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Kunzwisisa Dzematongerwe Enyika Mumasangano Akasiyana - siyana
Munzanga dzinoratidzirwa nemapoka akadzika edzinza, orudzidziso, kana kuti omutauro, gadziriro yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika inova chidzoreso chikuru chorugare, dzikamo, uye ruramisiro. Zvikamu zviviri zvinopesana zvokuronga simba rezvamatongerwe enyika(wconsocialism nehistorianism) zvinopa mhinduro dzakasiana kumubvunzo wokuti mufananidzo unofanira kurongwa sei. Nepo zvose zviri zviviri zvichivavarira kudzora nenzira inobudirira, nheyo dzazvo, miuyo, zvinoderera zvikuru. Nyaya inopa nzvero hurusa yeaya masangano maviri, kunzvera nheyo dzawo dzinorondedzerwa, mibato yazvo inoshanda, mano, uye mapfundo amo umo zvose zviri zvakakodzera zvikurusa.
Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika akakurukura kwenguva refu runako rwokuva nesimba nokupesana nomutemo mukuru. Chisarudzo pakati pechinowirirana nehurumende nerevoruzhinji hachisi chedzidzo bedzi; chine miuyo chaiyoiyo nokuda kwamamirioni avanhu vanogara munzanga dzakadai seLebanon, Belgium, Northern Ireland, Kenya, India, uye United Kingdom. Kunzwisisa aya masangano kunobetsera vaiti vemitemo, vadzidzisi, uye vagari vemo vanoyera zvirongwa zvinogona kusimudzira zvimwe kudzora kwakarerekera kuhurumende kana kuti kupfuudzira.
Kudzika Musimba Rinovaka
Chitendero cheConsociationism, chinozivikanwawo sehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu kana kuti hurumende inotonga namasimba, muenzaniso wehurumende yakagadzirwa zvakananga nokuda kwenzanga dzakakamukana zvikuru. Shoko racho rakapfuudzwa naArend Lijphart wezvamatongerwe enyika mukupera kwama 1960 na 1970, rakavakirwa pafundo yake yehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu duku dzeEurope dzakadai seNetherlands, Belgium, Switzerland, uye Austria. Lijphart akacherekedza kuti idzi nyika, pasinei zvapo nokuparadzaniswa nemitemo yorudzidziso nemitauro, dzakawana ubati ushe hwedemocracyicracy kupfurikidza namasangano amaumbirwe ayo akavimbisa kuva nehurumende dzinosarudzwa nemitemo zvadzose zvadzose zvadzosaidzo dzakasimba seNetherlands, Switzerland, Switzerland, uye Austriastrian.
Pfungwa huru yeconsociationism ndeyokuti munzanga yakakamukana, kutonga kukuru bedzi kunogona kutungamirira kukubviswa kwechigarire kwezviduku, kuchiparira pfundepfunde nerwisano. Panzvimbo pezvo, simba rinogoveranwa pakati pevakakwirira vezvikamu zvikuru kana kuti nzanga. Lijphart akazivisa zvinhu zvina zvinokosha zvinoratidzira gadziriro yose yeconcociation:
- Akuru - Zvikamu zvose zvikuru zvenzanga zvinomirirwa mubazu guru. Panzvimbo pehurumende yoruzhinji rumwe, kabati inobatanidza vatungamiriri vanobva mumapoka makuru edzinza, orudzidziso, kana kuti omutauro. Somuenzaniso, muBelgium, hurumende yehurumende inobatanidza zvose zviri zviviri vafundisi vanotaura chiDutch nechiFrench.
- Mutunity Veto kana Concurectority - Maduku mapoka ane simba rokudzivisa zvisarudzo zvinotapura fariro dzavo dzinokosha. Ikoku kunodzivisa voruzhinji kusanyanyofunganya nezvemapoka maduku chose chose. KuNorthern Ireland, mukuru mukuru wesimba anoda tsigiro yezvisarudzo zvikuru kupfurikidza nechikumbiro chegadziriro yeitiro hanya.
