Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kwe 144th Amendment kunomira seimwe yegadziriro dzapamutemo dzinochinja zvikuru munhau yeAmerica. Kuiswa mudota reHondo yevagari vemo, murayiro waro wakapfava(8) kuti hakuna hurumende icha "kudzivirira munhu upi noupi musimba rayo kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwemitemo"". Yazova nzvimbo yepamutemo yeanenge masangano makuru ose ekodzero dzevagari vemo muUnited States. Kubva mukubvisa kuyera kwedzinza kuti richengetedze kuenzana, chitsauko chinopa nheyo yepamutemo yemitemo inodenha nomutemo uye mitemo zvehurumende. Asi revo yayo haina kumbobvira yadzikamiswa. Kupfuura makore 150 okudzidza, Dare guru rakakudziridza boka redzidziso uye rinoita sei, zvimiro zvokusarura, uye kurambidza kuongorora kui kui. Kudzivirira kunoda kudzivirira kwaro.

Nhoroondo

Mutezo weFoolding Clause wakaitwa rutivi rweKineth Amendment muna 1868, mukati menhambo yokugadziridza yapamberi peHondo yavagari vemo. Donzo rawo guru rakanga riri rokudzivirira maruramiro avanhu vachangobva kusunungurwa navakava varanda uye kuvimbisa kubatwa kwavo kwakaenzana mumutemo. Kugadziriswa kwakabva mukurukurirano yerudzi inokakavadzana zvikuru pamusoro perevo rusununguko, kuva mugari wemo wemo, uye simba rehurumende. Pamberi peHondo yeChivilimu, Bumbiro reMitemo rakanga radzivirira uranda kupfurikidza negadziriro dzakafanana neFogitive Claus Claus neFodssssssss. Pashure pehondo, Constantion Convensionsioned Congress yakatsvaka kuita chirongwa chemitemo pamusoro perejimendero yekodzero yekodzero yedzinza redzinza redzinza revoko, pasinei.

Chinoparira nokukurumidza dziviriro yakaenzana naClaus yakanga iri Mabumbiro Evhuvha akatangwa neMadokero enyika muna 1865 na 1866. Iyi mitemo yakaganhurira maruramiro evaAmerica vachangobva kusunungurwa muAfrica kuti vave nenzvimbo, kupinda zvibvumirano, kupupurira mudare, uye kufamba norusununguko. Mumhinduro, Congress yakapfuudza Covil Rights Act of 18666, iyo yakazivisa kuti vanhu vose vakaberekwa muUnited States vakanga vari vagari vemo uye vane maruramiro okuenzana nawo maruramiro ekodzero dzavagari vemo. Zvisinei, kusava nechokwadi pamusoro pekodzero yemitemo yebasa racho kwakatungamirira Dare remitemo kupinza nheyo dzaro muBumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza neGeneth Demendementment. Chibvumirano chamapment, chakatungamirirwa naJohn Bham neSpeator Beader, chinoshandisa muteshi yemitemo yaparomenyoro yenguva yemberi."

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu

The Fourteenth Amendment, which includes the Equal Protection Clause, is one of three Reconstruction Amendments. The other two are the Thirteenth Amendment (ratified 1865), which abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, and the Fifteenth Amendment (ratified 1870), which prohibited the denial of the right to vote based on race, color, or previous condition of servitude. Together, these amendments represented a fundamental shift in the balance of power between the states and the federal government. They granted Congress the authority to enforce the amendments through "appropriate legislation," laying the groundwork for future civil rights statutes such as the Civil Rights Act of 1964 and the Voting Rights Act of 1965. However, the promise of the Reconstruction Amendments was quickly undermined by the Compromise of 1877, which ended federal military occupation of the South, and by the Supreme Court’s narrow interpretation of the amendments in cases like the Slaughter‑House Cases (1873) and United States v. Cruikshank (1876).

Kukura uye Kududzira: Nhengo Dzescrutiny

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana hakuna kurambidza kutsauranisa kwose kana kuti zvirongwa mumutemo. Hurumende dzinogara dzichiisa vanhu mumapoka avanhu (pane zera, mari, nzvimbo yokugara, uye zvimwe zvinhu zvisingaverengeki) zvinotapura kodzero nebetsero. Mubvunzo webumbiro remitemo ndewokuti apo kurongeka kwakadaro kunobvumirwa. Kupindura mubvunzo iwoyo, Dare Rapamusoro raita mitsetse inozivikanwa se mwero yokunzvera [.

