Kunzwisisa Kuparadzana Kwesimba

Nheyo yokuparadzanisa masimba inheyo yebumbiro remitemo, yakagadzirirwa kuparadzira chiremera pakati pamapazu akasiyana ehurumende. Iyi gadziriro inodzivisa chinhu chipi nechipi kuunganidza simba risina kudzorwa, nokudaro inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu uye ichiita kuti hurumende ishande mukati memiganhu yepamutemo. Dzidziso inonangidzira mavambo ayo ouchenjeri hwezvamatongerwe enyika asi yakajekeswa zvakajeka zvikurusa mukati mekujekeswa, zvikurukuru nemufungiri weFrance Montesquieueus. Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoparira gadziriro umo mukuru mukuru, udzori, uye mapazu edare rimwe nerimwe rine mitoro yaro yaro yakasiyana nemitoro yaro yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga yoga uye mano okunzvera mabasa avamwe anozivikanwa zvikuru secherekedzo nechiyero. Iyi igadziriro inongovawo zvayo isinganzwisisiki; igadziriro inoshanda yakaumba gadziriro yamasimba makuru ehurumende, United States, uye kunzwisiswa kweiyi mapazuro anozivikanwa nokuda kwenzanga yose.

Mapazi Matatu eHurumende

Pamwero wayo mukurusa, kuparadzana kwesimba kunokamuranisa hurumende kuva mitumbi mitatu yakasiana: mutungamiriri, mutongi, uye mutongi. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinoshandisa basa guru iro riri madikanwa kukushanda kwehurumende, uye vashandi vebazu rimwe nerimwe vanosarudza kupfurikidza nemiitiro yakasiana - siana kuvimbisa mhatsa yemifungo noruvimbiko.

  • Bazu rePuregial: Rinopomerwa kusimbisa nokushandisa mitemo inopiwa nedare. Mumiitiro yapurezidhendi seUnited States, iri bazi rinotungamirirwa napurezidhendi anosarudzwa panzvimbo yedare. Mutungamiriri anotarisirawo dare rehurumende, anotonga dare rokumwe, uye anobatira somutungamiriri wemauto akashongedzwa. Muganhu wesimba rehurumende wakawedzera zvikuru munguva, zvikurukuru munharaunda dzechengeteko yenyika nerokudzika mutemo.
  • Dare reMitemo reBazu: Mutoro wokugadzira, kuitisana nharo, uye kugadza mitemo. Mumiitiro yebimeral . yakadai seBhunga reUnited States, rinoumbwa neDare neImba yaVamiririri] inomirira zvose zviri zviviri nyika nevagari vemo vamwe. Bazu remitemo rinodzora simba rechikwama, rinobvumira kubhadharwa kwehurumende nokubhadharwa kwemitero. Rinewo chiremera chokusimbisa kugadzwa kwedare, uye, mune dzimwe zviitiko, kubvisa uye kubvisa zviremera kana kuti vakuru vakuru vakuru vedare.
  • Bazu reJodicial:[[FT:1] rakaitwa nokududzira mutemo uye kuva nechokwadi chokuti unoshandiswa zvakanaka uye nguva dzose. Dare rinohwirudzura kubatana kwemitemo nemabasa okutungamirira kupfurikidza nomuitiro unozivikanwa sehwirudzuro yedare gurusa kana kuti dare rebumbiro remitemo, iri bazi rinoshanda zvakasiana namamwe maviri. Vatongi vanowanzogadzwa nokuda kwemashoko marefu kana kuti upenyu kuti vaadzivirire mudzvinyiriro yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Makepi Nedzikamo Zvinoshandiswa

Nzvero nedzikamo ndiwo mutoo umo bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kuganhurira nawo simba rerimwe. Iyi kurukurirano inodzivisa bazu ripi neripi kudzora hurumende. Somuenzaniso, apo chigaro chinogadza mitemo, mukuru anogona kuisa mutemo, uye mutongi anogona kurova mitemo inoputsa bumbiro remitemo. Nenzira inoshamisa, idivi redare remitemo rinogona kudzora dare ramabhishopi makuru nerokuvhota. [FF4]

Nheyo Dzenhau

Pfungwa yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuputswa ndokuganhurirwa haina kutanga muzana ramakore rechigumi namasere.

Vanofunga Zvakajeka

John Locke, muyake [[FLT: 0] Treasues of Government [1689], yakaparadzana pakati pechibvumirano, chigaro, uye masimba anodzorwa, achitaurira kuti chibvumirano chinofanira kuva chikuru. Zvisinei, chimiro chinopesvedzera zvikurusa chakabva kuna Baron de Montesquieu. [Inyika inosarira mu 1748] mubasa rake [[FLT] [IT]] [IMweya] Mweya weMitemo yeMitemo [[FOT]]. Montesquieueu akacherechedza kuti simba romutemo noukuru mumaoko mamwe chetero mumaoko akafanana namamwe. [Vanyori vabhishopu] [FF] vadzori vadzori vadzoronze iri pachena.[5]

Convention yeBumbiro reMitemo reU.S.

