Sumo

Rajiya Sabba, kana kuti Council of States, inobatira seimba yapamusoro yeParamende yeIndia, shongwe huru yeimba yomutemo yenyika ino. Kusafanana neLok Sabhaha, ine mitezo inosarudzwa zvakananga navanhu kupfurikidza neparanzi yavakuru, Rajiya Sabhata inoumbwa nomuitiro wokusarudza kwakananga. Mitezo yayo inosarudzwa nekoreji yakasarudzwa navamiririri vakasarudzwa vanobva kunyika nenharaunda. Iyi gadziriro haisati iri youngwaru; igadziriro yamaune yemitemo inorongedzerwa kuvimbisa kuti fariro dzenyika dzinomiririrwa pamwero mukuru worudzi uye kuti igove kupfuurira mukutonga, sechikamu chimwe chemitezo yayo inorega basa makore maviri ose. Kunzwisisa kwechisarudzo cheSakita nokuda kwemitezo Sakita inokosha inokosha nokuda kwegadziriro yehurumende yehurumende inopfupikisana.

Kurongwa kweElectoral College

Sarudzo inosarudzwa yaRaje Sabha haisati iri dare rechigarire, rakasimba asi rakaumbwa nokuda kwesarudzo imwe neimwe. Inoumbwa nemitezo yose yakasarudzwa yeLegislative Convendium (MLS) yehurumende imwe neimwe uye yemagungano emitemo eUnion ane mubatanidzwa wedare, zvakadai seDelhi nePudherry. Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti mitezo isina pamutemo yehurumende haina maruramiro okuvhota muRajeya Sabatavha vhoti, sezvo Bumbiro reMitemo rinorambidza zvakajeka kutora rutivi kumitezo inosarudzwa bedzi.

Ukuru hwekoreji inosarudzwa inosiana zvakananga nechiverengero chavagari vehurumende imwe neimwe. Somuenzaniso, Uttar Pradesh, nesangano rayo guru remitemo remitezo 403 yakasarudzwa, ine koreji huru zvikuru yevhoriyamu kupfuura nyika duku yakadai seSikkim, ine 32 MMS. Uku kusiana kunovimbisa kuti uremu hwehurumende imwe neimwe mukusarudza Rapya Sabbaha inowirirana nerevokayo, kunyange zvazvo iri nheveri kupfurikidza nechinyorwa chegungano rehurumende. Chitsama chavanhu vanoringamirira kupota nyika dzose itsaurwa yema SamML, iyo inopfuudza 4 000. Iyi inoparadzirwa inodzivisa nharaunda ipi neipi inodzorwa kubva panzvimbo yapamusoro.

Koreji inosarudzwa nokuda kwenyika imwe neimwe inoshanda yakazvimirira. Vhoti yehurumende imwe neimwe yeMMLsasa yokuzadza zvigaro zveRaje Sabba zvakagoverwa kuhurumende iyoyo. Chiverengero chezvigaro pahurumende imwe chinosarudzwa neChikamu 80 cheBumbiro reMitemo, chinopa zvigaro zvinobva pavagari vemo, nemufananidzo wakagadzwa wendima dzeUnion. Pamuganhu wazvino uno, dzinotemwa saUtar Pradesh ane zvigaro 31, nepo zvimwe zvakafanana neGoa zvine chimwe chete. Iyi migove inodzokororwa nguva nenguva pashure pokuverengwa kwechikamu chimwe nechimwe, kunyange zvazvo Sheheji yeChina ichigadzira kuparadzirwa.

Muitiro Wokufambisa Zvinhu: Kuratidzira Kunoitwa Nechokufambisa Chimwe Chete

India anoshandisa vhoti inotakurika imwe [STV] tsika, chimiro chokumirira kwomwero, nokuda kweSarudzo Raje Sabha. Iyi gadziriro yakasiana zvikuru nomutoo wokutanga wekare-padhi (FPPP) unoshandiswa nokuda kweLok Sabha nesarudzo dzeruwa. Musi weStatu, vavhoti vatsvaki venzvimbo yakarongwa, panzvimbo pokuisa chisarudzo chimwe. Vavariro ndeyokuvimbisa kuti mwero wezvigaro zvepaturo muRyya Sabba ngokusarira unowirirana nesimba razvo mudare reruwa.