Mupimo wakarongwa ndi hwaro hwokuyera. Muiyi pimo, mutemo unofungidzirwa kuva webumbiro remitemo uye uchatsigirwa chero bedzi une chokuita nefariro yepamutemo yehurumende. Mitemo mizhinji yegarikano yenzanga inorangarirwa muhwirudzuro ine mufungo. Somuenzaniso, mu Rayway Encyclement v. New York (1999)[FLT], Dare rakatsigira chirevo chinorambidza kushambadza pamotokari asi bhizimisi rinodzoresa, richiwana tration inowirirana nenzira inowirirana nekotseka.

Kune rimwe divi remativi acho kunzvera kweyamuro kwemimwe mipimo inoraira zvikurusa. Kunzvera kwakakomba kunoshanda apo mutemo unosarura pa spectruct[ (zvakadai sedzinza, mavambo erudzi, kana kuti, mune mamwe maapoka, mumitemo, mumitoro inorema rudyi (zvakadai sokuvhotera, kufamba kwomukati, kana kuti kuva woga). Kupukunyuka nzvero inosanoyera, hurumende inofanira kubvumikisa kuti mutemo unobatira fariro inopfuudza uye unotanhanhanha kusvitsa fariro iyoyo. Muitiro uyu wave mumiitiro wave mumitemo yakawanda inooneka mumitengo, sezvinoitika [FLT].[5] [5]

Pakati pehwaro hune mufungo nenzvero yakakomba pane nzvero yepakarepo yeparepo yaishandiswa kurongedzero dzakavakirwa pachinhu chimwe chetechi ne (mumamwe mavhesi) isiri vabereki veroorano kana kuti vasina kuiswa muboka renyika dzakavakidzwa kuti vana vasvike kudzidzo. Mukusaidzwa kwapakati, hurumende inofanira kuratidza kuti kurongwa kwacho kune chokuita nefariro inokosha yehurumende. Mupimo uyu wakabuda kubva Craig v. Boren (1976][F:3], uko kwakaderedza mutemo weOklavio uyo wakagadza mazera okunwa akasiyana - siyana nokuda kwavarume navakadzi. Dare rairangarira kuti kupesana kwevatano nevatano kunofanira kubatira donzo rinokosha uye rakareverwa.

Mhaka Hurusa dzeDare

Kudzivirira Claus kwakaenzana kwave kuri hwaro hwezvisarudzo zvakawanda zvinokosha zveDare Repamusorosoro zvine chokuita nemativi akawanda omutemo.

  • [[FOLT:0] Plessy v. Ferguson (1896) Dare rakatsigira mutemo weLouisiana waida dzinza pamotokari dzenjanji pasi pedzidziso "yakapesana asi yakaenzana". Chisarudzo chacho chakapa nenzira inobudirira pamutemo kumitemo yebumbiro remitemo kuna Jim Crow kumaodzanyemba.
  • Brown v. Board of Education (1954)[FLT: Dare rakatendeuka nokubvumirana Plessy, richizivisa kuti dzinza ravanhu muzvikoro zvavose rakaputsa Kudzivirira kwakaenzana nemhaka yokuti nzvimbo dzedzidzo dzakaparadzana hadzina kuenzana. Brown anorangarirwa zvikuru sechimwe chezvisarudzo zvinokosha zvikurusa zveDare Rapamusoro zvikurusa rezana ramakore rechi 20.
  • Lovach v. Virginia (1967)[[FL:1]: Dare rakaputsa mitemo yehurumende inorambidza roorano yemarudzi, richirangarira kuti kutsauraniswa kwedzinza mumirau yeroorano kunofanira kuongororwa zvakasimba uye hakugoni kururamiswa.
  • yakarongwa v. Reed (1971)[FLT:] Dare rakashandisa Kudzivirira Kukaenzana Claus kokutanga kushayisa simba mutemo waitsaura pahwaro hwechirume, kurova mutemo weIdaho waipa zvishuvo zvechienzi kuvarume kupfuura vakadzi mukutarisira nzvimbo.
  • Craig v. Boren (1976)[[FL:1]: Sezvacherekedzwa, Dare rakatanga kunzvera kwapakati nokuda kwezvisarudzo zvechikadzi.
  • United States v. Virginia (1996)[[FLT: 1]: Dare rakakurira kubvumidzwa kwechirume bedzi kwomuitiro weVirginia Military Institute, kuchida kuti nyika igovere vakadzi mikana yedzidzo imwe cheteyo.
  • Romer v. Evans (1996)[FLT: Dare rakabvisa muganhu weColorado uyo wakarambidza bazu ripi neripi rehurumende kudzivirira ngochani, vatano dzavanhukadzi, kana kuti vatano yevatano yevatano parusaruro. Chisarudzo chacho chakashandisa hwaro hwehwaro hunonzwisisika asi chakawana kuti kugadziridzwa hakuna ukama hupi nohupi hune mufungo kufariro yehurumende yapamutemo.
  • LAWREnce v. Texas (2003): Nepo yakasarudzwa pasi peChiitiko chaClaus, nhau yacho yakagadzirira nzira nokuda kwedenho dzakafanana dzedziviriro gare gare pamusoro poukama hwevatano hwakafanana.
  • Obergefell v. Hodges (2015 Dare rairangarira kuti varoorani vane maruramiro mamwe chetewo ebumbiro remitemo okuroora, nemurangariro woruzhinji uchitsamira zvikuru kwazvo pazvose zviri zviviri Nhevedzo yeChiitiko neFomment Claus Previces.
  • Fisher v. University of Texas paAustin (2016)[FLT: 1]: Dare rakatsigira gadziriro yechiito chokubvuma chakasanogadziridzwa mudzidzo yapamusoro, richisimbisa kuti mhatsa inogona kuva fariro inogombedzera mukusanonzvera.

