Kudzivirirwa kwehurumende kunotsamira pagadziriro dzepenjeni dzinorondedzerwa semhinganidzo hurusa mugakava rehurumende pamusoro pemidyandigere nebetsero dzemudyandigere. Yakavakirwa muEleminth Amendment ye115, dzidziso iyi inodzivisa kukwidzwa mudare rehurumende pasina kubvumira kwavo. Nokuda kwamamirioni avashandi voruzhinji anotsamira pagadziriro dzepenjeni dzinorondedzerwa, mano okumanikidzira kodzero dzokunyoresa kana kuti dzemitemo dzehurumende dzinogona kutsamira pakuti hurumende yadzisatapurisa dziviriro kana kuti kana mutemo wehurumende wakaiputsa nenzira ine chiremera. Sezvo mikahasha yemari yomudyandiro inowedzerwa uye inobetsera, kunzwisisa miganhuro yependiro yemitemo inova inokosha nokuda kwegweta, vagadziri vemitemo, uye vapunzi vanorega basa zvakafanana.

Mavambo Echikamu chaChangamire weHurumende

Hurumende inodzivisa kurwisa njodzi hainyorwi zvakajeka muBumbiro reMitemo. Panzvimbo pezvo, kunomuka kubva paAleminth Amendment, iyo yakanyoreswa muna 1795 kuputsa Dare Gurusa reProfection ’ chisarudzo mu Shisholm v. Georgia[[. Mhaka iyoyo yakanga yabvumira vagari vemo voga voga kuendesa hurumende mudare rehurumende, kunyandura hasha pakati pemasangano ane chokuita nenhau dzavo. Rugwaro rwePurgamendement rwa145 rwakatetepa: runorambidza kudzorwa nehurumende yavagari veimwe nyika kana kuti novhomwe nyika. Zvisinei, Dare gurusa redare rakaishandura, rikaibata mu [FLT:] v.[FLG]

Mudzidziso yazvino uno, matare anofarikanya kudzivirirwa pamhosva dzapachivande dzinochengetwa mudare rehurumende, pasinei zvapo nemamiriro ezvinhu okugara. Uku kudzivirirwa kunotambanukira kumasangano ehurumende namasangano, kubatanidza mari yavose yepenjeni inorangarirwa kuva zvombo zvehurumende. Dare rakatongazve kuti kudzivisa ikodzero yemitemo iyo inotaura kuti Hurumende inogona kuparira asi kuti Congress inogona kubvisa bedzi apo inodzorwa pasi peChikamu 5 cheDziromedzero yeDzitatu yokushandisa kodzero dzinokosha.

Nokuda kwokunzverwa kwakadzama kweA11th Amendment ’ rugwaro nenhau, [[FLT: 0] Cornell Information Institute [[FLT: 1] inogovera pfupiso ine chiremera.

Kubatana kwaChangamire Mundima Yechibharo Chavose

Mari yomudyandigere yavose inowanzopiwa namabhodhi enyika kana kuti masangano, akadai seCalifornia Public Groucesees ’ System yokurega basa (CALPS) kana kuti Teachers ’ Kurega basa System yeTexas. Masangano aya anowanzonzi zvombo zvehurumende uye naizvozvo ane kodzero yokuzvidzivirira panzvimbo yapamutemo. Kana akarega basa kana kuti mugamuchiri wemari yependi wehurumende akaisa mari yemari yemari yemari yokurambwa yemibayiro, kupunzika kwechibvumirano, kana kuti kusashanda zvakanaka, hurumende inogona kudzivirira kudzivirira kunzirwa mudare rehurumende.

