Voter revertout inomira sechimwe chezviratidzo zvakananga zvikurusa zvesimba redemocracy. Apo vagari vanokanda mapepa, vanoumba nhungamiro yehurumende yavo, vanosimbisa chiremera chayo, uye chiratidzo chokuti tsika inomirira kuda kwavo. Nenzira inopesana, kubuda kwakaderera kunomutsa mibvunzo inotambudza pamusoro poukombi, kuvimbisana, uye kusaenzana. Kunzwisisa ukoshi hwomuvhoti mukuvhota musarudzo kunokosha nokuda kwemunhu upi noupi anoitira hanya utano hwehurumende inomirira. Nyaya ino inonzvera chikonzero nei kufuratira nhau, chinosunda kana kuti kushaikwa kwadzora rutivi rwadzo, uye kuti nzanga dzinogona sei kusimbisa ichi chiito chikuru chehurumende inosarudzwa.

Kurondedzera Muchina Wokufambisa Magetsi Nemwero Wawo

Voter restaup inorondedzerwa zvikurukuru senhamba yevoti vanovhota vakakodzera muvhota. Kuverenga kwakananga kunosiana nenyika nesangano. Nyanzvi zhinji dzinoshandisa vagari vemo vevhoti (VAP) sechikamu chaidzo, icho chinobatanidza vagari vose vane makore anopfuura 18 pasinei zvapo nenzvimbo yokunyoresa. Vamwe vanosarudza chiverengero chavagari vemo chinovhota (VEP), icho chinobvisa vanhu vasiri vapanyika uye vasingasaruki setsorororo mumiganhu umo vasingagoni kuvhota. Chisarudzo chemikoro chemikoro chinogona kutapura zvikuru mwero yokunyoresa. Somuenzaniso, United States kazhinji kazhinji kacho inoratidzika kuva yakaderera paVAP inosirwa pane vanhu vayosenzi vanobva muVPti.

Mwero inosianawo zvikuru norudzi rwesarudzo. Sarudzo yapurezidhendi muU.S. inokwezva 55-65% yavavhoti vakakodzera, nepo sarudzo dzapakati pedare dzinongonyora bedzi 40-50%. Sarudzo dzomunzvimbomo nedzehwaro dzinowanzoona kunyange kutora rutivi kwakaderera, pane dzimwe nguva pasi pe 20%. Uku kusimbisa kuti kutsauka hakusati kuri chiratidzo chakatemwa asi muuyo une simba wakaumbwa namashoko ezvamatongerwe enyika, vasarudzo, uye tsika dzehurumende.

Kufamba - famba kukuru kunowanzochengetwa, asi hakuna kunaka zvakajeka. Kuchinja kukuru zvikuru dzimwe nguva kunogona kuratidza dzvinyiriro yenzanga kana kuti miitiro yokuda kuwirirana panzvimbo pokuvimbisana chaikoiko. Kunyange zvakadaro, muhurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakakura mumudzimu, kukwira kunodokuva nguva dzose kwakabatanidzwa nokubatanidzwa kukuru uye kuzvidavirira kwakasimba.

Kukosha Kwokuchinja Zvikuru

Ukoshi hwomuvhoti mukuvhota hunotambanukira kure zvikuru nechiito chakapfava chokuisa pendi. kutora rutivi kukuru kunosimbisa gadziriro yose yedemocracy munzira dzinoverengeka dzakabatanidzwa.

Kumirira uye Kuva Mutevedzeri

Kusarudza inzira huru iyo vagari vemo vanobvuma kudzorwa nayo. Apo mugove mukuru wavavhoti vanofanirwa, vakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa vanogona kunzi vanomirira vanhu vose zvavo. Uku kurangarirwa kunoita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kuti hurumende dziite miitiro, dziunganidze, uye dzichengete nhevedzano yavose. Kudzokera pasi, mukupesana, kunowedzera rutyo rwokuti avo vari musimba vanobatira chikamu chiduku bedzi chavagari vemo. Munyika zhinji dzine rubatano rwakaderera mune zvenhau, dzakadai seUnited States, vasiri vagari vemo vaduku, vanogamuchira, uye vagari vemo vashoma. Hurumende dzinosarudzwa neduku, vasingatevedzerwi, vane chiremera chetsika uye chipfuudzo chinopfuurira chekubvunzurudzo.

