Kodzero dzomupomerwi dzinomira sechinomirira mutemo wemitemo weAmerica, ichivimbisa kuti vanhu vamwe navamwe vanotarisana nesimba rehurumende nedziviriro dzetsika nedziviriro dzinodzikwa. Pamwoyo pekodzero idzi pane Curvement Claus, inowanwa muNhevedzo yeshanu neMitemo ye145. Iyi nheyo inodzivisa chiito choushingi chohurumende kupfurikidza nokuraira ruramisiro, ziviso, uye mukana une revo wokunzwiwa. Kunzvera kunotevera kunoronda mavambo, mativi, uye kushandisirwa kwazvino uno kweCY Procesting Clausce, nokunangidzira panzira yakwo inoumba nayo kodzero dzehurumende dzinopomerwa mururamisiro youtsotsi.

Mavambo Nenheyo Dzebumbiro Remitemo

Murangariro wemuitiro wakafanira usati watanga Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., uchibuda muvimbiso yaMagna Carta yokuti “hapana munhu akasununguka achapinzwa mutorongo... kunze kwemutoo wapamutemo wevezera rake kana kuti nomutemo wenyika.” Findth Amendment, yakatenderwa muna 1791, yakabatanidza iyi nheyo nokuda kwehurumende yehurumende yehurumende: “Hapana munhu... achanyimwa upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti zvinhu, pasina muitiro wapamutemo." Pashure peHondo yeChizvarwa cheNyika yeNyika yeNati yatambanuro imwe cheteyo kuhurumende. Pamwe chete, aya mashoko anotanga gadziriro mbiri: muitiro unodikanwa: unoita kuti zvinhu zvishaikwe, uye mutoo mukuru, izvo zvinodzivirira kodzero dzehurumende dzakati dzinokosha dzinoshandiswa pasinei.

Kugadzirwa Kunofanira Kuitwa Udzanga

Gadziriro yakafanira inoda kuti chiito chipi nechipi chehurumende chinonyima munhu upenyu, rusununguko, kana kuti pfuma chitangire nemiitiro yakakwana. Munhau dzoutsotsi, ikoku kunoshandura kuva murwi wamaruramiro akagadzirirwa kuvimbisa rutongeso rwakarurama. Dare Rapamusoro rakaramba richirangarira kuti “zvinodikanwa zviduku” zvinosanganisira:

  • [[FOL:0] Notice yepomero uye rudzi rwezvinoitika.
  • [A kutonga kwakarurama [ pamberi pedare risina rusaruro uye risina rusaruro.
  • Banza rokupa ufakazi uye kuyambuka zvapupu zvinoramba.
  • [[[NHAU]] ZVINORATIDZWA zvinoshanda uye, kana kuri madikanwa, zvakanatswa nehurumende.
  • A chisarudzo chakavakirwa paufakazi nomutemo bedzi chinopiwa mukutonga.

Izvi zvinhu hazvisati zviri mirangariro isinganzwisisiki; zvakashandiswa ndokunatswa muzvinoitika zvisingaverengeki. Somuenzaniso, mu Goldberg v. Kelly (1970), Dare rakaramba kuti vagamuchiri vegari vemiuyo vanotarisana nokuguma kwebetsero vakafanirwa nokunzwa pachena pamberi pomuiti wechisarudzo. Nepo nhau yehurumende, kurangarira kunodzokororwa mumashoko outsotsi, kuchisimbisa mutoo iwoyo wakafanira unochinjika asi unoraira.

Kodzero Yezano: Gidheoni kana kuti Wainwright

Zvichida muitiro wakafanira zvikurusa wemifananidzo unobata ushe ndi Gideon v. Wainwright (1963). Clarence Gideon, muparadzi akaderera, akamira achipomerwa mhaka yokuputsa nokupinda mukamuri renziva muFlorida. Akarega gweta nemhaka yokuti mutemo weFlorida wakagovera bedzi zano nokuda kwemhosva huru, Gidheoni akazvidzivirira amene uye akapiwa mhaka. Kubva mutorongo, anopa chikumbiro kuDare Rapamusoro, achiramba kuti Kudzorwa kweTsvokwa kwakarurama kwezano kwakanga kuri kunokosha uye kunoshandiswa kupfurikidza nemitemo inopiwa naCreas Claus. Dare rakabvumirana, pamusoro pechisarudzo charo charo chapakuvamba mu [FOLD:] BBETS. v[FT3] [52] [194], nhasi, zano retsoro rinogadzwa sedare remitemo remitemo yedare reAmerica rapasipoto. Kunyange zvazvo richiramba ari mberi.