Mapango akakwirira. Mukuwirirana ne Precitable Trusts, mari yomudyandigere yehurumende yakapedzerwa inopfuura mabhiriyoni Z $1555 000 muna 202. Nyika zhinji dzakaderedza betsero, mipiro yakawedzera yavashandi, kana kuti kuchinjwa kwemitengo mipenyu, kunotungamirira kukutora basa kupfurikidza navapunzi vanopikisa kuti chinjo idzi dzinoumba kuvadziko dzisina kukodzera pamutemo. Changamire anodzivisa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kutaura uku mudare rehurumende, anomanikidzira vapa basa kupinda mumatare ehurumende umo mitemo yezvipfuutsiro kana kuti yokudzivisa kuparadzwa kwehosha ingasiana.

Nenzira inokosha, musiyano pakati penhau dzehurumende nehurumende yomunzvimbomo. Mari yomudyandigere inodzorwa neruwa kana kuti guta ingasafarikanya dziviriro imwe cheteyo seiyo inoshandiswa nehurumende imene. Dare rapamusoro reU.S. rakajekeswa mu Northern Inishuwarensi Co. v. Chatham County [2006] kuti kudzivirira hurumende dzomunzvimbomo kunotsamira pamwero wokudzora kwehurumende uye kana mutongo ungabhadharwa kubva kumari yemari yehurumende. Mari zhinji yomudyandiro yavose inongova mari yehurumende yemari, naizvozvo vanowana dziviriro yakazara.

Kupindira Kwomutemo Wehurumende Nehurumende

Chikamu chakaoma chinomuka apo kukakavadzana kwomudyandigere kunobatanidza mutemo wehurumende. Dare rine simba rokudzivisa kutongwa nehurumende pasi peKineth Amendment, asi Dare Rapamusoro rakaganhurira simba iroro zvikuru. Somuenzaniso, mu Kimel v. Florida Board of Regents, Dare raidavira kuti Age Discrimination in Act (ADEA) haigoni kuganhurirwa nenzira inoshanda nemhaka yokuti yakanga isiri mhinduro yakaganhurirwa kutsika yehurumende. Zvisinei, Dare rakatsigira kusarura mumitemo semiraudzo yemhuri neChirati yezve (yamasangano ezvekuzvirongwa) uye maKodzero anoitwa (Magariro ebasa).

MUSEBENZIRA anokosha zvikurukuru nokuda kwekakavadzano dzomudyandigere dzavose nemhaka yokuti inoda nyika kupa vagara nebasa chikwereti chokudzosa vagara nebasa. Mu Torres v. Texas Department of Public Safety [2022]), Dare gurusa rakataura kuti rinobvuma nenzira inorehwa kudzorwa pasi peSangano reSanihedremitari apo vanogamuchira mari yehurumende, vachiratidzira kukura kunobvira kwerondedzero dzechinoparwa. Kunyange zvakadaro, SAMUSERRA mutemo mutete; zvikumbiro zvizhinji zvomudyandiro zvakavakirwa pamutemo wehurumende kana kuti gadziriro dzehurumende, apo kudzosera kwehurumende hakushandi.

Kiyi Dzinosiyanisa Kukutonga kwaChangamire

Pasinei zvapo nokuwanda kwesimba rokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere, nzira dzinoverengeka dzinobvumira vanorega basa nevamwe vanozviti vanowana rubatsiro pamari yomudyandigere yehurumende:

Kuchera Kwakaitwa Nehurumende

Masangano akawanda ane dziviriro yadzivisirwa nokuda kwamarudzi akati ezvikumbiro, zvikurukuru kuputswa kwebvumirano. Hurumende ingabvuma kukodzera mumatare ayo imene kupfurikidza nomutemo kana kuti kupfurikidza ne tort inoreva chiito[ kana kuti kutaura kuti chiito . Somuenzaniso, New York ̱ Dare reMitemo Acts res commotions res respect for control for contromations, kubatanidza zvibvumirano zvependice. Zvisinei, rakadaro rinowanzoganhurirwa kudare rehurumende; rapasswo rekudzivisa kuzvidzivirira kwedare rehurumende rinofanira kuva rakajeka. Dare guru repamusoro rakaitwa muna [FFFFoctives.] FloridanFoctive Frometic Frometic" (994]) kana kuti risati haiwirisirisirisiririti yezvo yokutengeserana yapamutemo.

