Table of Contents

Pesvedzero Inopfuurira Yehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo Pamatongerwe Enyika Erudzi muJapan

Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika yeJapan inowanzoratidzirwa nokudzora kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) pamwero worudzi uye gadziriro yehurumende yapakati zvikuru. Zvisinei, ichi mufananidzo wakakwirira unodzika unodzika unodzikadzika kuvanza kubatana kukuru uye kwapamugumisiro pakati pehurumende dzomunzvimbomo((mataundi, mataundi, uye misha.) uye misha. Zviremera zvemo zvehurumende muJapan hazvisi zvikamu zvehurumende zvehurumende zvepakati chete; iko kunzvera kwemiitiro yemiitiro, zvikuvadziko nokuda kwokubuda kwetare rezvamatongerwe enyika, uye zvirongwa zvemurangariro wavose uyo unogona kudzora mativi makuru ezvikamu zvorudzi. Kunzwisisa ichi chiteshi chapasi chepesvedzero chepesvedzero yehurumende yenyika kunokosha yeJapan, kurangarira kuti chengetekanzanga yenzanga ive nzanga. Nyaya ino ino ino inoita kuti ive mamiriro ehurumende, uye mamiriro ezvinhu chaiwo enyika anoratidzirwa sei, kupfurikidza nemitemo yenyika.

Mubato Webumbiro reMitemo Nerapamutemo Weautonomy Yomunzvimbomo

Japan yapashure pehondo, yakaitwa muna 1947, inovimbisa zvakajeka nheyo yezvigadziko zvomunzvimbomo. Ganhuro VIII (Articles 922995) inogadza nheyo yapamutemo nokuda kwokuzvishandisa amene masangano avose omunzvimbomo, ichiapa chiremera chokutarisira nhau dzawo amene, kuisa mitemo, uye kusarudza vakuru vakuru vavo namagungano. Nzvimbo yenzvimbo dzinogara pamwero mukurusa. Inoita kuti vaedzedze kubvisa aya magadziriro, vachirondedzera mabasa ehurumende nemitemo yavose yomunzvimbomo.” Iyi shambiso yapamutemo inogovera hurumende dzomunzvimbomo nomwero wakati kuti dzive masangano asingazivikanwi.

Maruwa Nenzvimbo Dzamabhazi: Kupesana Bva Mabasa Anobatanidzwa

Chivako chokutarisira chomunzvimbomo cheJapan chine 47 mapurisa (kubatanidza Tokyo Metropolitan Government) uye anenge matura 1 700. Maruwa anobata nhau dzomunharaunda dzakafara zvakadai semapurisa, dzidzo, uye nzvimbo dzemonements (apo makambani anotarisira mabasa enzanga akadai sokuraswa kwetsvina, kurongwa kweguta, uye garikano huru). Pasinei zvapo nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoramba dzichitsamira zvikuru pamipiro yehurumende yapakati yemitero nemigove yemitero, izvo zvinoparira kusawirirana pakati pezviito zvomunzvimbomo nerusarirano. Uku kuoma kuri chaizvoizvo uko pesvedzero yomunzvimbomo pamatongerwe enyika yorudzi kazhinji kazhinji inowanika: apo hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinodzorera kumiitiro yenyika kana kuti mapiona matsva anosvika masimba makuru kuti aite.

Michina Yepesvedzero Yomunzvimbomo Pazvikamu Zvenyika

Panzvimbo pezvo, dzinoshandisa mubatanidzwa wematurusi epamutemo, ezvematongerwe enyika, uye enzanga kuumba zvirongwa zvemapoka enyika.

Kuedza Kushandisa Mitemo Nokusiyana

Rimwe remiitiro ine simba zvikurusa i “basa rehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu”. Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo, zvikurukuru idzo dzinotungamirirwa namagavhuna anochinja kana kuti meya, dzinowanzoshandisa miitiro mitsva iyo inoreva zvinodikanwa zvomunzvimbomo asi inoshandawo sechiratidzo chemienzaniso yazvinoparirwa. Kana kuedza uku kunobudisa budiriro inoyevedza yakadai seburi rinoderedzwa, utano hwechinyakare, kana kuti kugutsikana kukuru kwevagari vemo kunoitwa nevagari vemo. Gadziriro yokubuda kwemasangano inogona kuitika nenzira yakarongwa, kupfurikidza nematare emitemo anofunda kubudirira kwomunzvimbomo, kana kuti namasanga, kupfurikidza nezvinobudisa nhau zvinosimudzira nhano dzoukuru hwomunzvimbomo.

