. Somuenzaniso, Bahujan Samaj Party (BSP) muUtar Pradesh yakura kubva pakuva boka reDalit-centric kuboka guru, asi tsigiro yaro huru inoramba iripo kubva munzanga dzeSC. Nenzira yakafanana, nharaunda dzamaruwa dzakagara pakati nemabvazuva eIndia kazhinji kazhinji inoona masangano achirevesa kodzero dzesango, nyika inogadziriswa, uye manyuko ezviwanikwa.

Kumuka kweutungamiriri hweDalit pamwero wenyika .kwakadai saMayagati muUttar Pradesh, Jignesh Mevani muGujarat, uye Ramdas Athawale muMaharashtra(madhimoni) kunosimudzira kuva nesimba gurusa kweSC. Nenzira yakafanana, vatungamiriri veST muOdhisha, Jaharkand, uye Northerntheath vakaita mabasa anokosha mumasangano eIndacism nenharo dzinodzora.

Kutapura Kuita Kwemitemo

Vamiriri veSC neST vave vachibetsera mukuumba mutemo weruramisiro yenzanga, kodzero dzepasi, uye dzidzo. Kubudirira kwemiitiro mikuru kunobatanidza:

  • Kodzero kuMutemo weDzidzo (2009): ine gadziriro dzemari inobhadharwa netsigiro chaiyo nokuda kweSC navadzidzi vari muzvikoro zvehurumende.
  • The Forest Rights Act (2006)[FLT:]: Kuziva maruramiro eSTS uye vamwe vagari vemo vesango vamagamuchidzanwa pamusoro pemitengo yenyika nemasango, kuchichinja mazana amakore okubviswa kwenyika.
  • [ Kudzivirira Act of Atrocitis Act Kugadziridza (2015 ne2018)]: Zvirango zvakasimbiswa ndokukudziridza ukuru hwemhosva dzinorwisana neSCs neST.
  • shavo nemiitiro yokuganhurira[[FLT: 1]: mari inobetsera inopfuurira, mari dzinoshandiswa pashure pemapuraneti, uye rutsamiro mudzidzo yakakwirira zvakavandudza mwero yedzidzo, kunyange zvazvo mikaha ichiripo.

Munharo dzeparamende, SC/STMP kazhinji kazhinji dzinomutsa nhau dzokutsiva kwamaoko, kushanda kwakabatanidzwa, masimba masimba emapoka, uye kubviswa kwedzinza nemhaka yemigodhi kana kuti madhamu. Kudzora kwavo kwakatungamirira kukuumbwa kwematare chaiwo nokuda kwenhau dzoumbozha nemari yakatsaurirwa nokuda kwemitengo yeSC/ST.

Mapati Oruwa Nezvesimba

Mumitemo ine zviverengero zvikuru zvezviverengero zveSC/ST, mapati eruwa anowanzobuda senhevedzo dzeidzi nzanga. Somuenzaniso, Janta Dal (United) muBihar yakanangidzira ngwariro paMahadalit digitasiti, nepo mapoka akafanana neBijuJanata Dal muOdhisha uye Jarkand Morcha muJakkand short rekodzero dzedzinza. Aya mapoka ehurumende anomanikidzira kumanikidzira nokuda kwemitemo yehurumende yakananga, yakadai sezvikamu zvakakurirwa zvikuru (g.g., Tamil Nadu's 69% shaves gasts) uye zvirongwa zvitsvuku zvenyika.

Kubatanidzwa kwemapoka enyika nemauto enharaunda kunoparira kukwikwidzana kukuru uko nhau dzeSC neST dzinokurukurwa pamwero yakawanda yehurumende. Ikoku kwakaguma nemigove yakawedzerwa yemari yokushandisa nokuda kwokubudirira kweSC/ST munyika dzakawanda.

Matambudziko Okubatanidzwa Kwematongerwe Enyika

Pasinei zvapo nedziviriro dzebumbiro remitemo nefambiro mberi yezvamatongerwe enyika, mhinganidzo dzinokosha dzinopfuurira.

