United States Constitution inomira segwaro rehwaro rakaumba kuzivikanwa kwenyika nokudzora kwamazana amakore anopfuura maviri. Pakati pemisoro yayo mizhinji, dzikano pakati porusununguko nokuenzana inoramba iri imwe yenyanduko dzinopfuurira zvikurusa nedzinoparira muAmerican democracy. Nyaya inonzvera kuti Bumbiro remitemo rinonangidzira sei iyi mirangariro miviri, mhindumupindu yenhau yekurukurirano dzavo, uye mirangariro inopfuurira nokuda kwenzanga nhasi.

Rusununguko nokuenzana zvinowanzorondedzerwa sezvinhu zviviri zvekuedza kweAmerica, bva kazhinji kazhinji zvinopinza munzira dzakasiyana. Rusununguko runosimbisa uzvitutumadza hwomunhu mumwe nomumwe nedzokupindira kwakaganhurirwa kwehurumende, nepo uenzani huchiraira kuti vanhu vose vagamuchire kubatwa kumwe cheteko nemikana pasi pomutemo. Bumbiro reMitemo, kupfurikidza norugwaro rwaro rwapakuvamba, Bill of Rights, uye gadziridzo dzinotevera, rinogovera gadziriro yokufambisa uku kuoma. Zvisinei, dzikamo chaiyoiyo haina kutongogadzwa; inochinja nedudziro yetsika dzokuvamba kwechizvarwa chimwe nechimwe uye namaidi enzanga ezuva.

Kunzwisisa uku kuenzana kunoda kunzvera nzira iyo Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira nayo rusununguko, nzira yarinosimudzira nayo kuenzana, uko iyi mipimo inorwisana, uye kuti matare navaiti vemitemo vakaedza sei kuiyananisa. zvikamu zvinotevera zvinoputsa uku kukura, zvichishandisa gadziridzo huru, zvisarudzo zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa, uye nharo dzapanguva ino dzinopfuurira kurondedzera mutemo wemitemo weAmerica.

Kuumbwa Kwebumbiro reMitemo Rorusununguko

Rusununguko, runowanzorumbidzwa sechinhu chinokosha chemipimo yeAmerica, runosimbiswa mugadziriro dzapakuvamba dzeBumbiro remitemo, Bill of Rights, uye gare gare kugadziridzwa. Vagadziri, vaikweva zvikuru uzivi hweNjereso neruzivo rwavo rwoutongi hweBritain, vakagadzira gadziriro inoisa rusununguko rwomunhu oga mukurwisana nehurumende yakasarirwa. Mativi eBumbiro reMitemo yeMitemo yeChikostiname / $(kuparadza masimba, chisaiti, zvinonzvera nedziyo dzechinoyera (jerefu) semutsetse wokutanga wedziviriro yorusununguko kupfurikidza nokubvisa chiremera uye kuiomera zvikuru sangano ripi neripi kuti ritsoromeredze maruramiro omunhu oga.

Bhizi Rekodzero Dzevanhu

Kugadziridzwa kwegumi kwokutanga, kwakasimbiswa muna 1791, kwakadonongodza zvakajeka dziviriro dzorusununguko rwomunhu oga.Idzi dziwiro dzakanga dziri muuyo wokubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwezvamatongerwe enyika pakati pavaFederalist, avo vakadavira Bumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba rakadzivirira zvakakwana rusununguko, uye Anti-Fedalist, avo vakaraira vimbiso dzakajeka.