Kutongwa Nokukurumidza

Singth Amendment inovimbisa “kutongwa kwemhosva kwapachivande,” dziviriro inoiswa pahurumende kupfurikidza neIneth Amendment’s Access Procession Claus. Kururama kunobatira fariro dzakawanda: kudzivisa kusungwa kusingachinjiki, kuderedza funganyo nokunyumwira vanhu kunowirirana nepomero dzakatarisana, uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti ufakazi hausati huchiderera. Barker v. Wingo[[FLM] [7], Dare guru rakagamuchira kuedzwa kwakadzikama kunorema kurema zvinhu zvina: kunonoka, chikonzero chokunonoka, kurangarira kwapamhino mutongo kugadziridziridziro. Rinononoka gore rimwe rinofungidzirwa kunzi rinenge risingapomerwi kuti riratidze mari inopfuurirwa mukudzorwa kwehurumende.

Dziviriro Pangozi Huviri

General Amendment inotaura kuti hakuna munhu acha “kupomerwa nokuda kwemhosva imwe cheteyo kuti iitwe kaviri mungozi youpenyu kana kuti makumbo.” Iyi dziviriro, yakaitwa kuti ishande kunyika dziri mu Benton v. Maryland[, anodzivirira anopomerwa pamhosva imwe cheteyo kana kuti zvirango. Kudzivirira muganhu wemhosva imwe neimwe hakuitiki pashure pokuva nemhosva, pashure pokutendwa (zvinotendwa nomukwirira nomukwidzwa), uye mumamiriro ezvinhu akaganhurirwa pashure pokuzvidzorwa pasina kutendera kwomukwirira. Kuko kunokosha, “kuedza kwechikanganiso chemhosva. Kuedza kana kuti kukanganisa kwacho kunoda chibvumikiso chimwe nechimwe chechimwe chinhu hakuitiki [[FLT] [FFF]

Gadziriro Yakafanira Nekodzero Dzinokosha

Nepo muitiro wakafanira unodzora sei[FLT] yechiito chehurumende, muitiro wakafanira unoganhurira icho ] (icho chiri mumiitiro inodzorwa nemitemo inodzosa rusununguko rukuru. Dare Rapamusoro rakawana maruramiro akati se “akavakirwa zvikuru zvikuru munhau yeRudzi urwu negamuchidzanwa” zvokuti vanofanirwa nedziviriro yakawedzerwa. Nokuda kwomuitiro wakafanira, mutoo wapamutemo unogona kusimbisa mano ehurumende okuita utsotsi kana kuti kuparira zvirango zvakati.

  • Kururamira kuvanzika [ - zvinozivikanwa mu Griswold v.Connecticut (1965) uye kukudzwa [ Roe v. Wade[[FLT]] [77]] [7]
  • Kururamira kuperero yomuviri - ganhuriro dzinoisa kupinda mumuviri womunhu, zvakadai sokuvhiya kwokusazvidira kana kuti mushonga unomanikidzirwa (ona Shashington v.harper[) (1990).
  • Kuvabereki ndokurera vana - zvinobatanidzwa mumhaka dzinobatanidza kubviswa kwamaruramiro avabereki kana kuti kubviswa kwavana mumusha.

Kunyange zvakadaro, inotsungirira sechinomanikidzirwa pamatare emitemo uye nhoo nokuda kwavanhu vamwe navamwe mukurwisana nemitemo inodzvinyirira — kubatanidza ayo angakanganisa mufambiro wavakuru kana kuti kuganhurira utongi hwomunhu oga munzira dzinogumbura ruramisiro huru.

Mhaka Dzinopomera Kodzero Dzakashorwa

Zvisarudzo zvinoverengeka zveDare Rapamusoro Zvikurusa zvakachinja kodzero dzevapomerwi nokushandisa Gwaro Remitemo rainzi (System Proces Claus) kumapurisa uye miitiro yakati yokuchuchisirwa mhosva.