Kubviswa Kwemigumisiro uye Kuzvidavirira Kwehurumende

Nzvero inobvumikisa nguva dzose kuti ganhuriro dzemiitiro yezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvinobetsera zvishoma. Apo vanhu vashomanene vanovhota, vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogutsa zvikuru fariro dzakapfuma nedzakarongwa nemhaka yokuti avo ndivo vagari vemo vanopa chinyorwa chakavimbika. Fundo yehurumende yakaitwa naMartin Gilens naBenjamin Page yakawana kuti mapoka ezvirongwa zvezvipfumi zvemari nezvipfumi zvebhizimisi zvinopesvedzera zvikuru zvine pesvedzero huru paU. Mutengo wavagari vemo une simba rakakura paU. Nepo vagari vemo vemo vemo vemone mukuva netanhimbe dzakaderera zvikuru kupfuura varombo. Kuwedzera kupfuutsanana pakati pavagari vemo vanowana sezvingabvira kungatungamirira kumitengodzano yavo yakabatanidzwa nezvinodikanwa zvavo, semibayiro yakawedzerwa zvikuru, mibhadharo yakakwirira zvikuru mudzidzo yavose.

Kuzvidavirira kunovandudzawo apo vanhu vakawanda vanovhota. Turmout inoita senzvero pavamiriri: Sarudzo ine goverano huru sezvingabvira zvikuru inosada kubvisa vakuru vakuru vasingadikanwi. Apo muvhoti anova muduku uye anodeya kuzivikanwa, vavhoti vanogona kunangidzira ngwariro pakubatira nzvimbo yavo yapasi panzvimbo pokugamuchira kuvoruzhinji.

Kushamwaridzana uye Kuvimbana

Kurumbidza itsika inowirirana inosimbisa zvisungo zvenzanga. Apo vagari vemo vanotora rutivi, vanosimbisa kuva kwavo munzanga yezvamatongerwe enyika nokugamuchira kwavo mitemo yedemokrase. Kudzokera kunobva pasi kunogona kuderedza kuparadzaniswa nokuyeuchidza vanhu kuti vanogoverana jambwa rimwe chetero uye chisarudzo chakafanana. Nyika dzinoramba dzichiva norupfindo rwakakwirira, dzakadai seSweden neDenmark, dzinovawo nomwero wakakwirira wokuvimba kwenzanga uye mwero yakaderera yokuparadzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Nhaumbindo umo zvikamu zvikuru zvavagari vemo zvinogara kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvichiwana kushora kukuru, kutsutsutsumwa, uye kusagadzikana.

Zviito Zvenhau Nezvinoitika

Kunzwisisa kuchinja - chinja kwemamiriro ezvinhu kwaanoita kwenguva yakati kunoratidza kuti zvinhu zviri kufambira mberi kuti zvibatanidzwe uye kuti zvinetso zvirambe zvichiramba zvichinetsa.

Kuwedzera Kuchinja

Kuzhinji kwenhau, kuvhota kwakanga kwakaganhurirwa kukuva varume vachena. Kufutunurwa kwapashoma napashoma kwokuva vanotsiva vakadzi, vanhu vashomanene vedzinza, uye vagari vaduku kwakagadziridza nenzira inoshamisa pamutemo wokuvhota. MuUnited States, Pession yechi15 yePramende yeChishanu (1870) yakarambidza kusarura dzinza, asi kudzika kwakanga kusino kuneta kutozosvikira Voting Rights Act ya 1965. Gadziriro ye 19th Reformation (1920) yakapa vakadzi vhoti. Gadziro yechi 26 (1971) yakaderedza zera rokuvhotera kusvikira ku 18. Kuwedzera kumwe nokumwe kwakaunza mamiriyoni evakizveri kunobvira mugadziriro inotengwa, kunyange zvazvo kupfuurira kutora rutivi rwakakwirira kwaida nhamburiko dzinopfuurira kukurira ganhurnyo.

Mune dzimwe hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu, nguva yokuwedzera yakasiyana - siyana. Nyika zhinji dzeEurope dzakabvumira vakadzi kushatirwa pashure peHondo yeNyika I. Kudzorwa kwemunhu mukuru kwakava muitiro wenyika yose bedzi mukupera kwezana ramakore rechi 20. Pasinei zvapo nemhindu dzapamutemo, kusvika kunobudirira kumubhedha wokuvhotera kunoramba kusina kufanira.