- Chiratidzo - ufakazi muparamende, basa ravose, uye kazhinji kazhinji mugoverano yepfuma yehurumende inowirirana noukuru hweboka rimwe nerimwe. Ikoku kunowanwa kupfurikidza nemitemo inowirirana, yakadai segadziriro yenhevedzo yebato kana kuti vhoti inotamisirwa. MuRebhanoni, zvigaro zveparamende zvinogoverwa muwirirano pakati pamasekete orudzidziso anogamuchirwa panzvimbo yakatemwaratidzwa.
- Autonomy - Mapoka anopiwa mwero wakati wokuzvitonga panhau dzinotapukira tsika, dzakadai sedzidzo, mutauro, uye mitemo yenzvimbo. Ikoku kunogona kuva chimiro chehurumende, chibvumirano, kana kuti chidzoreso chetsika. Gadziriro yezvipo zveSwitzerland inogovera nzanga dzomutauro norudzidziso nedzokwazvo dzomunzvimbomo dzakakura.
Chibvumirano hachisi chigadziko chimwe chinotsiva. Chakashandiswa muzvimiro zvakasiyana- siyana munyika. Nenzira inocherekedzwa, Chibvumirano chaGood Chishanu cha1998 muNorthern Ireland chakatanga gungano resangano nemukuru mukuru zvakagadzirirwa kubatanidza (vakawanda vePurotesitendi) navaRoma (vakanyanya vaKaturike). Nenzira yakafanana, Taif Reconssion (1999) yakagadziridza chirongwa chokubatanidza simba pakati penzanga dzayo dzesekete pashure pehondo yavagari vemo. Mupost-paratetheid South Africa, chibvumirano chemitemo yeUnion National Unity (1993) yakabatanidzawo Hurumende yeHurumende yeNational Union iyo yakavimbisa simba pakati peAfrican National Congress neNational Party nokuda kwenhambo yokuchinja.
Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chibvumirano checonationism chinogona kuita kuti rudzi rusave rusina kubatana, zvikamu zvinoparadzana, uye kuita kuti kuita zvisarudzo zvematongerwe enyika kunonozeke kana kuti kuoma nemhaka yokudikanwa kwebvumirano huru. Zvisinei, vatsigiri vanopesana kuti mumigariro yakakamukana zvikuru, udzori hunotsiva hwunotsiva hwunoparira udzvinyiriri nokupandukira.
Chii Chinonzi Kutonga Kukuru?
Chirevo chekusarudza, pakati pacho, inheyo yokuti voruzhinji (kana kuti vazhinji) vavagari vemo vanofanira kuva nesimba rokuita kuti zvisarudzo zvibatane panzanga yose. Mugadziriro dzezvamatongerwe enyika, kukwidziridza kunowanzoshandura mugadziriro dzezvisarudzo dzakadai seyokutanga yakare-kare (FPTP) kana kuti gadziriro dzamativi maviri, umo muvhoti kana kuti vavhoti vazhinjisa vanowana chigaro kana kuti nzvimbo. Iyi nzira yakananga uye inoparira vakundi vakananga, izvo zvinogona kutungamirira kusimba, hurumende yakasimba.
Mavambo echiIslatistism ari murondedzero yedemokrasi. Vafungi veClassic vakafanana naJohn Locke naJean-Jacques Rousseau vakataura kuti kuda kwavazhinji kunofanira kukurira kuti varatidzire kuda kwavose. Muchiito, gadziriro dzavakuru vakuru dzakarovedzeka munyika namagamuchidzanwa ezvamatongerwe enyika eBritain neAmerica. United States, Canada, uye India (nokuda kwaLok Sabha sarudzo) vose vanoshandisa FPTPP nokuda kwedzimba dzavo dzakaderera zvikuru, kunyange zvazvo India iri nzanga yakasiana zvikuru, musikirwo wetsika yadzo yetsika yadzose yave iri nhau yekurukurirano mumakumi amakore achangobva kupfuura.
Zvinhu zvinokosha zvinoitwa negadziriro dzezvirongwa zvezvikepe zvinosanganisira:
- Hurumende yeParti imwe-Divi, rimwe boka rinowana zvigaro zvakakwana zvokuumba hurumende yoga, pasina kuda vasonganiri vakabatana. Ikoku kunoparira chigaro chakajeka chokuzvidavirira.
- Mukuru mukuru [ - Mutezo unodzora unogona kupfuudza mutemo nokukurumidza zvikuru, sezvo pasina dikanwo yokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kupfuura muhurumende dzakabatana.