Mukati meKinstitution yeMitemo ya 1787 muPhiladelphia, nhume dzakakakavadzana kuti mitemo yokuvaka nayo yakanakisisa sei hurumende itsva yorudzi. Vaitsvaka kudzivisa kuiswa kwesimba kwakanga kwaratidzira kutonga kweBritain neMitemo yeChiremera cheConfester. Bumbiro reMitemo rakagadza nokusangwarira kuparadzanisa masimba nemabasa anodzorwa. Somuenzaniso, purezidhendi aigona kuronga mitemo, asi Congress aigona kukunda ikoko vaveto; Dare raizosimbisa kugadzwa kwapurezidhendi; uye vatongi vaigona kuhwirudzura mabasa ose ari maviri echibvumirano nezviito zvoukuru. Vagadziri vamapandemupiki vaigona kugadza masimba amapazu mugadziriro yakanyorwa, vachiita chinjo ipi neipi kupfurikidza nomuitiro wokuchinja. Iyi purogiramu yagara mberi kwamazana maviri, inodzora kufambira pamutemo munyika yose.

Zvirongwa zveMazuva Ano uye Kuchinja

Nepo muenzaniso wakatanhamara wemabhuraneti matatu uchiwanzobatanidzwa neUnited States, dzimwe nyika dzakawanda dzakashandisa misiano yakawirirana netsika dzadzo dzezvamatongerwe enyika nenhau dzakapoteredza. Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano kunojekesa kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunogona kushanda sei mugadziriro dzeparamende, kashoma, uye kavhenganiswa.

United States

Gadziriro yeAmerica inoramba iri mumwe wemienzaniso yakajeka zvikurusa yokuparadzana kwamasimba. Purezidhendi anosarudzwa nenzira yakazvimirira, haagoni kubatira anopfuura mashoko maviri (kubvira pa 22 Framendment), uye haagari muCongress. Bazu revakuru vakuru rine dare rakati asi rinodzorwa noutariri hwemitemo nenzvero yedare. Chirongwa chemitemo chinodzorwa nemabasa akasiana----shaidzo. Chirongwa cheImba chinogadza zvikwereti zvemari uye chinogona kuisa mumwe nomumwe, nepo Dare rinosimbisa kugadzwa uye rinoedza kurongedzerwa. Chikamu chedare chinodzokororwa chakasimba. Zvisinei, zvinoitika zvazvino uno uno uno uno. Sakatapuko nemirayiro yehurumende yapakuvamba. Dzimwe nguva dzinobatanidza masangano anotonga, uye mabasa edare.

Gadziriro Dzapaparamende

Mumiitiro yeparamende, yakadai seyomuUnited Kingdom, Canada, neIndia, mukuru mukuru (gurukota redare nekabati) anotorwa kubva kuidzoro kudare. Uku kubatanidzwa kwamasimba kunopesana nokuparadzana kwakakomba, asi kunzvera kuchiripo. judicary inoramba iripo, uye mutezo wedare unogona kubvisa mukuru mukuru kupfurikidza nokuvhota kusavimba. Mukuru mukuru, anogona kubvisa chigaro chemitemo uye kudana sarudzo itsva. Nemhaka yokuti mukuru mukuru anobva mubato guru muparamende, chibvumirano chemitemo hachisi chinhu chakakurumbira zvikuru, asi kugona kudzora kukuru. MuUK, somuenzaniso, murangariro woutongi weparame unoreva kuti mutengi mukuru anogona kubvisa nenzira yapamutemo kududzira kupi nokumwe, kunyange zvazvo simba iri richidzorwa zvikuru nekodzero dzavanhu dzinodzora pamutemo.

Mashandiro Etsandanyama

Nyika dzakawanda dzinogamuchira mienzaniso yakavhengana inobatanidza masangano apurezidhendi neparamende. French’s Fin 5 Republic ine mutungamiriri akasarudzwa zvakananga uyo anogadza mutungamiriri wehurumende ane mutoro kuGungano reNational. Purezidhendi anobata mirau yokunze nedziviriro, nepo mutungamiriri mukuru anotarisira nhau dzomumba. Iyi gadziriro inogona kutungamirira ku “kugadzirwa” apo purezidhendi nevoruzhinji veparamende vari vamasangano akasiyana- siyana. Mamwe marudzi, akadai seRussia nenyika dzakawanda dzeLatin America, ane vatungamiriri vakasimba zvikuru nemasimba makuru emitemo, pane dzimwe nguva kutungamirira kudzosa. Kuparadzana kwemasimba kunoratidza kuti kuisa mubatanidzwa hakusimudziyo worudzi rumwe chete asi nheyo inochinjika inofanira kuwirira kuidzwa kuzvinodikanwa nenyika imwe neimwe.