Kuparara Kunoitika Mumakumi Amakore Achangobva Kupfuura

Kuvambira muma 1960 kusvikira kuma 2000, hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu dzakawanda dzakava nokuderera mukuvhota. United States yakaona kusarudzwa kwapurezidhendi kuchiderera kubva pa 63% muna 1960 kusvikira kuinenge 50% muna 1996 isati yanatsiridza mumidungwe yazvino uno. Nyika dzokuMadokero eEurope dzakadai seUnited Kingdom, France, uye Germany dzakaonawo kuderera, kunyange zvazvo kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kwakaramba kuri pamusoro peU.S. kurongwa uku kunobatanidza kuderera kwechiito, kuderera kwechivimbo muhurumende, kuwedzerwa chisarudzo muzvinobudisa nhau nevaraidzo (zvinokwikwikwidzana nokuvhotera), uye kumuka kwenhimbe dzinodzivisa kunzvimbo dzavagari vemo. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinopikisa kuti kuderera kana kuti kuderera kubvira kuma 2000, kupfurikidza nokugadzira zvinhu zvekugadzira zvinhu.

Zvisakiso Zvikuru Zvokumhanya Kuduku

Kuderera kwenzvimbo yakaderera hakungoerekani kwaitika, kunokonzerwa nemisiyano yemavakirwo, uye zvinhu zvinokonzera kuwanda kwevanhu, uye pfungwa.

Zvipingamupinyi Zvokuvaka

Nyika dzakawanda dzinoita kuvhota nenzira yamaune. Mitemo yokuvhota inoganhurira maawa okuvhota, nzvimbo dzisingadzoreki, uye miitiro yokunyoresa yakaoma zvikuru inodzivisa zvikuru kudzorwa pakati pavarombo, vakwegura, uye vashoma. MuUnited States, chiito chokunyoresa chinosiiwa zvikurukuru kuvanhu vamwe navamwe, kusafanana munyika dzine kunyoresa kwokuzviitira. Mitemo yeID yevhoti, yakadai seiyo yeTexas neGeorgia, yave ichiratidzwa kuderedza nokuderera namapfundo anoverengeka, zvikurukuru pakati peBlack neLatinovhotation. Kuvhota kwapakuvamba nokushaikwa kwetsamba kunodzorwa kunodzorwa kunodzosawo kubatira chiverengero, zvikurukuru nokuda kweavo vane purogiramu yebasa kana kuti nhau dzoutano dzisingachinjiki.

Zvikonzero Zvenzanga Nezvekugara Kwavanhu

Dzidzo nemari zviri pakati pezvisarudzo zvakasimba zvokuvhota. Vakapedza kufunda pakoreji vanovhota kanenge kaviri mwero waavo vasina dhipuroma rechikoro chapamusoro. Vanhu vane mari yakawanda yokufamba, kudzidza pamusoro pavada kunyoresa, uye kutora nguva kubasa. Nhauwo: vavhoti vanopfuura 65 vanowana mwero wakapetwa nakatatu wegore 189724. Vota nhamba duku yedzinza nedzinza muU.S. ikaderera kupfuura vachena, murutivi nemhaka yemiganhuro yezvivako uye rutivi nemhaka yekusatenderwa kwenhau inoparira kusavimba.

Zvikonzero Zvendangariro Netsika

Kupfuura mhinganidzo dzinoshanda, vanhu vakawanda vanosarudza kusavhota nemhaka yokuti vanoona sokuti kutora rutivi kwavo hakuna musiyano. Uku pfungwa yokushanda kwezvamatongerwe enyika inoparadzwa nokusabatana, kushora, uye pfungwa dzokuti vanhu vakuru vose vari vaviri vakafanana. Nhepfenyuro dzinotaurwa munhau dzinonangidzira pamhosva panzvimbo pemitemo inosimudzirawo kusada kuvhota. Mune dzimwe nzanga, kuvhota hakusi muitiro wenzanga; kana shamwari shomanene kana kuti mitezo yemhuri ikasarudza, munhu angasanyanyozvivhota.

Migumisiro Yokusafara

Simba rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoparira simba rezvamatongerwe enyika nemiitiro zvinoguma naavo vanotova nenzwi rakawanda zvikurusa.