- Zvinotora-Maruwa ose - MuFP, mumiriri mumwe nomumwe anosarudza mumiriri mumwe, uye muvhoti mukurusa anohwina, kunyange kana asina kuwana voruzhinji chose chose. Ikoku kunogona kukatutsira kumirira kwavazhinji uye kuderera kwezvishomanene.
- ZVINHU ZVINOSARURAMISIRO] - Majoritarian masangano anowanzokurudzira makwikwi ane mativi maviri, ayo anobvumira muvhoti kusarudza asi anogona kuderedza mapoka echitatu nemanzwi maduku.
Vatsigiri vedzidziso yehurumende huru vanotaura kuti inoparira kudzora kunobudirira, nhungamiro yomuitiro yakajeka, uye kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. Vanonongedzera kukuterama kweUnited States neUnited Kingdom soufakazi hwokuti kutonga kwakawanda kunogona kuwirirana nemipimo youtongi hwakasununguka, chero bedzi kune dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga uye dare ramagariro.
Zvisinei, vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti gadziriro huru dzinogona kubvisa nenzira yakarongwa vashomanene mumireza nesimba. Munzanga dzakakamukana dzamadzinza, voruzhinji vedzinza zvechigarire vanogona kudzora gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika, vachisiya vashomanene vasina pesvedzero ine revo. Ikoku kunogona kutungamirira kurwisano yavagari vemo, sezvinoonekwa muSri Lanka umo mitemo yehurumende yeSinhalese-matorist yakaderedza vashomanene veTamil, ichiparira hondo yavagari vemo yamakore makumi. Nenzira yakafanana, muRwanda, hurumende yapamberi pechiHutu-jori yakashandisa kuzivikanwa kwedzinza nenzira yakarongwa kubvisa uye gare gare gare kudzosa vaTutsi vashomanene.
Kuenzanisa Kubatana Kwenzanga Nekuongorora Zvinhu: Kuongorora Kwakajekeswa
Kuti tinzwisise kuti igadziriro ipi ingashanda zvakanakisisa mumashoko akapoteredza akapiwa, kunokosha kuvaenzanisa napakati pemipimo mizhinji.tafura iri pasi apa inopeta misiyano mikuru, asi nhauro inofutunuka papfundo rimwe nerimwe.
| Dimension | Consociationalism | Majoritarianism |
|---|---|---|
| Inclusivity | High – all major groups guaranteed representation in government and decision-making. | Low – large minorities can be permanently excluded from executive power. |
| Efficiency of Decision-Making | Slow – requires negotiation and consensus among multiple parties. | Fast – a single party can implement its agenda quickly. |
| Electoral System | Proportional representation or mixed-member proportional. | First-past-the-post, two-round system, or other plurality-based systems. |
| Representation of Minorities | Explicitly institutionalized; groups have veto power over vital interests. | De facto marginalized; no guaranteed access to power. |
| Stability | Can be stable if elites cooperate; risk of paralysis or group entrenchment. | Stable if majority is moderate; risk of majoritarian tyranny and rebellion. |
| Accountability | Diffuse – many parties share responsibility, making voter judgment difficult. | Clear – voters can easily reward or punish a single ruling party. |
Kubatana nehana kunobva pamashoko.
Kurega kunyanyokosha kunobva pakati pekuzvinyima nokutsunga. Kuzvinyima kunowedzera kusanzwa nokuziva kuti kunokosha kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mapoka ose anokosha ane chigaro patafura, asi ikoku kazhinji kazhinji kunouya pamutengo wekunonoka, kuoma kwokuita zvisarudzo. Kuzvipira kwezvokunyanyisa nokuda kwekurumidziro nokujeka. Munjodzi inoda chiito chokukurumidza (yakadai sengwavaira yomusikirwo kana kuti kuderera kwemari) gadziriro yavakurusazvipfumisa ingakunda kutadza kubatira nzanga. Zvisinei, munzanga umo kusavimbana kukuru kuripo pakati penzanga, rukundo rukuru runogona kuonwa setyisidziro, kuchitungamirira kukusashanda zvakanaka kana kuti masimba masimba masimba.