  • Amendment yekutanga: inovimbisa rusununguko rwokutaura, rudzidziso, pepanhau, gungano, uye chikumbiro. Inowanzorangarirwa kuva chinhu chinokosha zvikurusa cherusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo, sezvo inodzivirira mano evagari vemo kutsoropodza hurumende yavo uye kutsigira chinjo.
  • COMYS] COUMENTI: inodzivirira maruramiro okuchengeta nokutakura zvombo, rusununguko urwo Dare Rapamusorosoro riri mu Diformation of Columbia v. Heller [2008] yakadudzirwa sekodzero yomunhu oga isina kubatanidzwa nebasa rezvehondo.
  • Furth Amendment: Inodzivirira pakunzvera kusina mufungo nepfari, inoda kuti mutemo urambidzwe kuwana magwaro akavakirwa pachingabvira. Iyi gadziridzo yave iri chinhu chikuru kukurukurirano dzazvino uno pamusoro pezvakavanzika munhambo yemitengo.
  • Fith Amendment: inovimbisa maruramiro kumuitiro wakafanira, inodzivirira pakusazvidzora, uye inodzivisa ngozi dzakapetwa kaviri. Muitiro wakafanira weFishanu Amendment unoshanda kuhurumende yehurumende uye wave uri motokari yokubatanidza Bill of Rightsss pahurumende.
  • [[FLT: 0] mepurement yereshipiti: Bheibhero rakawandisa, faindi yakawandisa, uye zvirango zvoutsinye nezvisiri zvenguva dzose. Iyi nyaradzo inopfuurira kuparira rondedzero inokosha munharaunda dzakadai semigariro yetorongo nechirango chorufu.

Kugadziriswa Kwezvibvumirano Zvehondo Zvakapera uye Dzidziso Yokusapindira

Reconstations(magadzirirwo echi13, rechigumi namana, ne 15th) zvakaita zvinopfuura kufutunura kuenzana; zvakagoverawo hwaro hutsva hwebumbiro remitemo hwokudzivirira rusununguko. Ropanoro dzeKineineth kana kuti Immunities Clausse neGraate Exchange Claus yakava matare okushandisa Bill of Rights kuhurumende kupfurikidza nedzidziso yeko. Kuvamba ne Gitlow v. New York[FLD:] [1925], Dare rapamusoro-kamwe rakarangarira kuti zvizhinjisase zvezvipikirwa zvakananga muBill of Rights zvinoshanda kuhurumende yomunzvimbomo pamwe chete nehurumende yomunzvimbomo.

Uku kukura kwerusununguko rwebumbiro remitemo kwakanga kusiri kwokukurumidza kana kuti kwokuzviitikira. Kwakatora makumi amakore erwisano yenzanga kuti kusimbise kuti nyika hadzigoni kuisa rusununguko rwokutaura, kushandisa kwakasununguka kworudzidziso, maruramiro ezano, kana kuti rumwe rusununguko rwapakati. Muitiro wokubatanidza unoramba uchipfuurira; somuenzaniso, Amendement yeChipiri haina kubatanidzwa zvizere mukurwisana nenyika kutozosvikira McDonald v. Chicago (2010]).

Kodzero Dzisina Kupiwa uye Maitiro Akakodzera

Bumbiro reMitemo harina kuronga nokuronga rusununguko rwose. Pession inotaura zvakajeka kuti kunyorwa kwekodzero dzakati "hakungasarangarirwa kuva kwokuramba kana kuti kuparadzanisa vamwe vanochengetwa navanhu. Iyi yave iri nheyo yokuziva rusununguko rusina kurongwa rwakadai sekodzero yokuva woga, kodzero yokuroora, uye kodzero yokuita zvisarudzo zvomunhu oga. Grislold v. Connecticut[[FL:1] (65), Dare rapamusoro rakaratidzira kodzero yemitemo yekodzero yokuva woga yomuchato, uye [[FLT:] . [FLT]bergefell] [2] .[FLT]

Zvisarudzo izvi zvinoratidza kuti kudzivirira kweBumbiro reMitemo rorusununguko hakurevi kure. Sezvo nzwisiso yenzanga ichichinja, matare anozivisa mwero mitsva yorusununguko urwo vagadziri vemichina yemitemo vangave vasina kurangarira zvakananga asi inowirirana nenheyo dzakafara dzechinyorwa chacho.

