Chitanga Kuitwa: Kutamburira Kupinda Mumataundi Munyika Yose

Panosvika 2050, inenge 70 muzana yavagari venyika inokarirwa kugara munharaunda dzomumaguta, kuwedzera vanhu vane mabhiriyoni 2,5 kumaguta. Uku kuva mumaguta kunokurumidza kunoisa dzvinyiriro huru kuhurumende kuti dzibudise dzimba, zvokufambisa, mvura, utsanana, uye zvivako zvesimba. Kukwanisa kuronga, mari, uye kuita izvi kunotsamira zvikuru pagadziriro yenyika yokudzora. Mifanikiso mikuru yehurumende neboka ravanhu (jeniva remari) inoonekwa sei zvinetso zveguta kuti zviwanike, zvinoshandiswa, uye kugadziriswa. Kunzwisisa mitoo yavo yakasiyana - siyana kunokosha nokuda kwavagadziri vemiitiro, vamarori veguta, uye varonzeri vanotsvaka zvigadziso zvinobudirira.

Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinoparadzira simba pakati pehurumende yenyika neruwa kana kuti maruwa, imwe neimwe ine mitoro yakarondedzerwa nebumbiro remitemo. Mibatanidzwa inoisa chiremera muhurumende iri pakati iyo inotumira masimba kuudzori hwomunzvimbomo nokungwarira kwayo. Iyi misiyano yegadziriro inoparira gadziriro dzinopesana dzokutarisira kukura kweguta, zvivako zvemari, uye kudzikamisa fariro dzenharaunda dzinokwikwidzana. Nyaya ino inonzvera zvose zviri zviviri muudzame, inoenzanisa kuita kwayo, uye zvidzidzo zvinokosha nokuda kwokubudirira kunotsigirwa mumaguta.

Hurumende Dzehurumende Nekugara Mumataundi

Munyika dzehurumende dzakadai seUnited States, India, Germany, Canada, neAustralia, muitiro wemumaguta nepfuma zvinoiswa mumitemo zvakanaka zvikuru. Hurumende kana kuti hurumende dzeruwa dzine chiremera chikuru pakushandiswa kwenyika, kuronga, kuronga zvokufambisa, dzimba dzavose, uye mabasa avose. Iyi gadziriro inobvumira hurumende dzeruwa kugadziridza zvigadzikiso kumigariro yomunzvimbomo . Hurumende yePhoenix inogona kuisa nzvimbo inochengetedzwa kwemvura nepo guta rekuchamhembe seChicago rinonasmosva kupfavia pakupfavisa. Kuchinjika kwemitemo yehurumende yehurumende inodzorwa, magariro akapoteredza zvinhu zvehurumende kunzvimbo yomuguta.

Zvisinei, kurongeka kunoparirawo wirirano huru. Nyika dzePuricier dzinogona kuisa mitero yakakwirira zvikuru ndokukwezva kuiswa kwemitero yomunhu oga, kuvaka gadziriro dzokufambisa nedzimba dzinoda mari. Nyika dzehurumende, dzakamanikidzirwa nepfuma isina simba, dzinotamburira kuchengeta migwagwa, masangano emvura, uye zvikoro. Office yeHurumende yeHurumende yeUnited States yeMasaundial recureal Accompability yakapupurira kuti kutengwa kwemitengo yemari kunosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose, namatunhu omuma omuma uye anowana zvishoma zvinoderera zvinoderera shure. Uku kukura kutadza kugona kuchengetedza kusaenzana kuripo uye kusekesa upfumi hwenyika.