Hurumende Isingamirirwi

Apo kushaikwa kunenge kwakaderera, vezvamatongerwe enyika vanogamuchira zvisarudzo zvavashomanene vanovhota. Hurumende inosarudzwa ne 40% yavavhoti vakakodzera, zvikurukuru kana 40% yakapfuma zvikuru uye iri vachena kupfuura chiverengero chavagari vose, isingagoni kutaura kuva inomirira. Uyu mukaha unomirira zvinoraira masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika okutsiva, masangano epupulalist, uye pane dzimwe nguva masimba masimba. Manyika ane kuderera kwakaderera zvikurusa anowanzowana mwero yakakwirira yekusateramatevenditi.

Mitemo Yakashata Kuvakaropafadzwa

Kuderera kunowedzera pesvedzero yemari mune zvamatongerwe enyika. Nemhaka yokuti vagari vakapfuma vavhota vakavimbika zvikuru, itiro hanya dzavo dzemiitiro − zvakadai semitero yakaderera nedavidzo() inogamuchira ngwariro isingadzorwi. Gadziriro dzinobetsera mhuri dzinowana mari shoma, dzakadai sebetsero yezvokudya kana kuti dzimba dzavose, dzinoramba dzichiderera. Muuyo wacho idenderedzwa rokuzvichengetera vamene: varombo vanogara pamusha nemhaka yokuti vanorangarira kuti tsika haivashandisi, uye tsika haivashandiri nemhaka yokuti vanogara kumba.

Kuparadzwa Kwemadhimoni

Kuvhota kwakaderera kunogonawo kunetesa kuva pamutemo kwamasangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu ivo vamene. Apo sarudzo dzinosarudzwa nevorushoma vashomanene, kuraira kubvisa miuyo kana kuti kuganhurira kuvhota kwomunguva yemberi kungava kwakarovedzeka zvikuru. vatungamiriri vanganzwa vane ushingi hwokufuratira murangariro wavose pakati pesarudzo, vachiziva kuti kudzora kwavo chaikoiko ichero yavavhoti. Uku kushata kwemipimo kunogona kutungamirira kukudzokera shure kwedemocracy, sezvinopupurirwa munyika dzakadai seHungary nePoland.

Zvirongwa Zvokuwedzera Kuvhura Mazaya

Ufakazi hwakawanda hwakavakirwa pazviripo kuwedzera kutora rutivi. hwakawanda hwakashandiswa nenzira inobudirira mumativi akasiyana - siyana.

Kunyoresa Nokugadzira Zvinhu Zvakachinjwa

Kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kwevhota (AVR) ndechimwe chezvinjo dzinobudirira zvikurusa. Kuitwa kwaAVR muna 2016 kwakawedzera mazana ezviuru zvavavhoti vatsva nokuwedzera. Kunyoresa kwezuva rimwe chetero, kunoshandiswa munyika dzinoverengeka, kunobvumira vagari vomunyika kunyoresa nokuvhota panguva imwe cheteyo, kubvisa mhinganidzo yenguva. Kuwedzera mazuva okuvhota namaawa okuwedzera. Kuwedzera nokusaita bhasikiti kana kuti posita kuvhotera, kunoita kuti zvive nyore nokuda kwavanhu vane zvirongwa zvisingafanoonekwi kuti vatsigiriki. Nyika dzakadai seAustralia, umo kuvhotera kunomanikidzirwa, kunosvika mwero inopfuudzira kudarika 90%. Nepo kuvhotera kunoramba kunoitira nharo muUnited States, zviteko zvakafanana nokuita zuva rokuvhotera kana kuti pazororo renyika renyika dzose (sodzisaidzo) kunogonawo kudzosera kudzoka.

Dzidzo Yemibatanidzwa Nokuchinja

Vanhu vazhinji havasarudzi nemhaka yokuti havazivi kuti sei kana kuti nei kuri nhau. Zvikoro, masangano enzanga, uye zvinobudisa nhau zvinogona kuita mabasa ose mukusimudzira kurava nokunyora kwavagari vemo. Programu dzinodzidzisa vadzidzi pamusoro pokuvhota uye mativi esarudzo dzakaratidzwa kuwedzera kubuda gare gare muupenyu. Nonpartisan anowana jhestation à à àóute controging, backing, text, jhertry, jhertsss (jects), ine muuyo wakaderera asi unowedzerwa. Kuedza kwenzanga, apo vavhoteranisi vanoziviswa kuti vavakidzani vavo vanovhota, vowedzerawo, kunyange zvazvo vachifanira kushandiswa mutsika.