Kusasarura uye Kusarura

Chisimba chakavakirwa pamapoka nemiitiro yokusazvidzora zvinoramba zvakadzika midzi mumativi akawanda eIndia. Maererano neNational Crime Records Bureau (NCRB), zvinoitika zvinopfuura 40 000 zvemhosva dzinorwisana neSCS uye 8 000 mukurwisana neSTs zvakashumwa muna 2020 moga, kunyange zvazvo nhamba chaidzoidzo dziri huru zvikuru nemhaka yokusashuma. Chisimba chakadaro hachingopinyi nzanga bedzi asi chinodzivisawo kutora rutivi kwezvamatongerwe enyika. SC/STSPR kazhinji kazhinji vanotarisana netyisidziro, kuvhotera, uye vakomana vanovhotera mumaruwa.

Utsinye hunowanzobatanidzwa nekakavadzano dzenyika, kusvika mvura, kana kuti makwikwi evhoti. Human Rights Watch (2021) mushumo yakasimbisa rusaruro rwetsika mudzimba, dzidzo, uye basa, izvo zvinopfuuridzira urombo uye zvinoganhurira gadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kusaenzana Kwemari

Kudzokera shure kwezvemari kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo huru. SC nemisha yeST zvine nzvimbo yakaderera, mari, uye kuwana dzidzo zvichienzaniswa nezvikamu zvizhinji. Sezvinenge zviri muNational Forage Survey (1-1-12), 29% yedzimba dzeSC ne 43% dzemhuri dzeST dzakanga dziri pasi pomuganhu wourombo, kana zvichienzaniswa ne12% nokuda kwemamwe mapoka. Urombo hunoderedza purofiti yemari, miganhuro yokuwana kune zvinobudisa nhau, uye hunoita kuti vamiririri veSC/ST vatsamiririri vatsi vanovimba zvikuru paboka, izvo zvinogona kubvumiranisa utongi hwavo.

Kupfuurirazve, kusununguka mune zvoupfumi kazhinji kazhinji kwakapfuura idzi nzanga. Kufambira mberi kunodzorwa neboka munharaunda dzemadzinza kwakatungamirira kukubviswa kusina kugadziridzwa kwakakwana, kuchiparira pfundepfunde nokuparadzaniswa kwezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika Mukati Memazororo

Mumapati ezvematongerwe enyika, SC naVatungamiriri veST vanowanzotarisana nengano. Vanowanzogoverwa kunzvimbo dzinonzi "soflois" (umh., garikano, kukura kwenzanga, kudzokera shure kwemibato) panzvimbo pemari, dziviriro, kana kuti zvirongwa. Mumadariro, zvigaro zvakachengeterwa zvinowanzobatwa se "zvigaro zvakakotsekana" nokuda kwezvigaro zveboka guru revakuru vakuru, panzvimbo penzira dzekupiwa simba renzanga. Utongi hwemondiro yemukati yemapati (socid) kana kuti kushaikwa kwemativi eSC/ST mukati mechikamu chechisarudzo chikuru.

Uyezve, chinoitika chekusabatana kwezvamatongerwe enyika chakapfuurira apo vamiriri veSC/ST vasingapi ruremekedzo rwakaenzana mudzimba dzomutemo kana kuti zvirongwa zvebato. Kufungira mano akaipa pakati peshamwari navakuru vakuru kunogona kudzivisa kubudirira kwavo.

Mikana Nenhungamiro Dzomunguva Yemberi

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvipingamupinyi, pane mikana chaiyo yokuwedzera kukosha kwemaSC neSTS.

Makwai Ane Simba Kupfurikidza Nehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo

Zvigaro zvakasara muPanchayats naMahofisi zvinovimbisa kuti nhamba huru yeSC/ST yevarume vava noruzivo rwekutungamirira. Kubvira muna 2022, 7% yePanchayat iSC neST (zvigaro zvakasara) uye vakawanda vakashandura nzanga dzavo nezvirongwa zvemari, ruzivo rwezvoutano, uye dzidzo.

Purogiramu dzakadai seMahatma Gandhi National Rural Accouptment Act (MGNREGA) dzakagoverawo chengeteko yezvemari, kuchigonesa mhuri dzeSC/ST kutora rutivi nokushingaira zvikuru mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Dzidzo Nokungofanana Kwemadhigirii

Kuwana dzidzo ibasa guru rezvamatongerwe enyika. Gross E REPUR Rational yeSCS neSTs mudzidzo yapamusoro yakavandudzika kubva pa 11.6% na 8.9% (2010-11) kusvikira ku 21.8% na 17.6% (209-20), zvichitevedzana, maererano neAll India Survey on Expression. Kuramba vachinangidzira ngwariro padzidzo, nzvimbo dzezvitoro, uye kurovedzana kunogona kuvandudza muitiro uyu.