Zvinetso Zvokubatana Mugadziriro Dzemapuraneti

Chimwe chiratidzo chesangano rehurumende kudikanwa kwekubatana kwehurumende. Zvirongwa zvikuru zvezvirongwa, zvakadai senjanji yakakwirira kana kuti migwagwa iri pakati penyika, zvinowanzoyambuka miganhu yenyika uye zvinoda zvibvumirano pakutsigira mari, mipimo, uye nguva. Somuenzaniso, basa restart bitry yeCalifornia, kubatanidza Los Angeles neSan Francisco, zvakatarisana namakumi amakore okunonoka uye kudhura kwakati nemhaka yenharo pakati pamasangano ehurumende, dare rehurumende, tarisiro, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Nenzira yakafanana, mibatanidzwa yemasangano yeIndia yeMission Mission inobatanidza kubatana pakati pehurumende, hurumende, Hurumende, uye makambani ehurumende, zvinotungamirira kukuita mabhodhorobho.

Gadziriro dzehurumende dzinonetsawo kupfuudza mari. Hurumende dzakawanda dzamarudzi ose hadzina kukwereta kana kuti manyuko emari kuti dzitsigire zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zveguta. Dzinofanira kuvimba nezvipo zvehurumende, zvikwata zvavanhu vose, kana kuti misika yemibatanidzwa. MuUnited States, hurumende inogovera mari yezvokufambisa kupfurikidza namapurogiramu akadai seInfrablicture Investicement and Jobs Act (IJA), asi nyika dzinofanira kukwikwikwidzana nokuda kweidzi madhora, pane dzimwe nguva kusiya maguta maduku ari pasi pezvibvumirano. The World Bank inotaura kuti mumite yemite yemari inodzoronzero yehurumende inowanzoda miitiro yokuchinja yakaoma ingagona kunonotsa mabhizimisi uye kuwedzera mari yokutarisira.

Nhau Dzakabudirira Muutarisiri Hwemauganda

Pasinei zvapo neizvi zvinetso, hurumende yakabudisa budiriro dzemaguta dzinooneka. Gadziriro yehurumende yeGermany, ine hurumende yakasimba (Länder), yakagonesa kuronga kwakarongwa kwenharaunda yeRhine-Ruhr yeguta reProvice, imwe yenharaunda hurusa yeEurope. Hurumende yeCanada yeIvengisverbund_ (sangano rehurumende retraverst), iyo yakabatanidza simbi, bhazi, uye bhasi, uye mabasa emotokari mumativi akawanda enyika, ibhendi yenyika yose yeIvengi yeInfragradture Program yeCanada, yakapiwa kupfurikidza nezvibvumirano zvemabhinateria, yakatsigira zvirongwa zvemapuraneti, kubva mukufamba kwemvura kuenda kuzvokufambisa zvinonaka, nezvinorundarira, nepo pamusoro peruwa.

MuIndia, hurumende dzinobvumira nyika dzakafanana naMaharashtra naGujarat kuronda gadziriro dzokuita kuti mumaguta dzive nounyanzvi, kubatanidza makoridho anoitwa mumaindasitiri uye kukura kwenjanji dzemadhorobha, nepo nyika dzine urombo dzakafanana neBihar dzichivimba zvikuru nezvirongwa zvikuru. Uku kuchinja kunogona kukurumidzisa kukura munharaunda dzine simba asiwo kunokuvadza kuparira muitiro wokuva mumaguta ane mativi maviri mukati menyika imwe cheteyo.

Hurumende Dzine Uviri Nokugara Mumataundi

Munyika dzinorongwa seUnited Kingdom, France, Japan, uye South Korea, hurumende huru ine chiremera chakakwana pamusoro pomutemo weguta negadziriro yokuisa mari. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshanda pasi pemasimba anogoverwa uye dzinofanira kuwirirana nemitemo yenyika, mipimo, uye nhungamiro. Uku kugadziriswa kunobetsera kubvumira mirau yakafanana, mari inofambiswa, uye kuronga kwenhambo refu munyika yose. Somuenzaniso, sangano rokuronga maguta reFrance, i‘Agence Nationale durtive lareconation laurbaine_ (ANRU), inobatanidza zvirongwa zvokuvandudza zvakakura zvikuru mumikahawa inoshandisa mari yakagoverwa pakati pezvirongwa.