Kuumbwa kweBumbiro reMitemo Rokuenzana

Kuenzana, nepo kusingatanhamari muBumbiro reMitemo rapakuvamba 1787, kwazova ukoshi hukuru hwebumbiro remitemo kupfurikidza nokugadziridzwa nokududzirwa kwedare. Rusununguko rweBumbiro remitemo rapakuvamba kuuranda nokundikano yaro kuvimbisa maruramiro akaenzana nokuda kwavanhu vose zvinomirira kutsauka kukuru panheyo dzeChirevo cheKuzvimirira. Kuchinja kwakatevera uye mutemo wekodzero dzavagari vemo zvinomirira nhamburiko inopfuurira kuyananisa miitiro yenyika nemitemo yayo yakavambwa.

Kugadziridza Kunoita Zvinhu uye Chipikirwa Chokuva Mugari Wemunyika Akaenzana

Hondo yeChizvarwa neReconstruction yakashandura zvikurukuru ukama hweBumbiro reMitemo kuva hwakaenzana. It 13th Amendment (1865) yakabvisa uranda; IPramende ye 144th (1868) yakatanga kuva mugari woudangwe ndokuvimbisa dziviriro yakaenzana yemitemo; uye Amendement yechi15 (1870) yakarambidza rusaruro rwedzinza mukuvhota. Uku kuchinja kutatu pamwe chete kunomirira chinjo yebumbiro remitemo, kuchibvisa nheyo yokuenzana zvakananga mumutemo mukuru worudzi.

  • Foundation Applicale: `Hapana Hurumende icharamba munhu upi noupi ari musimba rayo kudzivirirwa kwakaenzana kwemitemo." Chitsama ichi chave chiri chinhu chikuru chokufambira mberi kuenzana muUnited States, chakashandiswa kudenha dzinza, rusaruro rwechikadzi, uye mamwe marudzi okubata kusina muganhu wakaenzana.
  • menduru yeMitemo yeChibvumirano chaManeti aidiwa neClaus: Zvikurukuru zvakabatanidzwa norusununguko, Chiitiko chaClaus chakashandiswawo kufambisira mberi kuenzana kupfurikidza nokuda kuti mitemo ishandiswe zvakanaka uye nguva dzose kuvanhu vose. Dare rapamusoro rakati SCHENGED S Procession Clause rinobatanidza "rusarudzo rwendangariro" rutivi runopamhiro kana kuti kurapa kwechidhisikidzo.

Pasinei zvapo neiyi gadziridzo, chipikirwa chokuenzana chakazadzikwa zvikuru nokuda kwerinodokusvika zana ramakore nemhaka yedudziro nhete yeDare Gurusa mu Cases-Imba (1873] [183]) uye kubuda kweJim Crow Confution. Chisarudzo cheDare mu [[FLT:] Preves.[ (186] [1866]) chinotsigira "Tambo yakaenzana" zvinobudirira kusarura dzinza. Yakatora Kodzero yeChibvumirano cheChibvumirano nechiratidzo chapamutemo mu [[FLT:] Brown. v V Education yeD [FFF] [FFF5] [5] [195]

Gadziriro Dzekodzero Dzevamwe

Pashure pegadziriro yokuvakazve, gadziridzo nhatu dzakatevera dzakatambanudzira chipikirwa chokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kumapoka aisabatanidzwa pakutanga muruvara.

  • Ninetenth Amendment (1920):[[FLT: 1] Kurambwa kwamashoko ekodzero yokuvhota pahwaro hwevatano, kuchiguma namakumi amakore echiito chechiuto. Iyi bvumirano haina kungowedzera maruramiro matsva; yakashandura nzwisiso yokuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokuramba pfungwa yokuti kuva murume nemunhukadzi kungagona kururamisa kubvisa vatano.
  • [Mitero yeGenesi yeChina (1964): Mitero yokuvhota musarudzo yehurumende, kubvisa mhinganidzo yemari yakanga yashandiswa kubvisa vagari vemo vaiwana mari yakaderera, zvikurukuru vaAmerica veAfrica muSouth.
  • [Makumi maviri-tanhatu Amendment (1971): Yaderedza zera rokuvhota kusvikira ku 18, kuchitambanudzira kurusamisiro kuvakura vaduku vakanga vachiunganidzwa kuzorwa muHondo yeVietnam asi vaisagona kuvhota. Iyi mhedziso inoratidzira nheyo yokuti avo vanodzorwa nomutemo vanofanira kuva nenzwi mukusarudza vaiti vemitemo.