Kutanga kunyora nenhamba kunokoshawo. Zvishandiso zvenzanga uye zvemichina zvakagonesa vatsigiri veSC/ST kufuratira mhinganidzo huru dzezvinobudisa nhau, kuunganidza, uye kusimbisa utsinye. Zvikamu zvakafanana naTwitter naUTube zvakaparira vatsigiri vemitengo yeDalit neAvaisi avo vanopesvedzera nharo dzemitemo. Hurumende [[FLT:] gov chikuva chezvikamu nezvichemo zvemichina zvinogona kugadzirirwazve nokuda kweidzi nzanga.

Kuwiriraniswa Kwakaita Kubatana Nechivako Chokudyidzana

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika reSCs neSST rinogona kuwedzerwa kupfurikidza nemibatanidzwa namamwe mapoka akaganhurirwa: Mamwe Makirasi okudzokera shure (OBC), vakadzi, marudzidziso mashoma, uye varombo vomumaguta. Matare anosimudzira mativi etsika dzechiHindu nedzemapuranga nedzemasangano mamiriro enzvimbo nezvinoonekwa muAam Aadmi Party muDelhi, Mahagathbanhan muBihar, kana kuti mativi eIndia munyika yose anosimudzira SC/ST nhau kunzvimbo yemiitiro.

Uyezve, utanhamari hunokura hwevakadzi veSC/ST mune zvematongerwe enyika (munzira, Meenakshi Lekhi, Kumari Selja, uye Auna Sahu) hunowedzera ufakazi hwechirume hunopfumisa kumirira. Vakadzi vaReservation Bill (2023), iyo inochengeta 33% yezvigaro muParamende uye magungano enyika nokuda kwavakadzi, inobatanidza SC/ST, zvimwe kupeta kuberekazve kumirira kwavo mumitoro yakachengetwa.

Kuchinja Michina

Kushanda kweNational Commissions for SCs and STs kunofanira kuwedzerwa. Pari zvino, vane masimba anotarisira akaganhurirwa kudarika kunzvera nokurumbidza. Kuapa chiremera chedare, kuvimbisa kusarudzwa kwapanguva yakakodzera kwemitezo, uye kubatanidza mishumo yavo nechiito cheparamende kunogona kusimbisa kuzvidavirira. Kuwedzera, gadziriro inochengeteka inoda kuhwirudzurwa nguva nenguva kuti ikurumidze kukurukura mukati memaSCs (kuti ibetsere zvikuru vanoshaiwa mukati nzanga) uye kupedza nhau dzemitsetse mumipimo yemaripoti.

mhedziso

Chikamu chakarongwa chePudice Castes and Shedys Tribul Chine nzvimbo yechienzi neinokosha mumatongerwe enyika eIndia. Kuzivikanwa kwazvo kwebumbiro remitemo, rutsamiro mudzimba, uye masangano enzanga anopfuurira zvakavashandura kubva kuvagamuchiri vasingaitiri veyamavonero kuva vatambi vane simba vezvamatongerwe enyika. Chikamu chenhau kubva kuPoona Pact kusvikira kukuva nesimba rezuva razvino uno reDalit neAdivasi mukuona kusimba kweidzimo dzenzanga idzi mukutarisana nenhamo yegadziriro yetsika.

Kunyange zvakadaro, rwendo rwacho haruna kutongokwanisika. Rusaruraganda runoramba rwakapararira, kusaenzana kwezveupfumi kunoganhurira simba rechokwadi, uye kumiririrwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika kunoramba kuri kwapamusoro. Kuziva kuti SC neST kugona kutora rutivi mune zvematongerwe enyika, India inofanira kuisa muhurumende yegutsaruzhinji, kunyoreswa kwapamutemo, kusimudzira dzidzo, uye zvematongerwe enyika zvakabatana. Kubudirira kwehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji yeIndia pachayo pachayo pachakavakirwa pakubatanidza nokubudirira kwainoita vagari vemo vayo vakakwirira musimba. Sezvinoita Dr. Ambedkar akakurumbira, simba rezvamatongerwe enyika ndiro chinokosha pakuchinja vanhu (ne SCs neSST) uye kushandurwa kwemagateve matonge zvinangwa zvacho.