Mibatanidzwa inogona kuita nokukurumidza kudenho dzoruwa nemhaka yokuti kuita zvisarudzo hakudi bvumirano pakati penyika dzakawanda. Hurumende yeJapan yepakati, kupfurikidza neMinistry of Land, Ifragradizare, Tmport and Tourism (MLIT), yakafambisa njanji yakakwirira yakagadzirwa (Shinkansen), kukura kwegadziriro dzokuvaka dzinodzivisa kudengenyeka kwapasi, uye mitemo yeguta ine chokuita zvakafanana kubva Tokyo kuenda kumataundi omumaruwa. Iyi nhevedzano inovimbisa kuti zvinhu zvinokosha zvorudzi zvakadai sokuderedza kubudisa carbon division kana kuti kugovera dzimba kunowedzera kwakagadzirwa kwose kwose, panzvimbo pokuva nechokuvakirwa kurukira kwenharaunda.

Ngozi Dzokuronga Kwepamba

Zvisinei, kuva pakati kune ngozi dzakasanotaurwa. Mitemo yescreen ingafuratira migariro yomunzvimbomo, inoparira kuiswa kwemari kusina kufanira kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka. Gadziriro yedzimba yakarongwa nokuda kweParis ingakundikana muMars Seille kana kuti Lyon, umo mugariro wokunze, uwandu hwenhamba, uye mugariro wemari unosiana. Vatsoropodzi vemiitiro yeguta yomuFrance vanotaura kuti kuronga kwapamusoro kwaparira misha misha mikuru, yakavhenganiswa isina kutsa (mabhanana) inotambura nokuzviparadzanisa namasangano enzanga. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro yeUK yerudzi yakashorwa nokuda kwekubudirira mumaodzanyemba kwakadzivi, kudzokera pasi kwezveri dzemari.

Chimwe chikanganiso ibviro yebhureaucratic interentia. Nemhaka yokuti zvisarudzo zvinoda mvumo kumabasa akawanda apakati, zvirongwa zvinogona kutarisana nokunonotswa kwenguva refu. Chirongwa cheLondon Crosslowray (Elizabeth Line) chinoshanda, nepo pakupedzisira zvichibudirira, zvakatora makore anopfuura gumi kupfuura zvarongwa nemhaka yokudzokororwa nokudzokororwa kwemari nehurumende. Mugadziriro dzehurumende dzepakati, vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vane rusununguko rushoma rwokugadziridza kugadziridza zvirongwa zvokusvitsa zvinodikanwa zvenzanga, izvo zvinogona kuderedza kuvimbisana nokuvimbana.

Mienzaniso Yavakakurumbira Zvikuru

Pasinei zvapo neiyi ngozi, vagadziri vemichina vakawana mabasa makuru anoshamisa. Kukurumidza kugadzirwa kweguta reSouth Korea pashure pokunge Hondo yeKorea yatungamirirwa nokuronga kwakasimba. Hurumende yacho yakavaka maguta matsva ose akadai seSejong, dzimbahwe rokudzora, uye yakatanga chirongwa cheraruwe yakakwirira yenjanji yakakwirira (KTX) iyo zvino yava kubatanidza maguta makurusa. Hurumende yepakati yakakwanisawo kugovera dzimba kupfurikidza nesangano rehurumende rokuvaka rakachinjirwa shure, ichibetsera kudzikamisa mitengo mumusika mukuru weSeouous, Frand Paris Ex, dare reFrand Paris ra200-kilometer rakaitwa, riri kupiwa nekambani huru yehurumende (Soété de du Grand Paris) nechiono chimwe chete chenyika yose, ichibvisa chiono chenyika yose.