Migumisiro Yakanaka Yegadziriro Yezvinhu
Gadziriro yevhiyi igadziriro inoshandura vhoti muzvigaro. Masangano esangano anowanzoshandisa chimiro chakati chemireza inowirirana (PR) kuva nechokwadi chokuti simba reparamende rimwe nerimwe rinowirirana nouremu hwaro hwokuvapo. Somuenzaniso, muNetherlands, chikumbaridzo chokupinda chiri pasi (0.67% yevhota yenyika), achibvumira vashomanene kuhwina zvigaro. Mukupesana, masangano makuru akadai seFPPPPP anofamba pasi pemitemo yezvikamu zvishomanana. MuUK, Liberal Democrates anogamuchira migove miduku zvikuru yezvigaro zvavo kupfuura chiverengero chavo, nepombi dzechikwata cheAbordivev. MuUS, gerryman uye boka duku rinodzorwa.
Munhu Woga Woga Ane Kodzero Dzeboka
Chitendero chinowanzotsamira pakuzivikanwa kwekodzero dzeboka, kureva kuti kumirira kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakabatana nedzinza, rudzidziso, kana kuti mutauro. Ikoku kunogona kuva chinetso nemhaka yokuti kunofungidzira kuti uzivi hwakatsiga uye homogeneus, uye kungadzivisa kupfuudza kwechikamu. ChiMajoritarianism, murondedzero, kubata vagari vose savanhu vamwe navamwe pasinei zvapo nemitezo yeboka, iyo inowirirana nesangano romunhu oga rorusununguko. Zvisinei, mukushanda, masangano makuru munzanga dzakasiyana- siyana anogona kuparira kubviswa kweboka risina kuzivikanwa kwapamutemo.
Kutapura Kubatana Kwenzanga Nokubatana Kwematongerwe Enyika
Nzvero pamusoro pechisarudzo cherwisano inogovera ufakazi hwakavhengana pamusoro pomuitiroi unosimudzira rugare rusingaperi. Nzvero yakatanhamara yakaitwa naLijphart yakawana kuti utongi hwechipiri hwehurumende dzakatsiga zvikuru uye hwamasimba masimba kupfuura hwavasarwi munzanga dzakakamukana. Somuenzaniso, Belgium, pasinei zvapo nekakavadzano yemitauro pakati paFlemings naWalloons, yakaramba iri hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu pasina hondo yavagari vemo vemo kweripo kwerichinopfuura zana ramakore, zvikurukuru nemhaka yamativi ayo okufambidzana. Nenzira yakafanana, chibvumirano chehurumende yeSwitzerland chapamutemo chavagari vehurumende yehurumende yakaita kuti chigadziridzo munzanga yavanhu vakaparadzana.
Zvisinei, chibvumirano chesangano hachisi chinhu chinoparira ushati. Vatsoropodzi vakafanana naDonald Horowitz vanotaura kuti kunogona kuparira kuzivikanwa kwedzinza uye kuderedza sundo dzemapati ezvamatongerwe enyika kukwikwidzanisa mumapoka. MuLebanon, gadziriro yokuronga yave ichipomerwa nokuda kwokuumba masekete, kuchiparira ushati, uye kuchiparira kuoma kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuramba 2019 muLebanon kwaibetsera murutivi kuboka rezvamatongerwe enyika rinoshandisa gadziriro yeboka nokuda kwebetsero yaro rimene.
Chiremba, munguva ino, chakabudirira munzanga dzine mativi akafanana asi chine chinyorwa chakashata mumapoka akakamuraniswa zvikuru. Kuwa kweYugoslavia, kuuraya rudzi kweRwanda, uye hondo yavagari vemo yeSri Lanka zvose zvakaitika munyika dzine gadziriro huru kana kuti dzamasangano makuru dzakakundikana kudzivirira maruramiro maduku. Bva India, rudzi rukuru uye rwakasiana, yakachengeta tsika yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende chifo chokuzvimirira, pasinei zvapo nokushandisa gadziriro huru yevatongi veimba yadzo yakaderera. Ikoku kunoparirwa murutivi namapati emapato akasimba eIndia, gadziriro yezvikamu zvizhinjisarirano muFPPP, uye dziviriro yapamutemo nokuda kwevaduku.