Mashandiro Aunoita

MLA imwe neimwe inogamuchira mapepa ebhurokwasi anoronga vadaviri vose vanokwikwidza mukwikwidzano. Panzvimbo pokuisa mutsinhano mumwe nomuchinjikwa mumwe, MLA inoisa chisarudzo chenhamba: '1' nokuda kwechisarudzo chavo chokutanga, '2' nokuda kwechechipiri, '3' nokuda kwechechitatu, zvichingodaro. MLA ingasarudza kuvhota bedzi nokuda kwavada kukwirira, asi nzvimbo dzose dzinobetsera kuwedzera mikana yebato. Izvi zvakavanzika uye zvinoverengwa munhevedzano chaiyo.

Kuverenga Kunotorwa Mutsetse: Mujaho Wokuhwina

Kuti aziviswe, mutevedzeri anofanira kuchengetedza mwero wakati wamavhoti. Chikamu chinoverengwa achishandisa chikamu chapamubatanidzwa [[[FLT: 1]]:

Quota = (Nhamba yezvigaro zvinofanira kuzara + 1) + 1]

Somuenzaniso, kana hurumende ine 240 SS Pratototory uye 3 Rajiya Sabha isina vanhu, chikamu chaizova (240 / 3+1) + 1 = (240 / 4) 1 + 1 = 60 + 1 = 61 vhoti. Naizvozvo, mutengi upi noupi anogamuchira anenge 61 yokutanga vovhota anosarudzwa nokukurumidza. "+1" inovimbisa kuti vada kubhapatidzwa havasarurwi kupfuura zviripo. Kushandiswa kweDrooop regiramu inokuita kuti kusabvire nokuda kwezvigaro zvose zvinozadzwa nevoruzhinji bedzi kana chishoro chipi nechipi, sezvo chinomanikidzira kusvika pachikumbaridzo chiduku chinovimbisa miuyo inowirirana.

Kuverenga: Kuendesa Kumasumo uye Kubvisa MaCandidate Akaderera

Kuverenga kwacho kunoitwa mumitsetse mizhinji:

  1. Kutanga verenga: . Mubhadhari upi noupi anosangana kana kuti kupfuura muganhu anosarudzwa. Kana mutengi akagamuchira mavhoti akawanda kupfuura chiverengero, chikamu chakasara (zvinopfuudzwa pamusoro pomubatanidzwa) chinochinjirwa kuvatendi vanotevera pamapepa iwayo ebhorati. Kutamisirwa kunoitirwa pamwero wezvikamu zvakaganhurirwa.
  2. Nhamba dzakakura: Pashure pokutamisirwa kwakasara, kana vada kubhapatidzwa vashomanene vasvika padanho kupfuura nhamba yezvigaro zvokuzadza, muroori namavhoti mashomanene zvikurusa okutanga anobviswa. Mapepa ezvokuvhota emutevedzeri iyeyo anochinjirwa kuchisarudzo chinotevera chiripo papepa rimwe nerimwe.
  3. Michinjikwa: Muitiro wokubvisa mudariki akaneta zvikurusa nokutamisa mavhoti avo unopfuurira kusvikira zvigaro zvavo zvose zvazara. Muzvinoitika zvizhinji, apo nhamba yavakasara inoenzana nechiverengero chezvigaro zvichiri kuzaruka, zvinoziviswa pasina kusvika muganhu.

Uyu mutoo unovimbisa kuti vhoti hadzitapudzwi. Kunyange kana mukwikwidzi wokutanga weMLA akabviswa, vhoti yavo ichiri inokosha kune mumwe mushandisi kupfurikidza nokutamiswa. Mapati anogona kuisa mibayiro yemibayiro yezvinodiwa uye kazhinji kazhinji anotungamirira kukurukurirano dzakaoma apo mapoka makuru anokumbira masangano maduku kutsigira mutevedzeri mumwe pashure pokunge abviswa.

Zvinoreva Electoral College

Koreji inosarudzwa neSTV inoshanda mabasa anokosha anoverengeka muhurumende yehurumende yeIndia inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kuongorora Kumiririra Kuratidzwa Kwemashoko

Chinangwa chikuru ndechokuva nechokwadi chokuti Raje Sabha anoratidzira chirongwa chezvamatongerwe enyika chevatungamiriri vehurumende. Kana boka rikava ne 40% yezvigaro mugungano, sezvingabvira zvikuru kuchawana 40% yezvigaro zveRajiya Sabhaha kubva kuhurumende iyoyo. Ichi muuyo wenhevedzano haubviri pasi pegadziriro yeFPTP, iyo inowanzopa voruzhinji zvikuru kubato guru. Iyi nzira inodzivisa mutongi panzvimbo yorudzi kubva panzvimbo yapasi pasina kudzorwa, seizvo inowanzoita muLok Sabha.