Chinoitika cheJapan negadziriro dzehwaro dzehwaro nenhamba yavagari vemo zvinoratidzawo kuti gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa dzinogona kutenderera nokukurumidza sei. Hurumende yepakati yakatsigira “guta rinowirirana” mitemo, ichipa kurudziro dzemari kuvakuru vakuru vanosimbisa mabasa uye kuderedza kuderera. Uku kusvika kwakakwirira kwapashure kwave kuchibudirira zvikuru kupfuura nhano dzezvirongwa zvemisika inoonekwa munyika dzakawanda dzomubatanidzwa.

Kuongorora Kunoenzaniswa: Simba uye Kuneta

Kudzidzisa Kuisa Mari Mumari

Mugadziriro dzehurumende, mari yepfuma inotsamira pamitero yenhando yehurumende nezvipo zvehurumende, zvichitungamirira kukuisa mari isina kufanira. Nyika ine gadziriro dzakasimba dzemari inogona kukwereta zvakachipa uye kuisa mari muhomwe, nepo nyika ine urombo zvikuru ichiedza kuchengetedza zvinhu zviripo. Mitemo yeUnitary inogona kutungamirira mari yemitero yenyika kunzvimbo dzinonyimwa, sezvinongoita UK kupfurikidza ne “mitero yayo yenhano, asi izvi zvinogona kuparira kutsamira pamunhu uye zvingasaratidza zvinokosha zvomunzvimbomo. World Bank’s 2023 Infturealsaclaise Financing Report inorumbidza kusvika kwemite yemite yemitezo yemitengodzo yenyika inodzoro: mari yemitezo yakashavo yakashatswa neyamu inodzo yakanaka, ichibvumira zviremera zvomunzvimbomo kuwiriranwa kworudzi rwazvo.

Kukurumidza Kushanda

Hurumende dzeUnits kazhinji kazhinji dzinopa zvirongwa zvikuru, zvikomberedzo zvemayunifomu zvakakura nokukurumidza. Chinotarwa chakakwirira cheChina, chakavakwa pasi pegadziriro yemayunifomu (kunyange ine kubatanidzwa kweruwa), zvakakudzwa kubva padoro kusvikira kumakiromita 40 000 mumakore 15. Mukupesana, US yakatamburira kuvaka kunyange makiromita 50 enjanji dzechokwadi dzakaiswa pasi pevhu. Zvisinei, kumhanya kweyuniyumu kunogona kusvika pamutengo wezvikamu zvenzanga: zvirongwa zvingapfuurira pasina kubvunzana kwakakwana, zvichitungamirira kukubviswa kwenzanga nezvinetso zvapamutemo gare gare gare. Garatel, nemipimo mizhinji yemagiramuti, ingava inononoka asi inogona kubereka miuyo nezvinotengwa zvakakura zvikuru.

Kuvandudza Nokuedza

Betsero yeFederalism iri mukuedza kwemiitiro. United States inogona kushanda se “masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu,” kuedza mitoo mitsva kuzvinetso zvomumaguta . Yakadai semichina yokukandira, kuisa mubatanidzwa, kana kuti zvirongwa zvebhuraki zvechivako chevhu. (pamberi pekuwanwa munyika yose). Muenzaniso weHouse Development Board yeSingapore yakatanga kutevedzerwa munzvimbomo isati yava muitiro wenyika. Masangano eUnicatary anogonawo kuvandudza, asi zvikurukuru kupfurikidza nepurogiramu dzehurumende dzehurumende dzenyika panzvimbo pezvirongwa zveruwa. UK’s Gardeenturies Cities uye project yeFrance ye_Écouart_lected yeFrance yose iri yakatanga kunzvera kwapakati pete.