Kudzivirirwa Kwakaenzana Nomutemo Wazvino Uno Wokupokanidza

Kuyera Kudzivirira Claus kwakadudzirwa kuti kunoda mwero yakasiana- siyana yokuongorora kwedare zvichitsamira pamamiriro enhau. Marudzi anoongororwa zvakanyatsodzika.

Iyi gadziriro yakarongwa yakarongwa inoratidzira mutoo wakajeka weBumbiro reMitemo wokuenzana: kwete mitsaukano yose inorambidzwa, asi iyo yakavakirwa pamavara asingachinjiki kana kuti rusaruro rwenhau inoraira nzvero yokungwarira zvikuru yokutonga.

Kukakavadzana Kwakaberekwa Nako Pakati Porusununguko Nokurapa Kwakaenzana

Kuda kutaura kunogona kudzivirira kutaura kunokanganisa kubatwa kwakaenzana, uye mitemo yakagadzirirwa kutsigira kuenzana inogona kukanganisa rusununguko rwemunhu. Chikamu ichi chinoona kuti Dare Repamusorosoro rakarwisana sei nezvimwe zvisarudzo zvaro zvine gakava.

Fundo Dzapanhau Dzinoratidzira Kupesana Kworusununguko

Zviitiko zvinotevera zvinoenzanisira chinetso chinodzokororwazve chokuyananisa dziviriro dzakasimba nokuda kworusununguko rwomunhu nemisengwa yokuenzana nokusasarura.

  • [FLT][FULT:1] Citizens United v. Federal Enfation Commission (2010): Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti masangano namasangano ane kodzero imwe chetedzo dzokutaura pachena sevanhu vanopedza mari pakurukurirano dzezvamatongerwe enyika dzakazvimirira. Murangariro wavazhinji, wakanyorwa neMutongi Kennedy, wakasimbisa kuti Pendement inodzivirira rusununguko rwevakurukuri vose pasinei zvapo nechimiro chavo chesangano. Vatsoropote vakataura kuti chisarudzo chinozvidza kuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvumira upfumi hukuru kudzora dare. Mhaka inopfuurira kusimbisa kurukurirano pamusoro pezvirongwa zvemari zvokuvandudza uye dzikamo dzamatongerwo dzamatomutevedzero wavanhu vose.
  • [FLT][FLT] .Phelps (2011) Dare raidavira kuti Dare Rokutanga rakadzivirira Pendurement yeWestboro Baptist kodzero yokuita mhesva dzokudzivisa mariro echiuto. Chiratidzo chikuru Roberts akanyora kuti "Kupasa nhau dzeitiro hanya yavose... kuri pamwoyo pedziviriro yeFirst Amendment," kunyange apo kutaura ikoko kunogumbura uye kunoparira nhamo yendangariro. Chisarudzo chinosimbisa ukurumbidzo yekutaura kwapachena pamusoro pemhotoo yavanhu vanorwadza kana kuti vanovenga, kumutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti rusununguko rwakadini runofanira kutambanurira vamwe.
  • Macagen Thshop v. Colorado Civil Rights Commission (208): Dare rakadzivisa kupa chisarudzo chakafara pamusoro perwisano pakati perusununguko rwechitendero nemitemo inorwisana, panzvimbo pezvo kusarudza mhaka pamusoro penzvimbo dzakatetepa pamusoro pemhasha dzemishoni pamusoro pezvitendero zvorudzidziso. Zvisinei, nhau yacho yakazivisa mapoka makuru pamusoro pokuti muridzi webhizimisi kukutaura kwapachena uye kushandisa kworudzidziso kunogona kururamisa kuramba basa kuLGTQ+ vatengi. Chisarudzo chacho chinorega mibvunzo mikuru ichadzokera kuDare.
  • [FLT][1]303 Created LLC v. Elenis [2023] Dare rakasarudza kuti mugadziri weweb aisagona kugombedzerwa kuita maweb paweb yokuchengeta michato mimwe cheteyo yete, kuwana kuti mutemo wenzvimbo dzavose weColorado weFircorado wakaputsa kodzero yake yokutaura pachena. Murangariro weGormossworuzhinji haugoni kumanikidza mumwe munhu kutaura mashoko asingabvumirani, nepo kusabvumirana kuti chisarudzo chakashorwa mumuraudzo kumitemo inopesana nemitemo inopesana. Chino chakakomba chinomirira kumwe chete nowakananga pakati pokutaura kwakasununguka nemitemo.