Map v. Ohio (1961): Kutonga kweExclousionary

Pamberi pa Mapp, ufakazi hunowanwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera kusiri kwapamutemo hungagona kushandiswa mumatare ehurumende. Musha waDollree Mapp wakanzverwa pasina pamutemo une chokuita nokubhomba; mapurisa akawana zvinhu zvinonyadzisa, izvo akawanwa ane mhaka nazvo. Dare Gurusa rePromende-Promension rakachinja, rikabata kuti mutemo weGavhuramende yeChina, "* kudzora kushandiswa kusiri pamutemo kwoufakazi", applies kumitegogogo kupfurikidza neInitemplement Claus Claus. Mutongi Clark akanyora kuti “ukoshipi yeperero yedare” inoda kuti matare asave anotenderwa mumitemo. Chisarutso chama, mapurisa anomanikidzira kuwana zvibvumikiso kana kuti atsikiswe.

Miranda muArizona (1966): Custodial Interrogramation Nyevero

Zvichida nhau yakakurumbira zvikurusa yenzira dzapashure, Mira v. Arizona yakakurukura mamiriro ezvinhu ebvunzurudzo yamapurisa. Ernesto Miranda, murume murombo uye anorwara mundangariro, akareurura kuba nokuba uye kubata chibharo pashure pemaawa okubvunza pasina kuudzwa kuti aiva namaruramiro okunyarara kana kuti kubvunza gweta. Dare Rapamusoro rakatonga kuti kubvunzurudza ndiko kusingadzorwi; naizvozvo, ropafadzo yeFind Rendementation mukurwisana nokuzvifunga inoda kuti inofungira mhaka yavo inonyeverwa pamusoro pamaruramiro avo [[FLT:] pamberi pa[FLT:] [FLT]]] kupfurikidza na[FLT]].

Maryland (1963): Kuwana Uchapupu Hwokuongorora

Muitiro wakafanira unodawo kuti varovereri mhaka vabudise ufakazi hunogamuchirika kumupomerwi. Mu Brady v. Maryland, Dare rakaramba richiti kudzvinyirirwa kwoufakazi hwezvinhu zvinopa ufakazi hwechapupu (hwupi, magwaro, kana kuti kuedza migumisiro inobuda) “panopa uchapupu hunoda kuva hwemhosva kana kuti chirango. [[FLT:] [FLT] BRAdy mutemo unopfuurira pakupomera vachuripo kuti vadzore chinhu chipi nechipi chingabetsera kudzivirira. Zvirongwa zvazvino uno unova nouchapupu hwemashoko, uye chaita nechapupu chinowirirana. Kushatiswa kwe [FLT] [FFFF] [FFFF] [FF]

Batson naKentucky (1986): Kugumisa Rusaruro Muchisarudzo chaJury

Dare rapamusoro rinoshandisa denho dzokusasarura kana vachuchisi vachigona kubvisa vatongi nemhaka bedzi yedzinza. Mu Batson v. Kentucky[, Dare Gurusa rakataura kuti kushandisa denho dzokutsiva dzinobva parudzi dzinopesana neFomswo yeIdziviriro dzakaenzana, idzo dzinomanikidzirwawo mumuitiro wakafanira mumuedzo woutsotsi. Dare rakavamba muedzo wenhatu: (1) mukwirirwi anofanira kuita mhaka yetsika yedzinza; (2) murovereri anofanira kupa rondedzero yedzinza yenharo yenharo; (3) mutongi anotonga kana tsananguro iri chinyorwa. [FLT:][3][FFFF]

Muitiro Wakafanira Mugadziriro Yazvino Uno Yeruramisiro Yeutsotsi

Nheyo dzinotaurwa munhau dzinooneka dzinoshanda mukati mezvinhu zvakasiyana zvikuru zvemitemo yeutsotsi mumhoteredzo yapasi yezvisarudzo nhasi.