Kudyisa uye Kunyengera Kunoitwa Nesangano Renyika

Vatungamiriri vehurumende yomunzvimbomo vakazvironga vamene kuva mapoka ane simba okushanda. National Garmars’s Association (NGA), National Association of Cities, uye National Association of Towns and Villages vanobudisa zvikarakadzo zvemiitiro nguva dzose, kubata zvikumbiro navakuru vakuru vehurumende venyika, uye kukumbira zvakananga Diet. Idzi songaniro hadzisi mugadziriro asi dzezvamatongerwe enyika zvikuru mukushanda; dzinogona kushandisa dzvinyiriro yeboka iyo pasina hurumende imwe yomunzvimbomo ingagona kuwana iri yoga. Somuenzaniso, NGA yave ichishandiswa mukusimudzira kugadziridza kwehurumende yenyika uye miitiro yokutarisira njodzi. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika, anoda kuchengeta tsigiro kubva kuvatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vanoshandisa zvirongwa zvemichina, kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa zvikarakadzo izvi muzvikuva zvavo.

Kuchinja Mafungiro Avanhu Nemasangano Ezvinobudisa Nhau Nevagari Vemo

Mitemo yomunzvimbomo inonzwika navavhoti inogona kuchinja hurukuro yavose ndokuita dzvinyiriro yavavhoti pamapati enyika. Apo mutongi akafanana naKochi anotora purogiramu yedzidzo yepachena kana kuti guta rakadai seYokohama inoshandisa zvishandiso zvinodenha zvokubvisa carbon, idzi nhau dzinotorwa nezvinobudisa nhau dzenyika. Vagari vanoona betsero dzinooneka mune dzimwe nyika, vanotanga kuraira miitiro yakafanana munyika yose. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anogamuchira matanho aya akakurumbira kukwezva vavhotera. Mupfungwa iyi, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoshanda sezvirongwa zvecarbon - reams, dzichishandisa zviito zvavo zvemitemo kuumba mashoko ekurukurirano yenyika.

Fundo Yenhau Yacho: Kubva Pakuchinja Kwomunzvimbomo Kuenda Kumutemo Wenyika

Mitemo inoverengeka yeJapan yakatanga nokuedza kwakaitwa munzvimbo iyoyo.

Simba Rinomutsidzirwa: Kubva kuLocal Solar Farms Kuenda kuNational Seading in Taffice

Mukutanga kwama 2000, chikamu chesimba rinomutsidzirwa cheJapan chakava seri kweEurope. Zvikamu zvinoverengeka zvesimba zvakatanga kuita mabasa ezuva nemhepo, zvichibatana neyakati yomunzvimbomo uye kupa mari. Guta reIida muNagano Prefecture rakava chiratidzo chenyika chekusimudzirwazve kwesimba romunzvimbomo, kukwezva kufunda kunobva kune dzimwe nyika negadziriro dzemitemo yenyika. NGA, zvakabatana nokudzosa purogiramu yeITPP yakaparira tsigiro yesimba rinomutsidzira. Pakazosvika 2009, DPJ-FFFF, zvakatanga kupiwa zvokudya zvakawanda zvikuru nechirongwa cheBP pashure pesimba.

Kutarisira Vakwegura: Kutanga Kunotungamirira Kuinishuwarenzi Yekutarisira Yenguva Refu

Chiverengero chavagari veJapan chokukwegura chaida kurangarirwazve kukuru kwetarisiro yavakuru. Imba yeSalm-Ter Care Inshuwarence (LTCI) isati yatangwa muna 2000, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinoverengeka, kubatanidza nzvimbo yeTokyo yemishana yeMitaka neguta reYokohama, zvakanga zvatogadzira “Sangano remari reSangano reSangano reMakore ra1990 revagari vemo. Vakwegura vainyanyotsigirwa nemitero yomunharaunda yavo uye mipiro yokuzvidira. Zvirongwa izvi zvakaedza netarisiro yezvokutarisira imba, masangano edzimba, uye nzvimbo dzenzanga. Hurumende yenyika ye“ Gold" ye 1990 yemite yemitengo. Hurumende yenzvimbo yekwazvomugariro yehurumende yenzvimbo iyoyo. LCI, zvinova muridziyo wemitengo wetsika yenzanga dzenzanga dzenzanga, inongova zvakananga nezvinodiwa negadziriro zvehurumende zvenyika dzose.