Iyi nhau inoratidzira kuti kusawirirana pakati porusununguko nokuenzana hakusati kuri chinetso chokufungidzira asi denho inoshanda inopfuurira iyo matare anofanira kupedza nhau nenhau, kazhinji kazhinji nemiuyo inosvika kure nokuda kwenzanga.

Kwakabva Philosophic uye Nhau

Kunzwisisa mashoko akapoteredza enhau neouzivi eBumbiro reMitemo kunokosha kunzwisisa mhindumupindu yorusununguko nokuenzana muUnited States. Vagadziri vaipesvedzerwa navafungi vokuNzverwa vaisimbisa kodzero dzomunhu oga, rondedzero yenzanga, uye ukoshi hwehurumende kupfurikidza nokubvuma.

Pesvedzero Dzechiedza

Vazivi vaviri vanoratidzirwa savanopesvedzera zvikuru pakubata kweBumbiro roMutemo rusununguko nokuenzana.

  • John Locke: Murangariro wekodzero dzomusikirwo(v] upenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu) yakatanga hwaro hwouzivi hwezivi hweziviso yeKuzvimirira uye kudzivirirwa kweBumbiro reMitemo yorusununguko. Locke akataura kuti hurumende yepamutemo inotsamira pakubvumira kwevadzorwi uye kuti vanhu vanochengeta kodzero dzisingagoni kupiwa kuhurumende. Kupesvedzera kwake kunoonekwa mukusimbisa kweBumbiro reMitemo yemitemo pahurumende yakaganhurirwa uye muitiro wakafanira.
  • Montesquieu: Rondedzero yaBaron de Montesquieu yamasimba yakaumba zvikuru chimiro cheBumbiro reMitemo. Chibvumikiso chake chokuti rusununguko runochengetwa zvakanakisisa apo chibvumirano, zviremera, uye masimba okutonga zvinoparadzaniswa uye zvakadzikamiswa mugadziriro yeBumbiro remitemo.

Zviono Zvinounganidza Zvavanababa

Vagadziri veBumbiro reMitemo havana kugoverana vose chiono chimwe chetecho chorusununguko nokuenzana.

  • James Madison: Madison, anowanzonzi Baba veBumbiro reMitemo, akarevererwa nokuda kweBill of Rights kuti adzivirire rusununguko rwomunhu oga paudzvinyiriri hwakawanda. MuFederal Religist.No. 10, akataura kuti republic huru ingadzivirira zviri nani rusununguko kupfuura duku kupfurikidza nokudzikisa pesvedzero yezvikuru. Chiono chaMadison chakasimbisa dziviriro dzorusununguko uye chakanga chisingatendi utongi hwakananga.
  • [[FLT: 0] Alexander Hamilton:[[FLT: 1] Hamilton akasimbisa ukoshi hwehurumende yapakati yakasimba kuchengeta nhevedzano nokudzivirira maruramiro. MuFederalist No. 78, akataura kuti dare rakasununguka nesimba redare rokunzvera raizova rinokosha kudzivirira maruramiro avanhu panzvimbo yemitemo inodzorwa. Chiono chaHamilton chakaisa simba rakagadzirwa mumukuru mukuru mukuru mukuru nedzikamo mukutonga, pane dzimwe nguva pakurasikirwa nokutora rutivi kwakapararira kwakakurumbira.
  • Thomas Jefferson: Kunyange zvazvo yakanga isipo paKokorodzano, pesvedzero yaJefferson paBumbiro reMitemo yakanga yakura kupfurikidza nokunyorwa kwake kweChiziviso cheKuzvitonga uye kupiwa kwake chiremera nokuda kweBill of Rights. Chiono chaJefferson chorusununguko chakasimbisa kuzvivimba kwomunhu amene uye kusava nechokwadi kukuru kwesimba rakaumbwa, murangariro wakazivisa Anti-Federa comuscriquence cobumbiro reMitemo yakarongwa.