Kusaenzana Nokusaenzana Kwenharaunda

Gadziriro dzemibatanidzwa kazhinji kazhinji dziri nani mukuderedza kusaenzana kwenzvimbo nemhaka yokuti hurumende yepakati inogona kuparadzira pfuma kupfurikidza nokutamisirwa. Gadziriro yehurumende yeGermany, kunyange zvazvo yakaitwa kuti ive yakaenzana, inobatanidza gadziriro yakasimba yokuenzanisa (Länderfinanzausseich) iyo inoita kuti mari ive nehurumende. Pasina mitengo yakadaro, gadziriro dzehurumende dzinogona kubudisa misiyano yakakomba, sezvinooneka muBrazil: Hwendero yeSão Paulo iboka renyika, nepo maguta ari kuchamhembe asina utsanana. A2022 OECD akawana kuti nyika dzomubatanidzwa muOECD dzine 3040 muzana yemari inopfuurwa yakaenzana pakati pemitengo yamarudzi, ichisimbisa denho yezvisakiso.

Fundo Dzenhau: Federal v. Unitary in Action

United States (Federal) – Infractive Instruction and Jobs Act

IIJA, yakasainwa muna 2021, inopa madhora $1,2 mabhiriyoni ane mabhiriyoni ane gumi ramazana anosvika 1,5 emigwagwa, mabhiriji, kufambiswa kwevanhu vose, kuiswa musasa, uye simba rakachena. Kurongeka kunoda masangano ehurumende, madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa, uye hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kuti dzibatirane. Nepo chiito chacho chinogovera chiono chenyika, hurumende imwe neimwe inofanira kuzviisa pasi penhungamiro dzehurumende asi inoratidzira zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukunonozeka: sapa 2024, chikamu bedzi chemari inobvumirwa yasvika magadziriro okuvaka. Nzvero yeBrokings Institution yakawana kuti ine simba rakasimba zvikuru rokuronga zvinhu pamberi penguva isingazivikanwi yakasunda, nepo vamwe vanononoka. Chino chakaratidza kudzokoronga kwomunzvimbomo kuchinjika kwomunzvimbomo kwomunzvimbomo kwomunzvimbomo kwomunzvimbomo kwomunzvimbomo asi kukwene kukwenyika.

France (Masangano) – The Grand Paris Express

Grand Paris Express i200-km, 68-autodroro romugwagwa unotenderera Paris, nebhajeti yemabhirioni ane mabhiriyoni 42. Chirongwa chacho chakapiwa chiSociété du Grand Paris, chirongwa chacho chakagamuchira mari inotsigirwa kubva kuhurumende iri pakati uye miraudzo. Kuvakwa kwakatanga muna 2015 uye mutsetse wokutanga wakavhurwa muna 2024, nokupedzwa kwakazara kwakatarisirwa na2030. Basa racho rinobatanidza mipimo yemhoteredzo yemhoteredzo itsva nemigove yebasa yavagari vomunzvimbomo, yakarairwa nomutemo wenyika. Misha yemo yemo yemo yemo yemo yemo yemo inova nechiremera chokupedzisira. Uku kudzika kwapamhiko pasi kwakachengeta chirongwa papurogiramu nemari mutsika yeUS.

Miitiro Yokusanganisa: Kubatanidzwa Kwegadziriro Dzezvinhu

Mubasa, mifananidzo yehurumende neyomubatanidzwa isingawanzoitiki. Nyika zhinji dziri kugamuchira nzira dzemhute. United Kingdom, semaconoral, yakaderedza masimba kuScotland, Wales, Northern Ireland, uye meya dzezviremera zvakabatanidzwa (um. , Greater Manchester, West Midlands). Iyi mitumbi yeruwa zvino inodzora zvokufambisa nemari yedzimba, kutevedzera mativi ehurumende. Nenzira yakafanana, gadziriro yehurumende yeIndia yaona kuti hurumende yepakati yawedzera kugadza mibato yeguta reruwa (umr., Atal Mission for Rejuvotion and Urbactution) iyo inowirirana nehurumende kupfurikidza nokutsigira mari inobatanidzwa.

Ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu runoitawo kubatana. Zvikamu zvemichina zvemapurazi eguta zvinobatanidza mabhodhi eguta, kubatana, mapepa emasuti akazaruka emahombekombe anenge akavhurika anoshanda zvakanaka kana mipimo ikaiswa munyika asi ichishandiswa munharaunda. Nyika dzose dziri mbiri dzehurumende nedzemayunifomu dziri kugamuchira midziyo iyi. mubatanidzwa wekubudirira weguta reWorld Bank [ rinosimudzira kusvika “pamazvokusvika kwedonzo”, apo zvivako zvinodzora zviri mukubatana nemutevero wemataundi, panzvimbo pokunamatira nenzira isingachinjiki kumite kumitevedzero yemiteo yemitemo yemitemo.

Kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze ndirimwe simba rinodzorwa. Nyika dzakafanana neGermany dzakashandisa mitemo yemamiriro okunze enyika kuti imanikidze kuisa zvipfuro munyika, nepo nyika dzine ukama dzakadai seJapan dzakaita kuti maguta achinjike zvikuru kuruwa rwedeer zezero-carbon. C40] nzanga yeMaguta inoratidza kuti vanameya vemaguta makuru, pasinei zvapo negadziriro yenyika, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji ndivo vatambi vanodisa zvikurusa vanopfuura hurumende yenyika, pane dzimwe nguva inopfuudzana nehurumende yenyika. Ikoku kunokarakadza kuti kudzora kweguta kungatsamira pagadziriro yakarongwa uye panzvimbo huru, uye kubatanidzwa kwevagari vemo.

Mugumisiro: Ndeapi Mabasa Akanakisisa Nokuda Kwezvirongwa Zvemumaguta?

Masangano ehurumende kana kuti esangano haana kunyanyokwirira kupedza zvinetso zvokugara mumaguta. Matanho akanakisisa anotsamira panhau yenyika, tsika, mamiriro emari, uye rudzi rwezvivako zvinodikanwa. Urongwa hwenzvimbo hunopa kugamuchira kwomunzvimbomo, kuchinjika, uye kuvandudzwa, asi njodzi dzekusaenzana nokukundikana kwetsinhirano. Mitezo yeUnity inogovera kusachinja, kumhanya, uye kusasarura, asi inogona kumisa kuita chiito kwomunzvimbomo ndokufuratira zvinhu chaizvoizvo zvomugariro wapasi.

Maguta anobudirira kupota nyika kazhinji kazhinji ave akabatanidzwa namativi ose ari maviri. Singapore, guta reboka, rakatanga gadziriro yokuronga inogamuchira zvikuru kupfurikidza nokupa simba masangano omunzvimbomo. Germany, nyika yehurumende, yakawana wirirano yorudzi kupfurikidza nokuenzana kwakasimba nokubatana kwenyika imwe neimwe. Chidzidzo chikuru ndechokuti zvivako zvinodzora zvinofanira kuwiriraniswa nemabasa akajeka, zviwanikwa zvakakwana, uye mashandiro okudzidza nokugona.

Sezvo kukurumidza kuvakwa kwemaguta kunowedzera, hurumende dzinofanira kuisa ngwariro pachinjo dzemiitiro: kusimbisa mari yepepuresi, kuvandudza kubatana kwehurumende, kuisa mumitengo nemubatanidzwa wezvikepe, uye kuvakwa pamwero yose. Chisarudzo pakati pegadziriro dzehurumende nedzemibatanidzwa chinokosha zvishoma kupfuura kana gadziriro iri munzvimbo yacho ichigona kuchinja nenzira inobudirira donzo regadziriro renyika rinopiwa. Nechido chakarurama nechezvamatongerwe enyika, zvose zviri zviviri nyika nesangano zvinogona kuvaka kusimba, kubatanidzwa, uye kusimba mumaguta ayo zana ramakore rechi21 rinoda.

Nyaya inowana pakunzvera kubva [[FLT: 1] CD Regional Development Policiation Division, Brookings Information Intective Intectricialitive[, uye World Bank’s Mountactic Cities [ mushumo [2023].[FLT:]]