Kuzvitutumadza Kunoitwa Nedare Pasi Pechikamu 5 cheMitemo Yechigumi Negumi

Sezvacherekedzwa, Congress inogona kukurira kudzivirira Hurumende pakusimbisa kodzero dzebumbiro-mitemo dzakadai sedziviriro yakaenzana kana kuti muitiro wakafanira. Chinetso ndechokuti kakavadzano zhinjisa dzomudyandigere dzinobatanidza kwete maruramiro ehurumende asi kodzero dzakatangwa nehurumende. Dare Gurusa reU. rakare kare kare rakaramba kuti Contract Claus (Contute I, Chikamu 10) inoshanda bedzi kumitemo, asi chitsama hachipi munhu pamutemo kodzero yokukwirira mudare rehurumende munzira imwe cheteyo inoita Chikamu cha 1983. Dare rakaramba kubvumira Chikamu cha 1983 kutaura kwechibvumirano chokuputsa maganhu, kududza [[FLT: 0] Penterstrit State & Hospital. Halman[FFFF1] [19984]

Dzidziso Yokupedzisira Iduku

Iyi dzidziso inogovera chisimbwa chinokosha: mukuru mukuru wehurumende mudare rehurumende anokarirwa kubvisa rusununguko rwokuputswa kunopfuurira kwomutemo wehurumende. Mukuru mukuru anorangarirwa kuva munhu anowirirana nePramendement yechi11. Somuenzaniso, kana dare repenjeni rehurumende riri kuputsa mutengi weSangano reSangano reSangano reSangano rePurenceldermendement kana kuti rehurumende maruramiro ehurumende ehurumende kukuita, mupunzi anogona kukwidza mitezo yeboka mumiitiro yavo yehurumende nokuda kwokuraira kudzorwazve kwebetsero.

Kana mupunzi akatsvaka betsero dzokudzokera shure kana kuti kugadziriswa, kudzivirirwa kwoutongi kuchiri kuvhara kutaura kwacho kutoti hurumende yakuparadza. Mamwe matunhu akabvumira kuvadziko pasi pemirau yakati yehurumende, asi mutsetse wacho hauna kujeka.

Kupinzwa Mungozi Kwemari

Nyika hadzina kufarikanya dziviriro yapamutemo mudare rinobhuroka pasi peChikamu 106 cheBankruptic Code. Ikoku kwakasimbiswa neDare Rapamusorosoro mu Concentral Virginia Community College v. Katz (2006. Kana mafaira emari yependi mari yehurumende nokuda kwokubhadharwa kwemari inobhadharwa (isingawanzowaniki nokuda kwehurumende, kunyange zvazvo kuchibvira nokuda kwemari yomudyandigere yomunharaunda), kana kuti kana mupunzi akazvinyimira amene akabhurotswa uye achitsvaka kubvisa chikwereti chechikwereti nehurumende, kudzivirira kunobviswa. Zvisinei, kutaura kusingawanzoshayiswa mari; kazhinji, munhu akarega basa angaedza kuunza mari yomudyandiro yependi mukurwisana nokushambadzano yomutengi anobatanidza mushandirwi (g., nyika kana kuti guta) rinoramba richibviswa.

Zvinetso Zvepamutemo Zvevakarega Basa

Kunyange kana vachifanira kuita chibvumirano chakasimba pasi pomutemo wehurumende, vanofanira kushandisa mishonga inodzivirira zvirwere.