Kuchinja Kunoita Zvinhu: Kuda Kuwana Munzvimbo Dziri Kuitwa Autonomy

Kwamakumi amakore, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakanyunyuta pamusoro pe “mabasa anogoverwa” (kikan iku jimu) iyo yakavagombedzera kuita mabasa ehurumende apakati pasina tsigiro yakakwana. Muma1990, magavhuna akafanana naMasayoshi Takemura weKyoto akatungamirira boka rokuramba kudzorwa kwechinzvimbo chehurumende muTokyo. Chinjo dzavo dzakaiswa musangano renyika nokuda kwokuzvidzora. Muuyo wacho “Trinity Reformations” (200,2006), iyo yakaderedza mutengo mukuru apo kukura kwemitero yomunzvimbomo yaidzorwa, yakanga iri mhinduro yakananga kurumbidzo rwehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Kunyange zvazvo chinjo yacho yakanga isina kukwana uye yakashatiswa, vakaratidzira kuzivikanwa nemapoka enyika.[9] syn PLD] yavanhu vomunzvimbomo vaitsigira kurangarira uku kudzokorodza kukuru zvikuru.

Mienzaniso Yenguva Ino: Hurumende Dzomunzvimbomo Samapiona Anotonga

Mutoo wehurumende dzomunzvimbomo unoumba miitiro yebato rorudzi unopfuurira nhasi kugura minda yakasiyana - siyana.

Kudzivirira Njodzi Nokuchinja Kwemamiriro Ezvinhu

Pashure peRa 2011 Great Japan High Svoking, hurumende dzomunharaunda dzinobatanidza Iwate naMiyagi vadzori venjodzi, dzakagadzirira njodzi itsva dzakadai seshongwe dzakakwidzwa dzenzvimbo dzokuburukira nokugadzira mepu dzine ngozi. Guta reMimisanzariku rakagadzira “gadziriro yokudzimisa kubuda kwetsunami . iyo yakazoshandiswa sechiratidzo chenyika paPureat and Disagement Agement. Nguva pfupi yapfuura, hurumende dzomunzvimbomo mumadokero kweJapan (g., Okama neHiroshima) dzakatungamirira mukuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, ichishandisa zvirongwa zvakadai semasvokorobhureferi uye mabhandiro egiringi omuguta kuti agadzirire ngozi. Hurumende yenyika ino inoumba kuchinja mamiriro okuchinja mamiriro ezvinhu echikachadenga, mu20181818, yapamhine dzimwe nzira dzehurumende, zvikurukuru, Kometo yeProvitiko yeHurumende yeHurumende yeNyika yenzvimbo ino.

Kuenzana Kwevanhu Vane Chinetso uye Kuchinja Kwavanoita Basa

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakafambisawo purogiramu yeJapan inononoka kubvisa chiyero chevatano. Tokyo Metropolitan Government, pasi paGavhuna Yurikoike, yakasuma mipimo yevatano yapamutemo nokuda kwamatare ayo okutungamirira uye yakatanga purogiramu yokunzvera vana yakarongwa muna 2017. Guta reTotoyo muAichi Prefecture rakatanga gadziriro yakakwana yokusimudzira kutora rutivi kwavakadzi mukuita chisarudzo chomunzvimbomo, kubatanidza rovedzo nokupa purogiramu dzokurangarira. Uku kuedza kwomunzvimbomo kwakapesvedzera “Masimba aVakadzi” uye mutemo 2020 unoda makambani makuru kuzivisa zvikamu zvevatano. Nepo fambiro wenyika yose ichiri usina kufanira, kusimudzira nguva dzose ganhuriro youviri nokugovera ufakazi hwokuenzana kwevatano.