Dzikamo Yenzanga Inosimbisa

Kupfurikidza nokuita kuti mitezo isarudzwe navamiriri vehurumende panzvimbo pevoruzhinji, Rajiya Sabha anoshanda sekamuri rinopa inzwi rakananga mumutemo worudzi. Ichi chivako chinodzivirira fariro dzenyika duku uye dzine vanhu vashoma. Somuenzaniso, nyika duku yakadai saManipur ine chigaro chimwe chaRajiya Sabhaha, ichichipa inzwi rakaenzana panhau hurusa dzoukoshi hwehurumende, dzakadai sedzongedzero yebumbiro remitemo, kunyange zvazvo dzimbahwe renyika inosarudzwa riri duku. Koreji rinovimbisa kuti imba yapamusoro inoramba iri "imba yezvigaro," kwete imba yavanhu.

Kugovera Ushamwari uye Kupa Nharidzano

Raje Sabra iimba yechigarire, nekamu kana tatu yemitezo yayo inorega basa makore maviri ari ose. Iyi tsika inokatyamadzwa inovimbisa kupfuurira. Muitiro wepurojekita, kupfurikidza nokunyora kubva kuMLS, kazhinji kazhinji inoguma nokusarudzwa kwevezvematongerwe enyika vakabudirira, vadzori, uye nyanzvi dzinounza unyanzvi hwemitemo. Kusafanana neLok Sabha, mitezo yeRapya Sabha Cabha inogonawo kugadzwa kuva vamiriri uye inogona kubatira kunyange kana isina kusarudzwa zvakananga, vachibvumira hurumende kuva nyanzvi yemitemo.

Kutsoropodza uye Kuchinja Kwechirongwa cheRaje Sabha Electoral

Pasinei zvapo nenheyo dzayo dzebumbiro remitemo, koreji yeRaje Sabha yakatarisana nokutsoropodza uye kurayira kuti zvinhu zvichinje.

Kutaurwa Kwokuputira Muchinjikwa Nesimba Remari

Nemhaka yokuti muvhoti yavanhu vanopfuura pabato ravo vamene, STV tsika inotapurwa kukuyambuka. Zvikamu zvinowanzopa misungo kuMML AS kuti zvivhoterwe nokuda kwevanoda kuteverwa vavo vapamutemo, asi muvhoti yapachivande, MLS S inogona kukanganisa pasina kubatwa. Mumakore apfuura, vvungeti dzakawanda dzakaona kupomera mari kusvota kuti MMAAAs kuv kuvhotera muvhotera asingatsigirwi nebato ravo. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kugadziro yemagakava uye kunyange nzvero yedare. Muna 2017, Dare reIndia rakatongeta] rakatonga kuti vhoti ipi neipi inopesana neshati muSyabhavho yaimbwa muRhanga pasi peAntioult, anona muganhu wemitemo unona kuti utongedze.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokushaikwa Kwomufananidzo Wakananga

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutoo wesarudzo usina kunanga unovambira paRjaje Sabba kubva pakuda kwavanhu. Kusafanana navasandendi muUnited States, avo zvino vakasarudzwa zvakananga, mitezo yeIndia yeRaje Sabhaha haizvipiwi mhaka kuvhota. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kunzwisiso yepereswo yedemocratic, sezvo vagari vasina kutaura zvakananga kuti ndiani anovamirira muimba yapamusoro. Vamwe vatsigiri nokuda kwokusarudzwa zvakananga kwaRajiya Sabbaha, kutama uko kwaizoda kuti muganhu webumbiro remitemo ushandeindeidzoro uye kugona kuchinja chose chose kuva nedzikano yemitemo.

Kutapura Kusingadzorwi Kwendima Dzemasangano

Ndima dzeUnion dzisina mubatanidzwa (zvakadai seChandigarh, Andaman naNicobar Islands) hadzina mufananidzo mukoreji inosarudzwa. Vamiriri vavo muRaje Sabhaha vanosarudzwa naPurezidhendi weIndia. Ikoku kunoparira chibvumirano umo vagari vendima idzodzo vasina kutaura musarudzo yapamusoro yapaimba, vachimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pomufananidzo wedemokrati yavagari vose vemo.

