Kutsungirira: Kupesvedzera Kunoita Mapati Ezvamatongerwe Enyika eJapan

Ukama pakati pezvido zvebhizimisi nesimba rezvematongerwe enyika muJapan haisi nhau inongoerekana yavapo — ishongwe yehurumende yokutonga kwenyika. Kwemakumi emakore, mhesano iyi yakasarudza kutungamirira kwegadziriro yemari, mugumisiro wesarudzo yenyika, uye kubatana kwokuzvidavirira kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Nepo kuchinja kwakatanga mipimo yokuona zviri pachena, kubatana kukuru pakati pemabhodhingi ebhizimisi nedzimbahwe rebato kunoramba kwakasimbiswa zvikuru. Kunzwisisa simba iri kunokosha kumunhu upi noupi anotsvaka kunzwisisa kuti muchina weJapan wokugadzira mitemo unoshanda sei chaizvoizvo.

Mavambo eBhizimisi reBasitiriti Alliance muPostwar Japan

Kupindwa mungozi kwazvino uno kwebhizimisi namatongerwe enyika muJapan kunotevera zvakananga kunhambo yokuvakazve yeHondo II. Pashure pehondo, zviremera zveUnited States zvinoshanda zvakatanga kuputsa zaibatsu — masangano makuru emhuri akadzorwa nenzvimbo dzemaindasitiri ayo akanga awedzera muchina wehondo weJapan. Zvisinei, sezvo Hondo yeRuzha yakawedzera, muitiro weAmerica wakasimukira kukuvakazve Japan sechidzitiro chechikamari muAsia. Ikoku kwakatungamirira kukudzokororwazve kwamapoka aya enzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu kupinda [FLT: 0] [FLT]]: zvibvumirano zvakatemwa zvemakambani anobatanidzwa nemigove yehondo inoyambuka, kubatanidzwa, vatungamiriri vemibato, uye ukama hwebhizimisi.

Boka Rechibharo Nechikwata Chinotonga Nyika Nechikwata Chine Utsinye

Kutangwa kweLiberal Democratic Party (LDP) muna 1955 kwakanga kuri nguva yakacheneswa. LDP yakasikwa kupfurikidza nokubatanidzwa kwamapoka maviri anochengeta mari, uye kuvambira pamavambo ayo yakatsamira zvikuru pakutsigira mari yemakambani. Makambani makuru namakambani eindasi airangarira LDP semuvaki webhizimisi akatsiga — airwisana necommunist, pro-pro-mosting, uye vatsigiri vemiitiro yemaindasitiri. Kudzokera shure, LDP yakavimbisa kuti masangano makuru anotendera mabhizimisi, kubva kubhangi nokuvaka matare nemotokari. Uhwana hunowirirana nesimbi hwakazivikanwa se "Igron" vezvamatongerwe enyika, vabhinaristika, vabhineridha, vabhini vebhizimisi, uye vatungamiriri vebhizimisi.

Marokuro Echikwata Chematongerwe Enyika

Gadziriro yekeiretsu yakatambanukira kupfuura pesvedzero yakananga yezvamatongerwe enyika. Manetwo akadai seMitsubishi, Mitsui, uye Sumitomo akabatanidza mipiro yavo yezvamatongerwe enyika kupfurikidza nezvikuva zveindasitiri zvakadai seJapan Business Federation (] Keidan). Kusvikira kuma 1990, Keidan yakabatanidza gadziriro yemipiro yebhizimisi yokuunganidza nokuparadzira mipiro yesangano kuLDP. Iyi gadziriro yakabvumira mapoka ebhizimisi kushandisa dzvinyiriro yeboka pazvisarudzo zvemiitiro, achivimbisa kuti mitemo pamusoro pemitero, kutengeserana, uye miraudzo yamabasa yakabatanidzwa nefariro dzebhizimisi dzakananga. Makambani mamwe namamwe makambani akachengetawo ukama hwomunhu oga oga nePPP, anoparadzira mari yekuda kuyamura mari panhau dzeSangano.

Basa raAmabudari

Mutoo wakakomba asi unooneka zvishoma ndi amadudari (chaizvoizvo "kubva kudenga"), muitiro wavamiriri vakuru vakarega basa vakatora nzvimbo dzakakwirira mumasangano avanhu. Ava vaichimbova vadzori vanounza zivo yapakati namabasa omunhu oga kukambani avanokumbanira, nepo makambani anowana muganhu wakananga kupesvedzero yezvamatongerwe enyika. Mukuchinja, vabhitauscrates avo vanoda nzvimbo dzinobudirira dzemafashoni dzinobetsera kazhinji kazhinji mira mitsetse yakaisvonaka kuvashandirwi vavo vomunguva yemberi. Uku kudzodzo inodzokorodza suo dzinova muganhu wemitsetse pakati pebasa ravose nemhindu yomunhu oga, nepesvedzero yesangano renyika inodzokorodza.