Ruzivo Rwokugadzira Zvinhu Rwokufema

Maapps emotokari anogona kupa nzvimbo dzokuvhota, mabhora, uye zviyeuchidzo. Dzimwe nyika dziri kuedza kuvhota zvinhu zvinotemwa zvinovhoterwa mahombe kana kuti zvivhoti zvemauto, kunyange zvazvo zvinonetsa kuchengetedza zvichiripo. Masangano evezenzi dzenzanga, pasinei nenjodzi dzawo, anogonawo kukumbira vhoti kana kuti kuvhota kana kuti kuvhota.

Makwapa Nemhomho Yenzanga

Zvichida nzira inotsigirwa zvikurusa kukuvaka tsika yokuvhota. Masangano enzanga, chechi, masangano, uye mapoka omunharaunda anogona kuita kuti kuvhota kuve kwomuzvarirwo ndokugovera tsigiro yenzanga. “Mweya Kuzvokupotodza” muchechi dzeAfrica muenzaniso wakasimba. Apo kuvhota kunova kariro yenzanga panzvimbo pebasa rimwe, kuvhota kunokwira nenzira yomuzvarirwo.

Maonero Enyika Yose: Kuenzanisa Muchina Wokufambisa Mazaya Nemvura Kunotenderera Nyika

Kuenzanisa kwenyika yose kunozivisa misiano mikuru. Maererano nemashoko anobva kuInternational Institute for Democracy and Electoral Aniteration (IDEA), avhareji muvhoti muvhoti yapurezidhendi munyika dzeOECD iri munenge 68% yechiverengero chavagari vemo vevhoti. Nyika dzine vhotera yakamanikidzirwa, yakadai seBelgium, Australia, uye Brazil, dzinogara dzichipfuura 80%. Mukupesana, United States iri pedyo nezasiveri yedemocracy edemocracy, napresidential rediancess respecial 55-60% yeVAP (kufu yeVePNtsuwava inokwenyurwa zvikuru, 606.6%) Switzerland, pasinei zvivako zvayo zvakasimba zvehurumende inosarudzwa, ine mwero wakaderera zvikuru muEurope (kunenge 45% muvhotarudzo yorudzi), nemhaka yokureva kuneta.

Nyika dzinomhanya zvikuru dzinowanzogoverana mativi anozivikanwa navose: kunyoresa kwokuzvidira kana kuti kuri nyore, gadziriro dzokuratidzira dzinopa vavhoti pfungwa yokuti nhau dzavo dzokuvhota, makwikwi akawanda anopa zvisarudzo zvakajeka, uye dzidzo yavanhu yakasimba. Nyika dzePurvenortout dzinokombamira kuva negadziriro huru, kunyoresa kunoganhurira, uye mwero yakakwirira yemari inowanwa. Iyi mitoo inokarakadza kuti kuronga kunoita basa guru mukuumba.

mhedziso

Voter restruction inopfuura zvikuru nhamba. Mwero wekushanda zvakanaka kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu uye une manzwi anonzwa. Dzidzo huru inosimbisa kuratidzirwa, kuzvidavirira, uye chivimbo. Kudzokororwa kunokanganisa muitiro, kusimbisa kusaenzana, uye kushatisa kuva pamutemo kwedemokratiki. Kunyange zvazvo mhinganidzo dzokutora dziri chaidzoidzo. Kunyoresa kwemitemo yehurumende kunoitwa nejekiseni. Chinjo yeProjeti neuswa zvehurumende zvinova nesimba rehurumende (muteshi) inova nezvinosimba zvikuru. Ruzivo rwamatongedzero rune mabasa okuitawo. Pakupedzisira, muvhotera ari wose anogara pamusha ndiye chisarudzo. Democracy inotsamira pakuvimbisa kuti chisarudzo chacho chinoitwa nechiverengero chikuru chavagari vemo. Ukoshina vanovhotera vasingagoni kuita basa revhoti.

Nhevedzo dzekunze: nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza [ Pew Research Center paU.S. zvimiro zvendangariro, [[[FLT:]] Brenan Center yeRuramisiro pakuchinja kuvhotera, uye