Kuchinja Kwemasangano

Betsero zhinjisa dzepenjeni dzinorangarirwa kuva dzapamutemo wehurumende. Mumashoko kuti vane maruramiro okudzivisa kubatanidzwa kwebvumirano, vanorega basa vanogona kukwidza mudare rehurumende. Asi mudare rehurumende, Contracct Claus haasati ari manyuko ekodzero yomunhu oga yechiito. Mapenje kazhinji kazhinji anovimba na 42 U.S.C. . .1998, kupiwa kwemutemo wehurumende unodzongonyedza chibvumirano chavo. Matare ehurumende haasati aitiri bvumirano cheContract Clausle. Zvisinei, Dare rapamusorosoro rinochengetwa mu Carter v. Greenw[FLD:] (18) [85]) uye nhau dzapashure idzo 1983 hadzitsivi zvinotaura. Matare enyika haasati anonzwa zvinetso zvemarisorwiwa pasi pehuro; kunyange zvazvo ari matare anodzorwa.

Kuputsa Kunotarisirwa

Garabhu yehurumende inovimbisa zvikuru muitiro unodikanwa. Kana hurumende ichichinja mutoo womudyandigere pasina ziviso kana kuti banza rokunzwa, vapunzi vemidyandigere vangaunza Chikamu 1983 kutaura kwokuputswa kweKiredhi Yevhuramisita ye14. Dzidziso yeEx Pare Young ingabvumira rusununguko rwokutsiva kudzorera miitiro yapamberi. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusoro rine mutoo wakakwana wakaderera mumirauriro yemari, naizvozvo kuderera kwakakwana kwebetsero hakuwanzoputsa muitiro wakafanira kutoti kwaidzongovhundutsa hana hana hana hana.

Kushandiswa Kwezvizvarwa Zvevatano Nokuvimba Zvinotaura

Dzimwe matare anobata mari yomudyandigere sezvipikirwa, nehurumende seyakaronzeswa. Kana hurumende ikasashandisa zvakanaka mari yacho, vanobetserwa vangapomerwa nokuda kwokuputswa kwebasa rokusashanda. Changamire anokwanisa kuvhara kukwirira mhaka kwakadaro mudare rehurumende, asi mamwe matare ehurumende akarangarira kuti ukama hwechivimbo hunoreva chikanganiso. Somuenzaniso, Dare guru reIllinois mu Mclowe v. State of Illinois[[FLT:] (2017)) akabvumira suturo pahurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwemipidhiro yemipiyu inodzorwa mumitengo yemari, kurangarira kuti hurumende yakawana mabasa outenziyo yokutenda uye yabvumira. Mamwe masangano akasvika mhedziso.

Kubudirira Kwemisi Ichangobva Kupfuura Nenzvero Yehosha

Zviitiko zvishoma zvishoma zvinooneka zvemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi zvinoratidza kusawirirana kuri pakati pekodzero dzokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere nekodzero dzemudyandigere:

Scott v. Pennsylvania Board of Probation and Parole

Muna 2021, Dare rePennsylvania Guru rakakurukura kana vashandi vehurumende vaigona kukwidza mhosva kuti vape mutemo wehurumende unoda kuti ipe mipiro kumari yomudyandigere. Dare rakataura kuti hurumende yakanga yabvisa simba rokudzivisa kubatwa nehurumende kupfurikidza nePennsylvania Public Munice Ecence Relance Relation Relation Relation, inobvumira kuendesa mvumo kumatare. Zvisinei, dare rakaganhurira mushonga wacho kukusunungurwa kwemari, kwete kuva mutengo wemari. Mhaka iyi inosimbisa mutemo wehurumende unogona kugovera nzira mberi, asi mwero wokuyamura kazhinji kazhinji hauna.

Muvashandi Vehurumende Vacharega Basa (New Mexico)

Vapunzi vemidyandigere muNew Mexico vakakwidza dare remidyandigere rehurumende pamusoro pokuderedzwa kwendyiko dzinorarama (COLA), vachiitirana nharo chinjo dzakapesana nekodzero dzavo dzakapinzwa. Dare reNew Mexico reZvikumbiro muna 2019 rakawana kuti dziviriro yapamutemo haina kuisa mhaka nemhaka yokuti dare rakanga rine basa rapamutemo rokutarisira gadziriro sechivimbo. dare rakavimba nomutemo waibvumira zvakajeka kuti sututi dziparadzirwe padare. Mhaka yakagara pamberi pedare gurusa rehurumende yaigona kutonga pamusoro pedare padziviriro.

