Hwaro Hwenzanga Inoshanda: Nzira Iyo Mitemo Inoitwa Nayo Ndokumanikidzwa

Mitemo inheyo dzenzanga ipi neipi yakarongwa, inogovera gadziriro, nhevedzano, uye gadziriro yeruramisiro. Kunzwisisa kuti mitemo inoitwa sei nokushandiswa hakusati kuri musoro wekirasi yevagari vemo(nzi zivo inokosha nokuda kwomugari wemo ari wose anoziva. Iyi nyaya inonzvera zvikuru kugadzirwa kwemitemo nemiitiro yokuita kuti zvinhu zvivepo, vatambi vakuru vanobatanidzwa, uye denho dzinomuka. Ungave uri mudzidzi anodzidza hurumende kana kuti mudzidzisi achitsvaka tsananguro dzakajeka, iyi nhungamiro inopa murangariro wakakwana, une chiremera.

Muitiro Wokuita Mitemo: Kubva Mupfungwa Kuenda Kutsika

Muitiro wokuita mitemo unosiana kupfurikidza nenyika negamuchidzanwa rapamutemo, asi hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu zhinjisa dzinotevera nzira yakafanana kubva pachikarakadzo kuenda kukuvambwa. Pasi apa tinoputsa nhano chaidzoidzo, tichishandisa gadziriro yehurumende yeUnited States somuenzaniso mukuru apo tinenge tichicherekedza misiano mugadziriro dzeparamende.

1. Kuzivisa uye Kunyora

Mutemo unovamba sepfungwa yapamutemo (8: 1] kazhinji kazhinji kubva kumuiti wemitemo, sangano rehurumende, mapoka ezvibvumirano zvehurumende, kana kuti kunyange vagariwo zvavo. MuU.S. Congress, mutongo ndiwo wokutanga [ kuiswa mumutauro wapamutemo [ muHofisi yeLegislative Counser kana kuti nenhamba yemutezo. Iyi dragme inofanira kuva yakarurama, seinogona kutungamirira kurwisano dzapashure dzapamutemo. Mutezo wacho unovapotezo [[FLT:]]] nomutezo weImba kana kuti dare rinopiwa (g. H.R. 1 kana kuti 1.S.

Kutanga uye Kuverenga Kwokutanga

Mutengo wacho unoteverwa nenzira yapamutemo munzvimbo yamavambo. Mumasangano mazhinji emitemo, ikoku kunoteverwa nokurava kwokutanga (a procedtura umo musoro wepepa unoraviwa zvinonzwika uye unogoverwa kudare. Pachikamu chino, muromo unodhindwawo ndokuitwa kuti uwanike kumitezo navose.

Kuongorora kweDare

Mabhiri mazhinji anofa mudare. Apa ndipo apo nzvero inoitika. Dare(rinorongedzerwa yenyanzvi dzinopa misoro inonyorwa kubva padivi reimba yomutemo(examine muganhu nomutsetse.] Dzingabata [ kutora kuunganidza uchapupu kubva kunyanzvi, vachengeti vemapango, uye vakuru vakuru vehurumende. Pashure pokunzwa, dare ringa “kwidza, proposting. Kana ratenderwa, rugwaro runoshumwa kuimba yakazara nerumbidzo (g., “DHAUPUPUROF:]] kuunganidza zvamanyuko, uye“ semapanyuro.)

4 Nharo Dzakafanana Nokurava Kwechipiri

Paunozoshumwa, mutengo unoenda pauriri hwekamuri nokuda kwe dhete . MuImba yaVamiririri, gakava rinowanzoganhurirwa nemitemo; muDare, mutungamiriri wemba anogona kunonozeka kurukurirano isingaperi. Mukati mechipiri wokurava, mitezo inokurukura donzo remari netapuro, uye inokarakadza kugadziriswazve. Gakava rinonyorwa ndokuva rutivi rwenhau yemitemo, iyo matare gare gare angabvunza nokuda kwedonzo.