Plea Bargaining uye Waiver of Rights

Vanopfuura 95% vezvitendero zvehurumende nehurumende zvinoparirwa nokukumbira panzvimbo pemiedzo. Nhevedzo yakafanira dzakakura. Chikumbiro chine mhaka chinobvisa nenzira inobudirira maruramiro ose okuedza: maruramiro okupa zano, kupesana, kudare, uye kuramba chinyerere. Dare Rapamusoro rakaomerera kuti kukumbira kuve kuziva, kuzvipira, uye kungwara, asi kumanikidzwa kutarisana nemutongo murefu kana wakawanwa pakutonga kunogona kumanikidza vapomendi vasina mhaka kuti vapiwe mhaka kuti vapiwe mhaka vane mhaka. Mu Lafler v. Cooper[FL:1] [FLD:] [_FLT]] . [FLD] .M] Miris] na[FFFFFFY]

Kuwana Uchapupu uye Kugoverana

Kupfuura Brady, mitemo yokuwana yazvino uno inosiana zvikuru nehurumende. Federal Miganhu yeCriminal Procediture inoda vachuchisi kuti vazivise mashoko emukwirirwi, zvinyorwa, uye zvinyorwa nechinhu kunhau, uyewo ufakazi hwenyanzvi. Maruwa mazhinji ane “fandesheni yezati" yakafara zvakafanana. Zvisinei, mitemo inodzivirira, yakafara zvikuru, uye ufakazi hwemifungo hwemifungo hunogona kudzivisa kusvika kune revo. Muitiro unodzorwa unoshatikaidzwa nenzira inopesana apo mukwidzi anoshaiwa mukana wakanaka wokuhwirutsira uchapupu pazviri pamberi pokusarudza kana kuti kupfuurira kumiedzei. Mitemo yakato yakataurwa na “kuwana misengwa inodzivirira, inoita kuti itsigire kudzivirira, asi inodzo yakatsiridzwa nehurumende inodzo yakadzikaniswa nehurumende inopfuurwa nehurumende.

Kupiwa Mureza uye Kusawirirana

Muitiro wakafanira haugumi nokupwiswa. Chibvumirano cheSikisi chamaruramiro kudare rinobetsera vatongi ([FLT:]1], 2000) zvakatumirwa kuhurumende kupfurikidza ne 144 Demendment(requation) kuti idi ripi neripi iro rinowedzera mutongo mukuru wedare rinofanira kuwanwa nedare rinopfuura kupanikira kune mufungo (]] Appndi v. New Jersey[FLT], 2000]). Nenzira yakafanana, Miver v. Alabama (20) chisarudzo chakaitwa kuti upenyu hunobvumirwa pasina parati rechiregosvure. Chirango chinopesana nechirango chinoshandiswa nenzira isati iripo kuzivisa njodzi. Chirango chitsva chinoshandiswa kuisa denho chinenge chakarurama kuzivisa kupfurikidza nokukanganisa mamiriro ezvinhu matsva. Chikatokisiromendero okuko okushashairira kuzivisa kupfurikidza kupfupikisa kupfupikisa.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera

Pasinei nemazana emakore okukura kwedzidziso, chipikirwa chebasa rakakodzera chinoramba chichizadzika zvisina kukwana.Idzvinyiriro dzazvino uno / dzvinyiriro dzezvikwereti, kusakwanisa kutsigira mari nokuda kwokuzvidzivirira, uye kuchinja kwokugadzira zvinhu kwokukurumidza, zvinoedza miganhu yevimbiso dzeBumbiro reMitemo.

Kuvengana Kwakawanda Nemisiano Yamadzinza

United States inoisa mutorongo vanhu vanopfuura mamiriyoni 1,2, mwero wakaipa nekashanu kusvikira kugumi wedzimwe nyika dzakabudirira. Dare repamusorosoro rakaziva kuti rusaruro rwedzinza muchisarudzo chedare redare redare, zvikurukuru runoderedza chivimbo chavose mumatare. Asi mishonga inoganhurirwa, uye mwero mukuru wokutakura unowedzera kunetseka kuti muitiro wakafanira uri kuitirwa kuti ushande zvakanaka uye kurayira kwezvamatongerwe enyika. Dare Rapamusoro renhau rakabvuma kuti rusaruro mukusarudzwa nedare, zvikurukuru, runoderedza chivimbo chavose mumatare.