Nzvero Yenhau Nedzapashure
Belgium: Hurumende yeArcheypy
Belgium yakabva kunyika inotaurirwa nevoruzhinji kuenda kunyika yakakamukana zvikuru yehurumende ine nzanga dzemitauro yakafanana. Zvibvumirano zvebvumirano zvechibvumirano zvezana ramakore rechi20, kubatanidza kuva norusarura mutauro mudare, kuzvitonga kwetsika kwenzanga dzeFlemish neFrancophone, uye chirongwa chehurumende, zvakadzivisa rwisano yemasimba masimba. Zvisinei, kubvira muna 2010, Belgium yakava nenguva dzakarebesa pasina hurumende yehurumende yakazara nemhaka yekurukurirano dzemibatanidzwa, inosimbisa kusabudirira kwechibvumirano chehurumende.
Northern Ireland: Kuchinja Kwakakasharara Kupfurikidza Nokushandisa Simba
1998 Good Frive Agreement yakagadza mukuru mukuru anomanikidzirwa umo vabatanidzwa vabatanidzwa navatsigiri venyika vanofanira kugoverana simba. Iyi gadziriro yehurumende, pamwe chete namasangano emitsetse yemichinjikwa ne kuzvitonga kukuru, zvakagumisa kutonga kwakananga kunobva London uye zvikurukuru kumisa masimba masekete. Nepo kufenda kwezvamatongerwe enyika kwakaitika (muchib., kubva muna 2017 kusvikira muna 2020), muitiro worugare unorangarirwa zvikuru seunobudirira. Sangano rinoramba risina kusimba, nenharo dzenhambo nenhambo pamusoro penhau dzezivikanwo yakadai somutauro weIreland negadziriro dzebhizimisi repashure peBrijiti.
United Kingdom: Urongwa Hukuru Hwokushanda Nevanhu Vari Kudzvinyirirwa
Muenzanisiro weUK weWestminster igadziriro yakatanhamara yeEU inofumura pakati peEngland neScotland, nehurumende inobvisa masangano ezvirongwa, uye chiremera chehurumende chakasimba. Yakagovera hurumende yakatsiga kwamazana amakore, asi yakakurirawo kusawirirana kwenharaunda netsika dzedzinza. Kubuda kweUK muEU kwakaratidzira mapoka makuru pakati peEngland neScotland, nehurumende yeScotland (ibvumira kuzviisa pasi pehurumende yebato rehurumende yakakurumbira) kuraira kuzvimirira kwechipiri. MuNorthern Ireland, tsika huru yedare re "voruzhinji" (tsika yeShumbonity pamberi pa1971) yakaguma nokudzora nokusarura vaKaturike, zvichitungamirira kuTsvengo.
Kenya: Kuedza Nesimba
Pashure penjodzi yamasimba masimba yapashure pekusarudza ya 2007-2008, Kenya yakagamuchira bumbiro remitemo idzva muna 2010 iro rakatanga gadziriro yapurezidhendi ane mutungamiriri akasimba, asiwo chinodikanwa chesimba: purezidhendi nemutevedzeri wapurezidhendi vanofanira kubva munzanga dzakasiana kana pasina tikiti rinowana vazhinji. Kuwedzera, bumbiro remitemo rinobatanidza kubvisa chimuko cha 47, icho chinogovera rusununguko nokuda kwamapoka akasiana- siyana edzinza. Iyi systemmunment inobatanidza mutungamiriri mukuru (purezidhendi ane simba akasarudzwa) uye masangano avanhu akasarudzwa, uye akadzivisa chisimba chikuru chetsika, kunyange zvazvo rwisano ichiripo.
Mapokani Nenharo Dzapashure
Ko Kubatanidza Kunopesana Here?
Imwe yetsoropodzo dzakasimba zvikurusa ndeyokuti kutsigira dzinza kana kuti chitendero kunosimbisa kuzivikanwa kwerudzi rumwe. MuBelgium, nzvero dzinoratidza kuti vagari vemo vazhinji veFlemish neFrancone vanowirirana zvikurukuru nenzanga yavo panzvimbo pehurumende yeBelgium. MuLebanon, mapoka awedzera, uye gadziriro inowanzopomerwa kutsigira kutsigira kutsigira maruramiro okushandisa uye kusakwanisa. Dzimwe nyanzvi dzinotaura nokuda kwe "integrative" kurangarira kukurudzira kubatana kunopesana panzvimbo pokubatanidza misiyano yeboka.