5. Kuruma

Pashure pekurukurirano, dare papepa. MuU.S. Congress, vazhinjisa vakapfava vanodikanwa nokuda kwokupfuura muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa (kunze kwenhau dzakafanana nebvumirano kana kuti gadziridzo dzebumbiro remitemo). Kana pamutemo unopfuura, i “mucheto” ndokutumirwa kune imwe kamuri, apo muitiro unodzokororwa.

6. Dare Romusangano Nokupfuura Kwokupedzisira

Kana makamuri maviri akapfuvura shanduro dzakasiana dzechiokomuhomwe chimwe, dare re resonganisa-jere nemitezo inobva mudzimba dzose dziri mbiri(is) inoumbwa kuyananisa. Muuyo we “mushumo” unofanira kutenderwa nemakamuri ose ari maviri muchimiro chakafanana. Iyi nhano inotsoropodza mutemo wakaoma kufanana nezvikwereti zvemari yegore negore.

7. Kuita Nesimba: Kutendera Kana Kuti Kutendera

Rudzi rwokupedzisira rwechikwereti chacho runotumirwa kubazu guru-guru-guru, kana kuti Gavhuna pamwero wenyika. Mukuru mukuru anogona kuisa chiratidzo [ mumutemo, kana kuti kuchibvumira kuva mutemo pasina kusaina pashure penhambo yakatarwa (kana Dare richiri murusando). Aveto anogona kudzorwa noruzhinji rwezvikamu zviviri mumaparera ose ari maviri, asi kuoma kunzvera simba roukuru.

8. Kugona uye Kuwirirana

Kana zvangosainwa (kana kuti vhatoNoul), mutemo wacho unova mutemo wakaitwa , unonziwo mutemo. Unogoverwa mirau yaVose (mutomo, Pub. L. 118-1) uye ipapo wakabatanidzwa mu United States Confect [, kuumbwa kwemitemo yose yomubatanidzwa. Mutemo unovamba zvimwe musi womunguva yemberi wakatarwa, kana kuti pazadziko yemigariro yakati.

Basa Rakaoma Ramatare

Matare ndiwo makamuri einjini egadziriro yemitemo. Pasina iwo, kwaizova kusingabviri kuti mutezo wedare wemitezo upe mutero mumwe nomumwe wakafanirwa nawo.Kunzwisisa gadziriro yedare kunobetsera kutsanangura chikonzero nei zvimwe zvikwereti zvichifambira mberi apo zvimwe zvichimira.

Matare Akasiyana - siyana

  • Kumira Matare[[FLT: 1]: Matare enguva dzose anobata mutemo munharaunda dzakafara (mutoo, House Judiary Committee, Dare reMari reDare reHurumende). Anogara aripo munhambo dzose uye ane chiremera pamusoro pemitemo chaiyo.
  • Komiti dzinobatanidzwa: Zvikamu zvamabhii akamira anonangidzira ngwariro pamisoro mitete (mutoo, Mubatanidzwa paImignation uye Chigarwa). Basa rakawanda reudzame rinoitika muno.
  • Sarudza kana kuti Matare chaiwo: Matare echinguvana akaumbwa nokuda kwedonzo rakati, senzvero yechitsotsi kana kuti kufunda nhau yakati (mutoo, January 6 Dare raSarudzo). Haasati achiwanzoita mutemo wegadziriro.
  • [ Matare akabatana [[FLT: 1]: Aumbwa nemitezo kubva mumakamuri ose ari maviri, aya matare anoitisa fundo kana kuti kutarisira nharaunda chaidzoidzo (muchib., Dare reJoint on Transcosation). Haawanzoshuma zvikwereti zvakananga.
  • [ Conference Matare [[FLT: 1]: Matare akabatana akaumbwa kwenguva pfupi kuwiriranisa misiyano pakati peshanduro dzeImba neDare dzechibvumirano.