Kubudiswa Kwebhuku Rakaenzana Rokudzivirira Claus

Nepo Aumeal Protection Claus yakaitwa pakuvamba kuti idzivirire vanhu vashomanene vedzinza, ukuru hwayo hwakakura zvinoshamisa mumakumi amakore. Chitsama chamashoko zvino chinoshanda sechishandiso chine simba nokuda kworusaruro runodenha rwakavakirwa pavatano, vatano, mubereki weroorano aisava wevatano, urema mune mamwe mamiriro ezvinhu, uye kunyange mugariro wemari mumigariro yakaganhurirwa.

Kuenzana Kwevanhurume Nevakomana

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuri chinhu chikuru kurwisano yapamutemo nokuda kwohuhuhuhuhu. Pasati pasvika 1970, Dare Rapamusorosarudzo raitsigira nguva dzose mitemo yaisarura vakadzi, kazhinji kazhinji ichidudza mabasa echirume sehwaro hwakarurama. Ikoko kwakachinja na red v. Reed (1971][FL:1] na [[FLT] Craig] v. [2] v.[FLT][F:3].] Munhau dzakapfuura, Dare rakaputsa mitemo iyo yakabvisa vakadzi mubasa rehondo, yakagadza mazera akasiana avazhinji, kana kuti anosarura vakadzi vane mimba mubasa. [FLT] muUnited States.[5] Virginia [196], FFF]

Dziviriro yeLGBTQ+ Kodzero

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwave kuchishandiswawo mukufambira mberi LGBTQ+ maruramiro. Chisarudzo cheDare muna Romer v. Evans (1996) yakarova muganhu wehurumende uyo wakaranga maruramiro evatano nevechikadzi nokuda kwemugariro wapamutemo. Obergefell v. Hodges (], Dare rakabvuma roorano imwe cheteyo sechibvumirano chapamutemo, kurangarira kuti vakwanyina veroorano vakaenzana neroorano vairamba dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo. Kunyange zvazvo dziviriro yacho yakakokwa pamitetetete yakava inodzivirira nomutoo unoenzana. [FT][5]

Mamwe Mapoka Nenhau

Dare rakaenzana Claus yakashandiswa kudzivirira vanhu vane urema. Mu Doroba reCleburne . Cleburne Living Center (1985), Dare rakashandisa hwaro hune mufungo hwokupfuudzira mutemo unoyera unopesana parudzi rwavanhu vakaremara ndangariro, uchigumisa kuti mutemo wacho wakasundwa nefungidziro isina mufungo. Dare rakashandisawo kunzvera kukuru kwakavakirwa pavabereki vasiri vomuchato, kudzosera mitemo iyo vana vanoberekwa neroorano. Munharaunda yekodzero dzokuvhotera, Kudzivirira Kurevererwa kwaClaus kwakashandiswa kudenha germerman, maererano nemimwe miitiro inotapura vanhu vashoma. Zvisinei, Dare rave richizengurira kuisa kudzorwa kworumano kutsika kupfurikidza nokupfuudzora pamutemo, pamutemo rinobvumira kupfurikidza nokupfuudzira pamutemo pamusoro pemitoro yemitengo.