Ko Chiremba Chikuru Chinogona Kurongwa Nedziviriro dzeBumbiro reMitemo Here?
Dzimwe nyika dzakachinja kuzviisa pasi penzvimbo dzine mativi akadai sehurumende, mubatanidzwa wekodzero, dare rinodzivirira pamutemo razvimirira, uye dziviriro dzomutauro mushoma. Bumbiro remitemo reIndia rinobatanidza dziviriro huru nokuda kwemapoka akarongwa, ndudzi dzakarongwa, uye mapoka maduku ezvitendero. Canada inoshandisa FTP asi inewo kodzero dzemitauro mishomanene neChata yekodzero dzekodzero neFreedoms. Kuchinja uku kunogona kuderedza migumisiro yakaipisisa yemitemo yakawanda pasina kuda kuti pave nekodzero dzose dzechibvumirano chehurumende. Zvisinei, zvinovimba netsika dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzinoremekedza kodzero shomanene dzinoshayikwa nenzanga dzinoparadzaniswa zvikuru.
Basa Rokugadzira Gadziriro Yegadziriro Yezvinhu
Kuchinja kwegadziriro yeElectoral ibasa guru retsika. Nyika dzine gadziriro dzavakuru pane dzimwe nguva dzinorangarira kugamuchira kuvhota kwakavhengana kwemitezo (MMP) kana kuti kwakarongwa kuvandudza kumirira kwezvikamu zviduku pasina kuendesa nzira yose kuIndaneti. MuNew Zealand, kuchinja kubva kuFPTPP kuenda kuMMP muna 1996 kunowedzera kuva mubatanidzwa wemitengo miduku (kubatanidza vamiririri vechiMaori) inzwi rakasimba zvikuru. Iyi nzira yedhabhuro inogona kubatanidza kubatana kwokuguma kwezvinhu zvikuru (maruwa makurusaine matunhu) nokugoverwa kwemitengo.
Mugumisiro: Kusarudza Muenzaniso Wakarurama Wenzanga Yakakamukana
Chitendero hachisi chapamusoro kana kuti chirevo chinodzorwa. Kubudirira kwavo kunotsamira pamamiriro ezvinhu akare, etsika, uye ezvekugara munyika. Chikosha chinogovera chishandiso chine simba zvikuru chokutarisira rwisano huru dzamarudzi kupfurikidza nokuva nechokwadi chokuti mapoka ose anokosha anogoverana simba. Chinogona kudzivisa masimba masimba nebatira pamwe chete, asi pakurasikirwa nokuronga nokuderedza chisarudzo. Chikuru, nechipikirwa chacho chehurumende inobudirira uye inozvidavirira, chinoshanda zvakanakisisa munzanga dzinenge dziri mbiri kana kuti dzine dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru, asi chinogona kudzivirira mirangariro yakakamukana zvikuru mumativi akakamukana.
Kuvanogadzira mitemo, chidzidzo chakajeka: hakuna chigadzikiso chenyika yose. Gadziriro yamasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika inofanira kugadzirirwa kuwirirana nechakavanzika chenzanga yenyika. Muzvinoitika umo mapoka enzanga ari makuru uye mapoka anowanikwa munyika angadairwa, mutoo wokutsiva ungadikanwa kuwana rugare. Munzanga umo mapoka asina kukomba zvikuru kana kuti mune chizivikaniso chakasimba chenyika, gadziriro yenzanga inodzorwa nedziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kwekodzero shomanene ingava yakakodzera zvikuru. Hybrid / yakadai semabhirijiti anoshanda nesimba akabatanidzwa pamwe chete nemifananidzo yakabatana namasimba anowedzera zvikuru uye inopa nyika yepakati penyika.
Kunzwisisa simba noutera hwokuva musonganiro uye kuzviisa pasi pezvinhu zvinokosha inhano yokutanga kukuwana dzikamo iyoyo munzanga dzakasiyana - siyana munyika yose.
Kuravazve, ona Arend Lijphart's Classic Basa paConsociality Democracy, Donald Horowtitz's critique mu " Atditions in Conflict", uye Northern Ireland programme mentation exten pa project [[FLT]]. nokuda kwokunzvera kwakaenzana kwemiitiro yetsika, ona .