Masimba Emakomiti Nezvirongwa

Matare ane zvinhu zvakawanda zvakasimba zvinoshandiswa:

  • [[FULT:0] Simba reSubpoena: Vanogona kumanikidza zvapupu kupupurira ndokubudisa magwaro.
  • [[[FT:0] kunzwa nokupa ruzha: Vanogona kukoka nyanzvi nevoruzhinji kuti vapupurire, ipapo kupedza mutengo.
  • [ Kushuma[: Zvikwereti bedzi zvinoshumwa zvakanaka nedare zvinogona kurangarirwa pauriri muzvinoitika zvizhinjisa.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupedza mabhiri[[FLT: 1]: “Kupfurikidza noku “bata” kana kuti kusangoita, chigaro chedare chinogona kuuraya nenzira inobudirira bhiri pasina vhoti yakakwana(a inomutsa nharo asi inogamuchirwa.

Nokuda kwoudzame hwakawanda pamiganhu yedare, shanyira dare .gov raunzi yedare.

Kukosha Kwokubudisa Mashoko Pachena

Kuita mitemo hachisi chinhu chakavharwa (*. Masangano eDhemocratic anotsamira pa [[FLT: 0] kutora rutivi rwepachena kuva nechokwadi chokuti mitemo inoratidza kuda nezvinodikanwa zvavanhu. Kune mikoto mizhinji kuti vagari vemo vadzore mitemo.

Nzira Dzinogona Kushandiswa Nevagari Vemo

  • Achiita kutonga kwavose[[FLT: 1]: Matare anowanzoita kuti vanhu vanzwe. Vagari vanogona kusaina kuti vapupurire (nguva inowanzoganhurirwa kumaminiti mashomanene) kana kuti kungocherechedza.
  • Tsinhiro dzakanyorwa: Masangano mazhinji namatare anogamuchira chipupuriro chakanyorwa kupfurikidza namasuo se .gov.
  • Kuonana navamiriri vakasarudzwa[[FLT: 1]: kufona, maemail, tsamba, uye misangano yehoro yomutaundi kunobvumira vamiriri kuratidzira mirangariro zvakananga.
  • Kutendeseka nokukurudzira: Mapoka akarongwa(kuvambira paACLU kusvikira kuCamber of Ecommerce(vambiri vemifungo) kuti vatsigire mutemo. Nepo kupesvedzera kunoitiranwa nharo, kunodzivirirwa muFirst Amendment.

Betsero Dzokutora Rutivi Rwavose

  • Legitagis: Mitemo yakarongwa nezvinopinzwa navose sezvingabvira zvikuru ichagamuchirwa ndokuteverwa.
  • [[[FL:0] migumisiro iri nani : Nyanzvi nenzanga dzakatapurwa dzinogona kuratidzira miuyo isingakanwi.
  • [[[FT:0] Unani hwemari : Apo vaiti vemitemo vanoziva zvikamu, vanongwarira zvikuru muzvisarudzo zvavo.
  • Traxament: Miitiro yakazaruka inoderedza uori nokubata chaiko.

Zvisinei, kubatanidzwa kwavose hakushandi nguva dzose. Kufarira zvinhu zvakanaka kazhinji kazhinji kunodzongonyedza mashoko anowanzonzwika. Kuchinja kwakadai seganhuriro dzemari dzenhimbe uye mitemo yetsika dzakatsiga inovavarira kuderedza nzvimbo yokutamba. Nokuda kwokunzvera kukuru, ona [[FLT: 0] basa reBrennan Center remari mune zvamatongerwe enyika.

Kumanikidzwa Kwemitemo: Kuchinja Mashoko Kuva Mabasa

Kupfuudza mutemo kunongova mavambo bedzi. Pasina kumanikidza, kunyange mutemo unosanofungwa hauna revo. Kumanikidza kunobatanidza mhoteredzo yakaoma yamasangano, miitiro, uye miitiro yapamutemo.