Kuchinja kwemadhigirii: Kugadzirwa kweE-Government yomunzvimbomo

Kuchinja kwemitemo yeJapan (DX) mukutarisira vanhu kwakasundwa nehurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzakavhiringidzwa nemiitiro yepepa yekare. Guta reFukuoka, somuenzaniso, rakatanga bhajeti repaIndaneti nokuda kwemitero yavagari vemo, kubatanidza mitero nemiitiro yekireshi, kuderedza nguva dzokumirira “Nhamba Yangu” semaminiti. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kuvaka nzvimbo inovhura purojeti iyo inobvumira vagari vemo kuti varongedze mari inotengwa munguva chaiyoiyo. Iyi budiriro yomunzvimbomo yakazivisa zvakananga “Digal Agency yenyika yenyika" uye kuendesa kwehurumende“ Chiverengero Changu” sechidhi chenyika yose. Masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika ari kumativi ose zvino panhindivarwi ehurumende, asi mienzaniso yezvingawanikwa neDX inokwanisa kubuda kubva mukutungamirira kwomunzvimbomo.

Matambudziko uye Kusava Nezvakawanda Zvaunogona Kuita

Pasinei nenyaya idzi dzokubudirira, ukama huri pakati pehurumende dzenyika nehurumende dzenyika dzakawanda hwakazara nezvipingamupinyi zvinotadzisa kudzora nyika.

Madanho Okuzvivimba Nenyika

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzinovimba ne40% yemari yadzo yose pakutamisirwa kwehurumende yepakati, zvichiita kuti dzive noutachiona kumanikidzirwa kwemitengo. Kunyange apo nhano yomunzvimbomo inobvumikisa kuva inobudirira, kungasaenzana nemhaka yokuti mabasa makuru anoramba kudzorwa negadziriro yemari. Uyezve, mapoka amarudzi anowanzoisa “kupesvedzesa” mutemo unoisa mutemo wetsika womunzvimbomo munzira dzinodzivisa kuvandudziko inopfuutsa. Somuenzaniso, pashure pokunge kupiwa kwezvokudya zvenyika, uchenjeri hwomunharaunda hwokumupindutsiridza simba hwakabviswa zvikuru, kudzorwa kuhurumende yepakati. Iyi inokarakadza kuti pesvedzero yomunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji mukati nhambo yemapurogiramu inogadzirwa asi inoderera mukati nhambo yokugadzirwa.

Chirango Cheboka Rezvamatongerwe Enyika Nokutsigira

Mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan, zvikurukuru LDP, anochengeta udzori hwakasimba pamusoro pokusarudza mutezo negadziriro. Mapazu ebato omunzvimbomo kazhinji kazhinji ane udzori hwakaganhurirwa, uye vakuru vakuru vomunzvimbomo (vatungamiriri vebato, meya) vanowanzofamba savazvimiriri kana kuti netsinhiro dzezita bedzi. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kunyange vatungamiriri vomunzvimbomo vatsva vangarwisa kupesvedzera muitiro wenyika yebato nomutoo wakananga; mifungo yavo inofanira kurangarirwa namadzitateguru enyika anonzwira tsitsi. Kubudisa kwenhungamiro yebato nezvinodzokorodza kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kudzoserazve mutemo, kuchikuita kuti kuve kwakaoma kuti hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzitsigire nhizha refu dzechikwata chevo.

Kusaenzana Kwemaruwa Nokusaenzana Kwematongerwe Enyika

Hadzisi hurumende dzose dzomunzvimbomo dzine pesvedzero yakaenzana. Hurukuro, dzinowanda zvikuru (Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi) dzinoraira ngwariro huru kumativi enyika kupfuura maruwa okumaruwa, kubvisa. Mitemo inobudirira inobva ku “muenzaniso” inowanzova inodzokororwa, asi murairo wokuderedza kana kuti kuderera kwenharaunda dzeruwa (kwakadai sokuderedza mipimo inorwisana, mari inobhadharwa, kana kuti kudzorwa kwezvokufambisa kunogona kubviswa. Iyi mitoo inodzora kutsika yezvinoitika zvomunzvimbomo zvinoumba nyika, nepo zvinodikanwa zvenharaunda dzakaderera zvikuru zvichifuratirwa. Mapati eNational, anoziva nharaunda dzezvivhoti dzeguta, anowanzopindura nokukurumidza zvikuru kubva kuhurumende dzine simba dzomunzvimbomo, kudzokorodza nyika dzinodzorwa mumitezo.

Mikana Yokuwedzera Kurukura

Pasinei nezvipingamupinyi izvi, pane nzira dzokusimbisa nadzo kubvumirana kwakanaka kuri pakati pehurumende dzenyika nemapoka emarudzi.