Iyi mifungo inokwikwidzana yakaumba rugwaro nechimiro zveBumbiro reMitemo, inoratidzira chishuvo chokuita hurumende iyo rusununguko rwakadzikama nokuenzana nepo ichibata nezvinodikanwa zvorudzi rwakasiana-- siyana uye runofutunuka. Kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwaisvika / kubatanidza kubvumirana pane zvisina kufanira kwenhanhatu kwakarangarira vanhu vakasungwa kuva vanhu vatatu vomunhu nokuda kwezvinangwa .___Kuratidzira musiyano pakati pezvido zvevagadziri nezvidikanwa zvenguva yavo.

Hondo Dzava Kurwiwa

Panyaya dzakadai sokubvuma, kodzero dzokutarisirwa kweutano, kodzero dzokuvhota, uye kutsigira mari yemari yezvirongwa zvinoramba zvichiitwa, nyaya dzinonzi LGBTQ, dzinoratidza kuti vanhu vanobvuma kubuda muhondo, uye kuti vanoramba vachirwisa kuti vawane pfungwa dzose dziri kukurumidza kuchinja.

Chiito Chinosimbisa uye Banza Redzidzo

Mitemo inosimbisa inoda kurangarira kusaenzana kwenhau kupfurikidza nokurangarira rudzi sechinhu chimwe mukubvuma zvisarudzo, asi inomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pasi peSupreme Ecult Protection Claus v. Harvard [2002], Dare rakagumisa nenzira inobudirira kunzvera kwakananga, kunoda kuti vabatire fariro inomanikidzira uye kuva vanogadzirirwa zvishoma kuti vawane fariro iyoyo. Mu [[FLT: 0]] Sangano reFair Adgictss v. Harvard [2002], Dare rakagumisa nenzira inobudirira chiito chedzinza chinorevererwa mudzidzo yakakwirira, richiita kuti zvirongwa zvokubvuma paHarvard neYunivhesiti yeNorth Carolina zvakaty Claus.

Chisarudzo ichi chinomirira chinjo inokosha mukuita kwedare kukuenzana kwedzinza, chichisimbisa kusaziva ruvara pamusoro pedonzo rokururamisa iro rakaruramisa chiito chokubvuma kare. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti chisarudzo chichasekesa kusaenzana kwemarudzi uye kunyanyisa, nepo vatsigiri vachipikisa kuti chinodzorera nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yokuti vanhu vanofanira kutongwa nemavara avo, kwete rudzi rwavo. Kuoma kuri pano pakati pechiono chinotarisisa mberi chouenzani hunoedza kupedza rusaruro rwakare nechiono chakarongwa chokuenzana chinodzivisa dzinza rose.

LGBTQ+ Kodzero Nerusununguko Rworudzidziso

Kumanikidza kodzero dzakaenzana nokuda kweLGBTQ+ vanhu vakawiriraniswa kazhinji kazhinji nezvinotaurwa zvorusununguko rworudzidziso, vachiparira dzimwe dzerwisano dzakaoma zvikurusa dzebumbiro remitemo dzegumi ramakore rapfuura. Zvisarudzo zveDare Gurusa mu Obergefell v. Hodges, kuziva kodzero yemitemo yeroorano imwe cheteyo yetendi, uye Bhostock v. Clayton County[[[FLT:]] 2020), ichiita kuti Tit VII itlet restry restry res aright tospecial, inomirira kukunda kukuru nokuda kwokuenzana.