Kumanikidzwa Kuitwa Kwomutemo Unokosha

  • [ MaBato eProtolite: Mapurisa omunzvimbomo neehurumende anomanikidzira kuisa mitemo youtsotsi, mirau yemigwagwa, uye mitemo yomunzvimbomo.
  • Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI)[FLT: Poricecencencencel black yakakomba yehurumende yakadai sougandanga, utsotsi hwepakombiyuta, uye uori hwavanhu.
  • Environral Protection Agency (EPA): Inomanikidza mitemo yemhoteredzo kupfurikidza nenzvero, faindi, uye zviito zvapamutemo.
  • [ Ufakazi neKomishoni yeExchange (SEC): Kudzosa chengeteko nokunyengera.
  • Safety and Health Administration (OSHA): Mipimo yekotsekano yebasa inogombedzerwa.

Michina Inomanikidzirwa

  • [[FT:0] Patrol na Kuongorora[[FLT: 1]: Kuvapo (mutoo, varindi vamapurisa, IRS genties) inodzivisa kuputswa.
  • [[FOLT:0] Insects: Zvirongwa zvakafanana neFBI zvinonzvera zvakavakirwa panyunyuto kana kuti uchenjeri. Vangashandisa zvikamu zviduku, magwaro okutsvaka, uye mabasa okuvanza.
  • Tsamba neNhokwe: Nokuda kwezvisaririra zviduku (matikiti etrac, kuputswa kwemhoteredzo), masangano anopa tsinhiro nezvirango zvemari.
  • [[FLT: 0] Kupa mhaka nokutonga: Nokuda kwemhaka dzakakomba, kuchengetwa kwomutemo kunosunga; varovereri vemhosva ipapo vanounza pomero mudare.
  • [[[FOL:0] ZVIRATIDZO: Haasi mutemo wose uri utsotsi. Masangano anoraira anogona kukwirira mhaka vaputsi nokuda kwemirairo, kutsiva, kana kuti zvirango mudare ravagari vemo.
  • Programs dzeWistleer: Mitemo yakafanana neChitemo chenhema chinokurudzira vaipinda kuti vashuma kuputswa mukutsinhana chikamu chemari yakawanikwa.
  • Chisarudzo cheAlternative Resolution: Kumwe kuchengetwa kunoitwa kupfurikidza nokutongwa kana kuti kutonga kunze kwematare, kuchideredza kuiswa kwemhosva.

Basa Rematare Mukumanikidzwa

Matare anoita rutivi ruviri: anodudzira icho mutemo unoreva, uye anosarudza kuva nemhaka kana kuti mutoro. Apo masangano anochengeta anopomera mumwe munhu mhaka yokuputsa mutemo, munhu iyeyo ane maruramiro okutonga kwakarurama (mhosva) kana kuti kunzwa. Kana akawanikwa ane mhaka, dare rinoraira chirango //torongo, fashoni, kana kuti basa romunzanga. Matare anopawo mhaka mibatanidzwa [

Matambudziko Pakumanikidzwa Nomutemo

Kuchengetwa kwemitemo kunotarisana nezvipingamupinyi zvinoramba zvichienderera mberi zvinogona kukanganisa kuchengeteka uye kuvimba kwevanhu.