Madare Emitemo Enzvimbo Yomunyika Nemasangano Akabatana

Masangano anoitwa kuti aunganidze nzvimbo dzinoitirwa mabasa makuru, nhengo dzeDiet, uye vamiririri vehurumende yomunzvimbomo vanogona kuronga gadziriro yokudzidza. “Council on Local Government Mecale” iripo zvino muenzaniso mumwe, asi inonangidzira ngwariro panhau dzenhau dzepanyika. Makurukota anofukidza garikano, mhoteredzo, kana kuti muitiro wemiitiro yetsika yavanhu anogona kuronga kuparadzirwa kwemiitiro yemunharaunda. LDP’s “Headcartres for Local Creation” inhano murutivi urwu, asi inoramba iri muitiro wenguva dzose, zvichida wakafanana neGermany yeBoundrat-s commotion panhau dzomunzvimbomo, ingagona kuita muitiro worudzi rwokubudirira zvikuru kunzvera kwomunzvimbomo.

Maneseji Okudzidza Mitemo Nokushandira Pamwe Kwenzvimbo Dzakabatana

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo dzimene dzinogona kusimbisa pesvedzero yadzo kupfurikidza nokuumba mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yakananga panzvimbo dzakananga. “Japan Local Renodefication Energy Network” uye“ Dare reNyika reMaguta nokuda kweMafuta” mienzaniso yesonganiro okuzvidira ayo anogoverana miitiro yakanakisisa uye kubatira pamwe nokuda kwechinjo dzenyika. Iyi mibatanidzwa inoderedza mashoko seakaenzana pakati pevatambi vomunzvimbomo navatambi vorudzi, uye inoita inzwi rakabatana iro mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika asingagoni kufuratira. Kukurudzira masangano akadaro kupfurikidza nokutsigira nyika yose zvakaenzana zvingaparira pesvedzero yomunzvimbomo pasina kudzorwa kukuru.

Kuchinja Kweboka Nezvechitendero

Pakupedzisira, chinjo hurusa yaizobva mugadziridzo dzevhiyi nebato idzo dzinowedzera ukoshi hwenhau dzomunzvimbomo munhimbe dzenyika. Kupinza mativi omufananidzo unobvumira marusando omunzvimbomo, kana kuti kusimbisa basa remaganhuro ezvikamu zvehurumende, kungagona kuva nechokwadi chokuti budiriro dzemiitiro yomunzvimbomo dzinotuswa mukati megadziriro yebato. Mamwe mapoka, kufanana neJapan communistism Party, anotosimbisa nhimbe dzomunzvimbomo, asi mamwe anoramba ari marumbiso. Kuchinja kudiro yomunzvimbomo zvikuru kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo kupfurikidza nomuzvarirwo kupfurikidza nomuzvarirwo kuchaparira miitiro yomunzvimbomo kupinda mumarusando yorudzi.

Mupeto: Basa Risingakodzerwi Rehurumende Dzomunzvimbomo muHurumende yeJapan Yehurumende Dzinodzora

Hurumende dzomunzvimbomo muJapan dzinopfuura zvikuru zvirongwa zvokutungamirira. Izvo imitezo inoshingaira mumuitiro wezvamatongerwe enyika, ichiumba zvirongwa zvemiitiro zvamabato amarudzi kupfurikidza nokuedza, kupesvedzera, uye pesvedzero yavose. Kuvambira pasimba rinomutsidzirwa kutarisiro yavakuru, kubva kudziviriro kwengwavaira kusvikira kuhurumende yemagariro, zvizhinji zvemibato yakatanhamara yeJapan zvine miuyo mikuru mukuedza kwomunzvimbomo. Chokwadi, ukama ndehwekudzora kwemari (*) uye kudzora kwebato kwemari nerechikwata. Zvikamu zvinoziva simba romunzvimbomo zvomunzvimbomo zvomunzvimbomo nejekamikoro zviri nani. Sezvo Japan inonangana nezvinetso zvakaoma sokuderera kwetsika, kuchinja, uye kuvandudza kwenzvimbo, simba rehurumende dzomunzvimbomo rokuita zvigadziko itsva uye kudziisa mune zvematongerw enyika zvichava zvinokosha zvikuru. Matongerwe enyika achiziva nokudzika kwoumambo simba iri pasi penyika kuti ive ipfuure zvakanaka. Matongerwe ehurumende enyika munyika yose ari munyika yose anodzokororongedzerwa kudzo.