Zvinetso Nokutsoropodza

Pasinei zvapo nokusvika kwaro kwakafara, Foundation Claus inotarisana nedenho dzinokosha netsoropodzo. Vamwe vanotaura kuti gadziriro yeDare Rapamusorosaro yakaoma zvikuru uye inokundikana kutora miuyo chaiyoiyo yenyika yerusaruro. Vamwe vanotaura kuti rugwaro rwacho rwave rwuchimanikidzirwa munharaunda dzakadai sourombo, urema, uye dzidzo. Chirango chinopfuurira ndechokuti chinodikanwa chechikamu che chiito chokutonga [ [] [] [ino] dzivisa rusaruro rwehurumende, kwete zvimiro zvakawanda zvokusaenzana. Somuenzaniso, vashandirwisi, vapa voga, vari vemabhizimisi, uye mabhizimisi vanogona kusarura zviri pamutemo munyika dzakawanda zvisina mutemo wakaita seChibvumirano cheOclivhostion Trect kana kuti masangano anorwisana nemitemo anorwisana nehurumende.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kurerutsa

Rimwe denho huru inopfuurira pamusoro penzira iyo Ecumilt Protection Claus inofanira kuturikirwa nayo. Vatongi nenyanzvi dzedigriyo vanotaura kuti chitsama chamashoko chinofanira kushandiswa bedzi sezvinonzwisiswa navagadziri vacho, (kokudzivirira kudzivirira mapoka mashoma edzinza kubva kuhurumende. Living constituanituanical respoint restations reconstrections chinopa nzira dzokuti mutauro wacho unobvumira kugadziridza zvimiro zvitsva zverusarura sezvo nzanga inochinja. Uku kukamukana kunoparira kupesana kwemitemo, zvikurukuru munhau dzinobatanidza LGBTQ+, iok, uye kudzora. Somuenzaniso, mu [FLT:] County] v.[12][12]], Dare rakaita gadziriro huru yerangariro, Vocracts anoreva kurangarira kusava pamutemo kwechipoto.

Mibatanidzwa Yepanguva Ino

Nhasi, Kudzivirira Kukaenzana kuri pakati pemagakava akawanda anopfuurira. Chiito chinosimbiswa chinoramba chichikwikwidzwa zvikuru, nezvinoitika zvakafanana ne Sutuges for Fair Admassacts v. Harvard (20023)] . Kudenha kubvumira mitemo kusinganzwisisiki. Chisarudzo cheDare muchinoitika ichi chinotonga nenzira inobudirira pamberi penguva uye chinoganhurira zvakakomba kushandiswa kwedzinza murejisi murejini. Kodzero dzinopfuurira kuva nzvimbo inodzo, nehondo pamusoro pemitemo yevota, tsvukugation, uye kubvisa tsvina kwemipo. RGBTGQ+ kodzero dzinoda kupfuudzwa zvikuru pamusoro pekupinda nokusakurira kweva nevoruzhinji rwerudzidziso, dzinova nedzidziso dzemari inopfumisa rondedzerwa naka zvikuru pakati pemikamwero yemari pakati penyika yakashata, dzinosarira kuva njodzi nemhaka yokuti Dare renyika inosanozivikanwa naro.

mhedziso

Kudzivirira kwakaenzana kwaClaus kunoramba kuri chinhu chikuru chomutemo weAmerica nechinhu chinokosha chokufambisira ruramisiro. Kuvambira pamavambo awo mukugadziridza kukushanda kwacho munhau dzenzanga dzinokakavadzana zvikurusa dzezana ramakore rechi 21, chitsama chakava nenzvimbo yokutarisana nedenho itsva apo inoramba kuzvipira kwayo kunheyo yokuti hakuna munhu anofanira kunyimwa dziviriro yakaenzana. Chipikirwa hachisi chaita kuti rugwaro ruzvitseke. Chirevo charwo chinobva pavatongi vanorududzira, vatsigiri varwo vanorukwirira, uye masangano anoruda kuti rutsigirwe. Sorst neatle, sezvo dziviriro yaClaus inoramba iri inokashatiswa. [F3] [F] [F1], uye `Foll]