Kuzvidzivirira Kusina Kukwana

Gideon maruramiro okupa zano kana gweta rakagadzwa rakaremerwa, rakashaikwa, kana kuti risingashandi. Mahofisi akawanda avose anotakura mhaka dzamazana anoverengeka pagweta, achisiya nguva shoma nokuda kwokunzvera, kurukurirano yevashandi, kana kuti gadziriro. Dare rapamusoro rakagadza bhawa rakakwirira rokubvumikisa betsero inoshanda ( SSrickland v. Washington, 1984), ichida zvose zviri zviviri kuita basa risina kukwana napanoguma nerokusarudza. Kundika kwetsika kwemitemo yapamutemo negadziriro yedare redare rehurumende (g.), kunyange zvakadaro, chikaviso chezvamatongerwe enyika chinoramba chiripo, uye kudzo inodzorwa.

Ruzivo Nekugadzirwa Kwezvinhu

Ruzivo rwemichina runopa tyisidziro itsva kumuitiro wakafanira. Kushandiswa kwamapurisa kwemichina yeGPS, zviidzo zvesero-sitorendi zvinoiswa pamunhu, uye maarusalm emaziso anogona kunzvenga zvinodikanwa zvegamuchidzanwa nokuda kwezvibvumikiso nezvinobvira. Mu Carpaent v. United States[FLT]] [2017], Dare rapamusoro rakaramba kuti kusvitsa sero-ro renhau renzvimbo yemirauni kunoumba kunzvera kwaMamitemo yeChishanu kunoda pamutemo. Chisarudzo chacho chakatsamira zvikuru panzvimbo nefariro dzezvakavanzika izvo zvinodzivirira muitiro. Asi ruzivo rwamaric `8] `Salth rescreat projectives projectivess projectives. Varectors kazhinji kanhindivarated reconfied reconculdersssssss, kudzoratedmigrooooooooooooooooooooti, bhokisi yezvipo

Kuchengeta Maitiro Akakodzera Nguva Yemberi

Windows Procession Claus haisi kuzviuraya; inoda kungwarira kwenguva dzose kumatare, vaiti vemitemo, uye vagari vemo. Kodzero dzomupomeri dzakasimba bedzi semiitiro inovagombedzera. Munhambo yokukumbira kukwirira, kuisa vanhu vazhinji, uye ruramisiro yealgorith, denho ndeyokuva nechokwadi chokuti muitiro unoramba une revo. Zvinjo dzinoverengeka dzinogona kubetsera:

  • [ Mari izere yegadziriro dzedziviriro dzinodzivirira [ kuderedza zvikwereti ndokuva nechokwadi chokuti mukwirirwi mumwe nomumwe anogamuchira ratidziro inobudirira.
  • mirau yokuwana inosimbiswa[ ndokuisa zvirango nokuda kwokuputsa [[FLT]].
  • CHEPUDZA kujeka mumichina yeatomu yeroliti inoshandiswa mururamisiro youtsotsi, kubatanidza kuva nesimba rapamutemo nokuwana vakwirirwi kuti vakwirirwe kukwikwidza kururama kwavo.
  • Kukudziridza kushandiswa kwepurogiramu dzenhandaro uye matare akasiana kuderedza rutsamiro pakusungwa nokuda kwemhaka dzenzvimbo dzakaderera.
  • Kudzivirira vanhu pachishandiswa mutsigiri anotambudza [ kushandisa chisarudzo chenhau yapakuvamba nemitemo inowirirana noufakazi inoremekedza muitiro wakafanira.

Pakupedzisira, The Stive Procession Claus inobatanidza kuzvipira kuchiremera chomunhu oga uye mutemo. Hachivimbisi kupiwa mhaka kweane mhaka, asi chinoomerera pakuti kuva nemhaka kunofanira kubvumikiswa kupfurikidza nemiitiro iyo kuremekedza mupomerwi somunhu, kwete ngozi inofanira kutarisirwa. Sezvo tsika dzemitemo dzeAmerica dzichipfuurira kuva dzinochinja, musengwa iwoyo unoramba uchikosha nhasi sezvawaiva mazana amakore Bhishopu risati ranyorwa.

Nokuda kwokuravazve pamusoro penhau nokushandiswa kwomuitiro wakafanira, ona Cornell Information Institute , rugwaro rwakazara rwe Gideon v. [[FLT]] jastr pa [[FLT:]] OYEZ[FLT] [FLT:], uye chiverengero chinoshambadzwa [[FLT:] Marand] v. Arizona[FT:]] .[FLT] .[11]