Matambudziko Anowanzosangana Nawo

  • Resource Confects: Madhipatimendi amapurisa, masangano anotonga, uye vachuchisi kazhinji kazhinji havashai mari yakakwana, vashandi, uye ruzivo rwokugadzirwa kwezvinhu.
  • Kuisa rusarura munzanga: Zviitiko zvoutsinye hwamapurisa, dzinza, uye uori zvakakurisa chivimbo, zvikurukuru munzanga dzakaderedzwa. Pasina batira pamwe yenzanga, kupedza mhosva kunova kwakaoma zvikuru.
  • [ Zviburi zveRotigoboto: Vakwirirwi vanobva panzvimbo dzose vanogona kushandisa zvisakafanira mumirau kana kuti mitemo yetsika kudzivisa kuzvidavirira. Kubudirwa kwemutsidziro weSanihedrini kunobudisa [ kazhinji kazhinji] nhamburiko dzokuvhara mamukaka.
  • [ Kurovedza nokutungamirira Mikaha: Havasi vakuru vose vanowana rovedzo yakakwana mukushatisa, kukwanisa kwetsika, kana kuti tsika. Mitumbi isina simba inogona kubvumira kusazvibata kusava kururamiswa.
  • Thrometicism [[FLT: 1]: Matsotsi anoshandisa nenzira inowedzera kunyorwa kwamashoko okunyora pabonde, gadziriro dzemari dzinozivikanwa (mapepa akavanzika), uye upeyi husitongo. Kuchengetwa kwoMutemo kunofanira nguva dzose kuvandudza unyanzvi hwawo hwemhiko dzawo nezvokushandisa zvapamutemo (g., magwaro nokuda kwemitezo yemagetsi).
  • juristication Conflicts[[FL:1]: Federal, hurumende, uye masangano omunzvimbomo pane dzimwe nguva anobonderana pamusoro pokuti ndiani anofanira kunzvera kana kuti kupomera mhaka, kuchitungamirira kukunyora kana kuti kupotsa. Masimba ebasa akabatana anoedza kuderedza ikoku.
  • Miuyo isingadzorwi: Mitemo yakasanorangarirwa inogona kutungamirira kurumano. Somuenzaniso, mitongo yakakomba nokuda kwemhosva dzemirimo yakaparirwa kuukuru. Kuchinja seFost Step Act (2088) donzo kushandura miitiro yakadaro.

Zvingagadziriswa uye Kuchinjwa Kwezvinhu

Nyika Yose: Kuenzanisa Masangano Ezvemutemo

Kunyange zvazvo nyaya ino ichinyanya kutaura nezvegadziriro yeUnited States, zvinobatsira kunzwisisa dzimwe nzira:

  • .Parliament Systems (umh. United Kingdom, India): Mukuru mukuru (kabhinet) anotorwa kudare remitemo, naizvozvo zvikwereti zvinopfuvura nokukurumidza zvikuru. Mutungamiriri wehurumende anodzora chaizvoizvo kupfuura.
  • Chivil Law Systems (g., France, Germany, Japan): Mitemo inobatanidzwa mubumbiro remitemo; mienzaniso yedare ine simba rinobatira zvishoma kupfuura mirau. Kumanikidza kunoitwa navachuchisi vane unyanzvi namasangano okutarisira.
  • Mitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeMitemo yeCummon (muremo, U.S.K., Australia): Vatongi vanogadzira mienzaniso inosunga kupfurikidza nezvisarudzo zvedare. Mitemo yakawanda inodudzirwa kupfurikidza nomutemo wemhosva. Kudzosera kunobva mumashoko enhau.
  • Tsitsiro dzeHybrid [ (umh., South Africa, Quebec): Kubatanidza zvinhu zvetsika dzakasiana - siana. Somuenzaniso, South Africa inobatanidza mutemo weRoma neDutch nomutemo weChirunguwo zvawo.

Kunzwisisa misiyano iyi kunobatsira vaiti vemitemo nevagari vemo kuti vanzwisise simba uye kusava nesimba kwegadziriro yavo pachavo.

Mugumisiro: Nei Izvi Zvichikosha

Rwendo rwomutemo kubva kupfungwawo zvayo kuenda kumutemo unomanikidzirwa womufambiro irefu, wakaoma, uye wakazara necheki nedzinodzikama. Chikamu chiri chose (kuvambira pakutonga kwedare kusvikira kutendero yavakuru, kubvira pamapurisa kusvikira kukutonga kwedare) chinopa mikana yokuvimbisana kwavose nokuzvidavirira. Savagari vemo, kunzwisisa iyi miitiro kunotipa simba rokutora rutivi nenzira inobudirira, kutsigira chinjo, uye kuita kuti vatungamiriri vedu vave nomutoro. Vadzidzi nevadzidzi, zivo iyi haina kurondedzerwa; inheyo yokuziva, kuva vagari vemo vanoshingaira. Kupfurikidza nokunzwisisa nzira iyo mitemo inoitwa nayo, inorevererwa zvakanaka, inojeka, uye inoshanda munzanga.