Kuedza Kwehurumende Kuchinja Zvinhu

Muna 2022, boka rebipartis muCongress rakasuma Public Grouceion Pension Transparency Act, iyo inobatanidza gadziriro inobvumira vapunzi kuti vakwidze mari yomudyandigere yehurumende mudare rehurumende nokuda kwokuputswa kwemipimo yehurumende. Chibvumirano chacho hachina kupfuura, asi chinoratidzira kukangaidzika kunokura nemhinganidzo yokudzivisa kubatwa nehosha. Munguva ino, dzimwe nyanzvi dzemitemo dzinotaura kuti kudzivisa dziviriro kupfurikidza nokugamuchira betsero dzemitero yehurumende yemari yepeni yepeni pasi peInternvendice Code 401 Decture 401 (a).

Kunetsa Vagadziri Vemitemo Nevazivi Vezvekusarudza

Kudzivisa kusatapurwa kwehurumende mukakavadzano dzemidyandigere kunoparira basa rezvikamu zviduku zvemiuyo. Vari pamudyandigere munyika navaparadziri vapamhidzanwa vanogona kusvika kururamisiro zvikuru kupfuura avo vari muruwa urwo runotaura kuti vanoramba kurwisa. Vaiti vemitemo vanofanira kurangarira zvinotevera:

Mitemo Yetsika Yakakasharara

Hurumende dzinoda kuva nechivimbo kuvashandi vehurumende dzinogona kuisa mitemo inorambidza kuzvidzivirira pamidyandigere nokuda kwekakavadzano dzemidyandigere, zvimwe mumatare ehurumende.

Kudzivirirwa Kwemari Yokuvimba

Dzimwe nyika dzakagamuchira gadziridzo dzebumbiro-mitemo kuti dzidzivirire betsero dzomudyandigere. Somuenzaniso, Bumbiro reMitemo reIllinois rinogovera kuti betsero dzomudyandigere hadzisati dzichizoderera kana kuti kukuvadzwa. Nepo asati ari muparadziri wedziviriro, gadziriro dzakadaro dzinoita maruramiro akajeka ayo matare anogona kusimbisa apo kudzivirira kukuvadzwa kunenge kwabviswa.

Kugadzirisa Kumwe Kusawirirana

Iyi nzira inogona kudzivisa nhau dzokudzivisa dziviriro nemhaka yokuti nhau dzokutarisira hadzisi pasi peganhuriro dzeAndeminth Amendment. Zvisinei, kana mutumbi unodzora ukasarudza kurwisana neanorega basa, hwirudzuro yedare inotevera ingangova ichiri yakavharwa nokusadzivirirwa.

mhedziso

Kudzivisa kurwisa Hurumende kunoramba kuri mhinganidzo inotyisa nokuda kwavapukunyuki navakweretesi vanotsvaka kumanikidza kodzero dzinopesana nemari yomudyandigere. Dzidziso yacho, yakavakirwa muPendementation yechigumi neimwe yegumi naMazana amakore yenhau, inodzivisa kukwidziridza kukwirirana kwemhosva kwehurumende neganhuriro kunyange mudare rehurumende. Kunyange zvakadaro, kunze kwakadai sechinoshatisa, dzidziso yeEx Parte Young, uye kudzorwa pasi pemirauni yakati yehurumende kunofanira kugovera mativi akaganhurirwa asi ane revo akaganhurirwa. Sezvo dzvinyiriro dzemari dzinopiwa nemhesvo dzinowedzera, mubatanidzwa pakati peteshi inodzo yehurumende nekodzero dzependi dzinopfuurira kupfuurira. Attorysnery anonzvera nokungwarira chirongwa chakananga pamutemo pakati pezvinzvimbo zvemari nemitemo pakati pehurumende nezvinodzivirira nokuvimbisa vanhu vose vanovimba neizvi.