Kukumbira Kuchinja Zvinhu

Matare anoverengeka, kubatanidza Commission yeNational to Reviewing the Working of the Constitution muna 2002, akarumbidza kuchengetwa kwegadziriro yesarudzo isina kunanga asi inosimbisa kujeka. Zvimwe zvikarakadzo zvinobatanidza kuita pepa repepa repepa rakarongwa kuti ribatanidzwe kubatanidzwa nepepa rimwe nerimwe rokuvhota, uye kutanga mutoo wokuvhota wakachengeteka zvikuru. Dare reEcomtion of India rinopa miras mirayiridzo inodzivisa mabasa asina kufanira.

Kuenzanisa NeElectoral Colleges Mune Dzimwe Nyika

Koreji yeIndia yeSabra yakasarudzwa neRajiya yakasiyana asi inogoverana kufanana nedzimwe gadziriro dzehurumende. Somuenzaniso, Bundesrat yeGermany inoumbwa nenhume dzinogadzwa nehurumende, kwete kusarudzwa kweMMLAS, uye vhoti dzavo dzinokandirwa sechibingi. United States Dare, rakasarudzwa pakuvamba nemitemo yehurumende, rasundwa kuvhotera muna 1913 kupfurikidza ne 17th Amendment. India yakachengeta mutoo usina kunanga sedziviriro mukurwisana nepopulimu uye kuchengeta cohesion yehurumende. SextV inoshandiswawo muAustralia nokuda kweSarudzo yayo, kunyange nokuvhotera kwakananga kupfurikidza nedare ravose, kuchiita kubatanidzwa kwakananga kwechinjo yakananga.

Muenzanisiro weIndia unosimbisa kuti Raje Sabha haafaniri kuva mufananidzowo zvawo weLok Sabha. Koreji yevhoriyamu inovimbisa kuti imba yapamusoro inoshanda sekamuri rokudzosera namo inosiana nechepamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika. Iyi purogiramu inoratidzira vavariro yavagadziri yokudzikamisa mativi makuru enyika nefariro dzeruwa, sei Article 80 uye gadziriro dzinowirirana dzinojekesa.

Mapfundo Makuru Okuyeuka

  • Koreji inosarudzwa ine yose yakasarudzwa MMS kubva kuhurumende neUnion ine magungano.
  • Gadziriro yokuvhota kumirira kupfurikidza nevhoti imwe inotamiswa [STV].
  • Mitezo inoronga vanoda kusarudzwa munhevedzano, uye mudaviri anofanira kuwana Chikamu [[[FLT: 1] kuti asarurwe.
  • Mavhoti akawanda anobva kuvanoda kusarudzwa uye mavhoti anobva kune vanoda kubviswa anochinjirwa kune zvinoda kutevera, kuvimbisa kuti mavhoti haapambadziswi zvikuru.
  • Muitiro wacho unovimbisa kuti Raje Sabha aratidzire boka rezvamatongerwe enyika remagungano ehurumende, [[FLT: 0] anonyaradza hurumende [[[FLT: 1].
  • Kutsoropodza kunobatanidza kukwanisa kudarika, simba remari, uye kushaikwa kwokuzvidavirira kwakananga kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.
  • Kuchinja kwakadai sokurambidza kuuraya uye kuwedzera kuona kwakatangwa kana kuti kwakakarakadzwa.

mhedziso

Koreji inosarudzwa nokuda kwaRaje Sabha inovimbisa kuva mutezo webumbiro remitemo reIndia. Inobatanidza nheyo yehurumende kupfurikidza nokupa basa rakananga mukuumbwa kweimba yapamusoro yorudzi. Sayer inosimudzirwa, kunyange zvazvo yakaoma, inovimbisa kuti boka rinotonga ribve nokutarisirwa kwemitemo. Nepo risati riri pasina zvikanganiso zvaro zvokudzorwa nokubviswa kwadzo panhau yavose, gadziriro yakabvumikisa kuva yakasimba kunopfuura makumi manomwe amakore. Kunzwisisa mavhotarorororororororororo, kunyange zvazvo kusingabviri kutevedzeri kuti munhu upi noupi anotsvaka simba ringagovera sei pakati peCentreal nereal codecial. Kuverengazve, [FLD] Kusarudza kwechi mapeji eInlave [Flact:]