Kuchinja Zvinhu Munguva Yokuchinja

Pakasvika ma1990, ukama hwakanaka pakati pebhizimisi nezvamatongerwe enyika hwakavamba kukwezva kutsoropodza kwakakomba. Nhevedzano yezvisakarurama zvouori — kubatanidza kushatiswa kweRecruit (1988) uye chinyadziso cheSagawa Kyubin (hasha) zvakazivisa ukuru hwechiokomuhomwe nokupesvedzera. Kushatiswa kwavose kwakaparira chinjo huru. Politiki Funds Control Act yakagadziridzwa kudikanwa kuti ide kuziviswa kwakakwana kwemipiro, uye kurambidzwa kwemipiro yebhizimisi kwakarangarirwa muma1990, kunyange zvazvo isina kutongoitwa zvizere. Muna 1994, purazi yechinjo yezvamatongerwe enyika yakasuma purotion yezvibvumirano zvavose, nevavariro yokuderedza rubango pamaripo.

Kushandisa Mari Yakagadzirwazve Pashure: Makomba Okuisa Pamugodhi uye Kugadziridza

Pasinei zvapo neidzi chinjo, mari yebhizimisi haina kunyangarika — yakava zvayo isina kunanga zvikuru. Panzvimbo pokunyora cheki kuvhozhokero zvakananga kuvatenzi vezvamatongerwe enyika, mabhizimisi zvino anobetsera kumasangano ezvemari yezvamatongerwe enyika (zvakadai seLDP's Kwom Kyokai , kana kuti National Association). Ivo vanotsigirawo mari yemari yezvikamu zvemari, kutenga matikiti anodhura kuzvinoitika zvezvamatongerwe enyika, uye mari kupfurikidza namasangano ezvokutengeserana. Mushumo 2020 wakaitwa neMinisitirindi yeInternational Affairs and Communications wakaratidza kuti mapoka emabhizimisi achiri kugovera 30% yeLDP inoshumwa. Chaizvoizvo, mwero wacho ungava wakakwirira apo kushambadza kana kuti kushambadza mari yakaderera.

Chikanganiso Chemari Yezvamatongerwe Enyika 2024 Nemiuyo Yacho

Njodzi yemisi ichangobva kupfuura iyi yakatanga mukupera kwa2023, apo vachuchisi vakawana kuti mapoka anoverengeka eLDP akanga ashuma nenzira yakarongwa mazana amamirioni eyen mukutsigira mari akapfuurira munhambo yemakore mashanu. Chinyadziso chakamanikidzira Mutungamiriri wePrime Fenio Kisida kunyungurisa masekete anoverengeka eLDP ndokutungamirira kumhaka dzepamutemo huru. Ichi chinoitika chakaratidzira kuti kunyange makumi amakore pashure pokuedza kuchinja, kubatana pakati pemari nepesvedzero kunoramba kuri chinetso chikuru. Mumhinduro, hurumende yakapfuudza chiPinegitika chiPitikidzo chePinments Control Act muna June 2024, asi vatsoropotedza chika chipfupi chokuva chezviono chaicho — ivo vachiri kubvumira kubhadhadharira mari yebhizimisi kupfurikidza namasangano ehurumende pasina kuzivisa chinhu chakakwana.

Kubviswa Kunoitwa Kufurirwa Nevatungamiriri Venyika

Kuchinja kwemabhizimisi nemabhizimisi kunooneka munzvimbo dzakawanda. Kuchinja kwakaita Japan upfumi, simba, uye kuchinja basa zvose kunoratidza kurema kunopfuurira kwokutsigira makambani.

Mutemo wenzvimbo dzamabasa okugadzirwa kwezvinhu ne "Japan Inc"

Gadziriro yezvemari yave ichitsigira kare vapamberi vakuru venzvimbo dzinosiiwa neindasitiri dzakatangwa. Rangarira nhambo ye [[FLT: 0] Abenomics pasi poMutungamiriri weHurumende Shinzo Abe (2020). Miseve mitatu — kuderera kwemari, kupfuudza, uye kuvandudza magadzirirwo ezvivako — yakagadzirwa mukukurukurirana zvikuru na [[FLT:] Keinan uye Japan yeCrime of Shemmercial and Industry. Mugumisiro wakanga uri kuderera kukuru kwemari, uko kwakasimudzira mhindu yeToya, Sontay, uye mamwe marudzi amarudzi akawanda, asi akakwidza zvishoma kubhadhara vashandi vepavhu. Vatsorome vakapikisa uyu wakanga uri chinoitika chakajeka chakajeka chakajeka kupfuma kupfuma upfumi hwebhizimisi.