Mhaka dzakadai se Macategop uye enzanisira kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pemitemo yokusasarura uye dziviriro yeFirst Amendment yekutaura kwakasununguka nokushandisa kworudzidziso. Iyi mhaka inomanikidza matare kuti aone kuti varambi vorudzidziso vangaramba sei basa kuLGBTQ+ vanhu pasina kuputsa mitemo yepokugara. Migumisiro yacho yakasiana, uye mutemo unoramba usingadzoreki, ichikarakadza kuti Dare rapamusorosoro richaramba richitarisana nemibvunzo iyi mumakore ari mberi.

Kutarisirwa Kweutano uye Kusarudza Munhu Mumwe Nomumwe

Gakava pamusoro pekutarisirwa kweutano hwese rinotapura dzikamo pakati pechisarudzo chomunhu oga nekodzero yokuwana mabasa anokosha. Affordcable Care Act (ACA), rinotsigirwa zvikurukuru semuitiro wesimba reChibvumirano rinobhadhara mu National Federation of Independent Business v. Sebelius [20202], yakatsvaka kukudza kubhadharwa kweinishuwara kwoutano kupfurikidza nemubatanidzwa wemirayiro, mari, uye mirairo. Vatsigiriki vakataura kuti ACA yakakwikwidza kupfurikidza nokuvimbisa kuti vagari vose vaigona kuwana tarisiro yezvokurapa pasinei zvapo nemigariro inovhurika kana kuti mitezo yemari. Vashori vakataura kuti chireriso chinodikanwa chavanhu vokuAmerica kutenga rusununguko uye kupfumba kwemipindwa kwemigogogogogogo.

Kurevererwa kunopfuurira pamusoro peACA nemitemo inowirirana kunoratidzira kusabvumirana kukuru pamusoro pebasa rehurumende mukuva nechokwadi chokuenzana kwenzanga nokwezvemari. iyi kurukurirano inomutsa mibvunzo yebumbiro remitemo pamusoro poukuru hwesimba rehurumende pasi peChambery Claus nesimba rokubhadhara, pamwe chete nokusvikwa kweEcult Protection Clause mumugariro woutano.

Kupa Kodzero Nokutora Rutivi Kwakaenzana

Kusvika kubhoti kunoramba kuri nhandare yakakomba umo rusununguko nokuenzana. Voting Rights Act ya1965, yakaisirwa kuti iende kuPendementer ye15th, yakanga iri mumwe wemitemo inobudirira zvikurusa yekodzero dzavagari vemo munhau yeAmerica, yakawedzera zvikuru kunyoresa nokutora pakati pevagari vashoma. Dare gurusa raideredza chisarudzo mu Shelby County v. Shel [2013], iyo yakaputsa mutoo waishandiswa kusarudza kuti itendere kuti itendere pamutemo wehurumende usati wachinja mutemo wokuvhotera.

Mukutevera Shelby County, nyika dzakawanda dzinoisa mitemo inozivisa, ganhuriro pavhoti yapakuvamba, uye dzimwe nhano idzo vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti mutwaro unoremedza nomutoo usingaenzaniswi mushoma uye mugamuchiri wakaderera. Kurota kunovapo kwakamanikidzira matare kudzikamisa fariro yehurumende mukudzivisa muvhoti mutongo mukuru wokuvhota uye musengwa wemitemo kuti uenzana nokutora mukutonga kwehurumende yedemocracy. Kuoma kuri pakati porusununguko rwehurumende rwokuita sarudzo nenheyo yokuenzana kuti vagari vose vanofanira kuva nomukana wakaenzana wokuita manzwi avo.

Kupa mari Nekuenzana Kwematongerwe Enyika

Nhimbe yedare rezvemari reDare Gurusa, zvikurukuru zvisarudzo zvaro mu COMICENUN uye Mccheon v. FEC (2014, yakakudza zvikuru rusununguko rwokushandisa mari pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare rakarangarira kuti kupedza mari kupesvedzera marusarudzo kunodzivirirwa muhurukuro yeFirst Republic uye kuti hurumende haigoni kuganhurirwa kupedza mari kwakadaro pamusoro pemiuyo inoshatisa mari mumatongerwe enyika.

Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti zvisarudzo izvi zvinosekesa kuenzana kwezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nokubvumira vanhu vakapfuma namasangano kudzora hurukuro dzezvamatongerwe enyika nepesvedzero dzinosarudzwa. Kunyanduka idziviriro yakajeka yokutaura kwakasununguka muchimiro chemari yezvamatongerwe enyika ingarwisana nefariro yedemocracy yokuti vagari vose vanofanira kuva nenzwi rakaenzana mukutonga kwavo. Nzvimbo ino yomutemo inoramba ichimutsa nharo huru, nenyanzvi uye vagadziri vemitemo vanosimudzira gadziridzo kutenderwa kwemitemo kuputsa [ Citnssbens United[[[FLT: 1]] uye kudzorera chiremera cheDare rokudzora chirongwa chemari.

Kudzikamisa Zvinhu Zvikuru

Gadziriro pakati porusununguko nokuenzana muBumbiro reMitemo haisati iri tsinhirano yakare asi kurukurirano yakasimba neinopfuuridzirwa. Muitiro wokududzira nawo matare, matare omutemo, uye vagari vemo unopfuurira kushandisa Bumbiro reMitemo kumigariro mitsva kuumba revo yezvose zviri zviviri rusununguko nedziviriro yakaenzana.

Nheyo dzinoverengeka dzinobva muiyi nzvero. Chokutanga, Bumbiro reMitemo rinodzivirira zvose zviri zviviri rusununguko nokuenzana semipimo inokosha, asi hariisi imwe panzvimbo yokutanga pane imwe mumashoko akakwana. Vagadziri vainzwisisa kuti zvose zviri zviviri zvinokosha kunzanga yakarurama, uye chinyorwa chacho chinosiya nzvimbo nokuda kwezvizvarwa zvomunguva yemberi kuti zvigoyerazve dzikamo sezvo migariro inochinja.

Chechipiri, kusawirirana pakati porusununguko nokuenzana hakusi urema mumarongerwo ebumbiro remitemo asi rutivi runoratidzira kuoma kwenzanga yeAmerica. Gadziriro iyo yakadzivirira rusununguko bedzi ingagona kuva chibvumirano chedzvinyiriro yomunhu oga; gadziriro iyo yakadzivirira kuenzana bedzi ingagona kuva gadziriro yemwero yetsika dzinodzorwa. Kukurukurirana kuripo pakati peiyi mipimo kunoparira nhevedzano yebumbiro remitemo ine simba iyo inogamuchira denho itsva nemirairo yenzanga inochinja.

Chechitatu, mutoro wokuchengeta iyi dzikamo hausati uri bedzi mumatare asi navanhu navamiriri vavo vakasarudzwa.

Chizvarwa chakagadzwa chakavamba gadziriro yorusununguko nokuenzana, asi yakadzika kuzvizvarwa zvakatevera kukudziridza nokukudza misengwa iyoyo. Kubviswa kwouranda, kufutunurwa kwavakadzi nemarudzi mashoma, sangano ramaruramiro avagari vemo, uye kurwisa kunopfuurira kweLGBTQ percental kunoreva nhamburiko dzokuziva zvizere zvikuru zvipikirwa zveBumbiro remitemo. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinotarisana nomubvunzo mumwe chetewo mukuru: Tinogona sei kudzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu nepo tichivimbisa kuti vanhu vose vanobatwa nechiremera neruremekedzo zvakaenzana?

Sezvatinonzvera vhiringidziko dzekudzora kwazvino uno neruramisiro yenzanga, kurukurirano inopfuurira pamusoro porusununguko nokuenzana inoramba iri madikanwa kuzivikanwo yenyika. Bumbiro reMitemo rinogovera gadziriro yekurukurirano iyoyo, asi revo yaro inoramba ichidzokororwa mumhinduro kumigariro mitsva nenzwisiso dzinowedzera dzeruramisiro. Dzikamo pakati porusununguko nokuenzana haisi chinetso kupedzwa kamwe chete uye nokuda kwezvose; ikurukurirano inorondedzera gamuchidzanwa remitemo reAmerica rimene.