Simba Renyukireya uye Kushandiswa Kwemagetsi

Pasati pambova nedare renyika riri kumira kuonekwa zvikuru kupfuura mugadziriro yesimba renyukireya reJapan. Pashure penjodzi yenyukireya ya2011 Fukushima, vanhu vakatanga kufunga kuti vapiwe simba renyukireya. Asi pakazosvika 2023, hurumende yeLDP yakanga yatendera kutangazve kwemagwenya akawanda uye yaikurudzira kuwedzera mashandiro ezvirimwa. Kuchinja uku kwakakonzerwa nokukwidziridzwa nesimba remagetsi rakakomba — zvinhu zvezvikamu zviri vakuru vezvamatongerwe enyika kuLDP Maakaunzi. Nauclear Reglative Authoult, yakaumbwa muna 2012 kuti ive nechokwadi chokuzvimirira, zvavenge vapfuudzirwazve. Vakuru vakuru vakuru vazvo vakawanda vakambova vanoshanda.

Kuderera kweNzvimbo dzeNzvimbo dzeMari yeBasa ne"Nzira yokurovha"

Mapoka ebhizimisi akatsvaka nguva dzose dziviriro dzebasa dzinodzorwa kuti aderedze ndyiko nokuwedzera kuchinjika. Pasi pomureza we "mazano okukura," LDP yagadza mitemo inokudza kushandiswa kwezvibvumirano zvebasa zvamazano (] saiyo jiyu selō[[FLT]]) [[FLT]]) uye kubvumira makambani kubvisa vashandi vezuva nezuva kuti vasabhadhare mari inowedzerwa kana vachiwana mari inopera kana vaiwana kupfuura chikuvano chimwe. Iyi mitemo inotsigirwa zvikuru [[[FLT:] Keidan [[FLT:] uye basa rinoshorwa namasangano anoshora. Mugumisiro wacho mumukakahando wezvina zvakanaka zvevashandi vazhinji mumakambani uye mapfume.

Kusarudza, Kutaura Chokwadi Kweboka, uye Mutengo Wenhimbe

Nhimbe dzezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan dzinodhura zvikuru. Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzavanhu, vanoda kutsamira zvikuru pakutsigira mari kubva kumanyuko ebhizimisi kuti vapedze chinhu chiri chose kubva pakushambadza terevhizheni kunodhura kusvikira kumutengo wemotokari dzenhimbe navashandi vanoroja. Kochikai , dare renyika — raichimbova gurusa, kutozosvikira kuguma kwaro muna 2024 — rakanga richitsamira zvikurukuru pamipiro inobva kuvakwa kwemotokari dzenhimbe nenzvimbo chaidzo. Mukuita kudaro, maindasitiri aya akagamuchira zvibvumirano zvebasa ravose rapachena uye kutarisirwa kwemitero kwakanaka.

Mipiro inobetsera inoumbawo dzikamo yesimba mukati memapati. Mipiro inokwevera purofiti yebhizimisi yakawanda inowanwa musarudzo yomukati yapurezidhendi womubato (uye nokudaro mutungamiriri wehurumende). Ikoku kunoparira chimuko chiyamuro: vezvamatongerwe enyika avo vanotsigira miitiro yebhizimisi rinosimudzira mipiro yakawanda, iyo inovabvumira kukwira kunzvimbo dzoutungamiriri, uko vanogona kupfuudzirazve fariro dzebhizimisi. NIPNCON] Kunzvera kwokutsigira mari kwezvamatongerwe enyika [[ kunoratidzira kuti vapurezidhendi veLDP vanosundira kutora mubatanidzwa wemipiro nguva dzose vanogamuchira mavhomwe mipiro yakakwirira kubva kumasangano ebhizimisi.

Kupikiswa Kwakaitwa Nevashandi

Kunokosha kucherekedza kuti LDP haisati iri bato bedzi nebatano dzamasangano. Constitutional Democratic Party yeJapan (CDP) inowana tsigiro huru kubva kumasangano evashandi, zvikurukuru Japanese Trade Union Confederation (] Rengo). Nepo mipiro yomubatanidzwa yapamutemo, inoita chimiro chakafanana chefariro yeboka. Zvisinei, mari yebatanidzwa iduku zvikuru muurefuti kupfuura zviwanikwa zvose zvesangano reJapan. Mu 2021 rakasarudzwa rehurumende revo, LDPPP inobuda nechinhu chezvinenge zvitatu, uye chiverengero chikuru cheyaro chakazadzwa nemipiro.

Kudzikama Kwegadziriro: Utongi hworuzhinji mukurwisana nePlutocracy

Apo nhimbe yokusarudza imwe inogona kuparira muvhoti anopfuura mamirioni 93100 — inenge $700,000, uye yakawanda zvikuru mumaruwa omumataundi amakwikwi — kudikanwa kwevatsigiri vemitemo vakadzika kuva chinhu chinooneka. Uku kumirira chaikoiko kukuda kweavo vanogovera mari. 2023] Japan Times kunzvera kwakasimbisa kuti maruwa eLDP, anomirira vamiriri vemibatanidzwa yavagari vemo vari kuderera, vanotsamira pakati pezvipo zvikurusa zvokuvaka nokuparwa kwemipiro yemirimo, uko kunochinja chishoro kukuva kwavo mumakamu iwayo.

Uyezve, kudzora kwemari inotsigirwa kunotiodza mwoyo kubuda kwemativi matatu.Masangano ezvematongerwe enyika matsva, akadai seBoka rokudzivirira Vanhu kubva kuNHK kana kuti Reiwa Shinsengumi, kazhinji kazhinji anoshaiwa batano dzebhizimisi dzokuwana hova dzinotsigira mari dzakafanana. Voter muJapan yakatenderera munenge 50 ne60% nokuda kwesarudzo dzorudzi — pakati pedzikaderera zvikuru munyika dzakabudirira — navagari vemo vazhinji vanorangarira kuti vhoti yavo haigoni kukwikwidzani nepesvedzero yavapi vazhinji.

Kuedza Kuparadza Nhengo

Masangano anoverengeka okuchinja akaedza kuparadza kana kuti kuderedza kana kuti kutoita kuti batano yebhizimisi ive yakakura zvikuru. Kuchinja kwemaruwa anosarudzwa nemitezo mizhinji kunotsiva mibatanidzwa yemaruwa ane mitezo mizhinji nemitezo yakaenzana, zvichingotaura kuderedza mutengo wenhimbe uye kudikanwa kwemari inobhadharwa. Mukushandisa, mutengo wokushanda muruwa rumwe rune mitezo imwe unotova mukuru nemhaka yokuti vapambiri vanofanira kukwirira kune mumwe muvhotera. Ikoku kwakangokudza bedzi ruvimbo rwemari yemari inobhadharwa.

Muna 2024, ichiita chisarudzo chemari inodzorwa nokudzorwa kwemipiro inodzorwa. Zvisinei, mutemo wakarega kurambidza kana kuti kuganhurira mipiro yesangano iro rimene. Somuuyo, [FLT: 0] Reuters dzinoshuma pamusoro pechipo chokuvandudza [] sezvirango zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvose, uye zvirango zvakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwokudzorwa kwechapupu chavose. Masangano anoshora akapfuurira kudana chirambidzo chose chose pamipiro yesangano, asi chikarakadzo ichi hachina kutongowana muturakiti mukati me PLD.

Mugari Wemo Ane Uzivi uye Basa Rezvinobudisa Nhau

Masangano eGrasroots se SHIMIN no-Koe (Inzwi reChimbishi) uye Japan Federation of Bar Associations nguva dzose] anobudisa mishumo yemari inotsigirwa mune zvematongerwe enyika. Zvinonyora kupfuurira kwemari isingashumwi nebetsero dzezvivako zvinofarikanywa neLDP. Zvinobudisa nhau zvinoitawo basa rokurinda — Asahima naTokyo Shimburini kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji inoongorora mitoo yemipiro — asi yeyeuko yavose ipfupi, uye purofiti imwe neimwe inotendwa nokukurumidza negadziriro itsva yokushambadza.

Mugumisiro: Mubayiro Wokupesvedzera

Kupindirana kwebhizimisi nezvamatongerwe enyika muJapan hakusati kuri gadziriro yechinguvana kana kuti yechinguvana — rutivi rukuru rwegadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika. Kuvambira panzvimbo yehondo yehondo yehondo kunzvimbo dzemari dzazvino uno, fariro dzamasangano dzakaumba nguva dzose avo vanodzora uye nzira yavanotonga nayo. Kuchinja kwakaitwa, asi ivo vakarangarira chaizvoizvo zviratidzo panzvimbo pechisakiso chikuru: rutsamiro rwemasangano ezvamatongerwe enyika pamari yomunhu oga. Kusvikira kupfurikidza nokudisisa ikoko kwaputswa — kana kuti zvimwe kwakadzikama nokubetsera kubetsera kwavose nokuoneka kwapachena kwapachena — zvisarudzo zvemiitiro zveJapan zvichapfuurira kutsaukira kunzvimbo yeboka rezvisarudzo panzvimbo pebhokisi rezvo.

Kunzwisisa ukama uhwu hakusi chinhu chinokosha kuJapan pakutsanangura kuderera kwenhamba dzevanhu, kuchinja kwemamiriro okunze, kusaenzana kwevashandi, uye kusagadzikana kweupfumi.