Kukosha Nebetsero

Kuparadzana kwamasimba hakusati kuchingovawo zvako betsero inoitwa; idziviriro huru muudzvinyiriri. Kupfurikidza nokubvisa chiremera, kunovimbisa kuti hakuna bazu rimwe rinogona kuisa kuda kwaro pasina kurangarira pavanhu. Iyi tsika inogovera betsero dzakawanda idzo dzinotapura zvakananga kunaka kwokudzora nedziviriro yamaruramiro omunhu oga.

Kuchengetedza Rusununguko

Kana simba raiswa panzvimbo yesimba, ngozi yokushandisa zvisina kufanira inowedzera zvinoshamisa. Masimba okuparadzanisa anoita kuti zvive zvakaoma kudzvinyirira vamiririri mumwe kana kuti munhu mumwe kuti vasarudze, kuchinja migumisiro, kana kuti vashori vezvematongerwe enyika. Kuzvimirira kwedare rinotonga kunodzivirira kutaura kwakasununguka, kutsikirira, uye rudzidziso nokugovera nzvimbo isina muganhu nokuda kwezviito zvehurumende zvinodenha. Bazu remitemo, rinoumbwa navamiririri vakawanda, rinodzivisa chinjo dzinotambudza mutemo. Mienzaniso yenhau yakawanda: kumuka kweNazi Germany yakabetserwa nokuputsika kwemitevedzo yehurumende. Nenzira inopesana, kuparadza masimba kwakabatsira mamiriro okunze emisi yenhau, kubva kuMadziro anopesana kukusabvumirana nezvisarudzo. Kuraira vatambi vakawanda kubvumirana nezvisarudzo zvikuru, tsika inokurudzira uye kuvakavakamuraniswa kwegadziriro kutsigira kodzero dzinokosha.

Kuzvidavirira

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoparira mapfundo akawanda outariri. Mutevedzeri wedare anogona kunzvera kusazvibata kwevakuru; vatongi vanogona kushayisa simba mitemo isina pamutemo; mukuru mukuru anogona kukunda mitemo. Bazu rimwe nerimwe rinogona kufumura nokururamisa zvikanganiso nezvimwe. Uku kuzvidavirira kunoderedza uori nokusaita zvakanaka. Somuenzaniso, Office yeHurumende yeHurumende yeU. Hurumende yeU. (GAO) inoshanda pasi peProvission kunzvera mapurogiramu ehurumende, nepo Hofisi yeChirevoidzo chemitemo yeMatemo inopa mifungo yapamutemo inodzivisa kushatisa zviremera. Munyika dzakawanda, mitumbi inorwisana nokushatisa kushatisa. Vagari vezvizvarwa vanogonawo kuva nomutoro kupfurikidza namarusarusarudzo, izvo zvinoitwa bedzi apo mitemo yokuvhota.

Matambudziko Anozovapo

Pasinei zvapo nokusimbazve, kuparadzana kwemasimba kunotarisana netyisidziro huru muzana ramakore ramakumi maviri namashanu. Kukura kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kukura kwesimba ravakuru vakuru, kutongwa, uye kumuka kwamasangano ezvoruzivo rwokutonga zvose zvinoedza miganhu yegadziriro yapakuvamba. Kunzwisisa izvi zvinetso zvinokosha nokuda kwaavo vanoda kuchengetedza udzori hwehurumende yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu.

Kunyanyodzora Nezvemasangano

Munguva dzenjodzi(nzi hondo, denda, kana kuti kuparadzwa kwezvemari) kazhinji kazhinji zvinoda masimba makuru. Nepo matanho akadaro angava ari madikanwa, vanozviisawo mungozi yokuwedzera zvechigarire chiremera chapurezidhendi. MuUnited States, kushandiswa kwemirairo yevakuru vakuru, zviziviso zvekurumidziro, uye kusashanda kwechinoitika pakubuda kwavanhu nokutengeswa. Hurumende dzave dzichizengurira kudzorera shure nemhaka yehurumende dzinotonga. Nenzira yakafanana, dzimwe hurumende dzinotonga dzakapupurira vatungamiriri vachideredza kuzviisa pasi kana kuti vatarisiri vemitemo. [[FLT:] Britannica yebust. [[FLT]]

Kuchinja Kwematongerwe Enyika uye Kuvhakacha

Apo masangano ezvamatongerwe enyika anenge ava anoparadzaniswa zvikuru, kunzvera nedzikamo zvakaitirwa kudzivisa udzvinyiriri zvinogona kuparira panzvimbo pezvo kuva zvisakafanira. Kubvumirana mumutemo kunova kwechienzi; mukuru mukuru angarega kutungamirira kupfurikidza nemirairo yavakuru; kugadza kunganonotswa kusinganonoki. Bvumidzo yedare reSamende reUnited States, somuenzaniso, yakashandiswa kuvhara mitemo, kuchitungamirira kukudzora nokukumbira kuti chinjo. Dzimwe dzinoramba kuti kuparadzana kwamasimba kunononoka uye kufarira mugariro, uyo unogona kuva chinetso nokukurumidza munyika inochinja nokukurumidza. Zvisinei, jingidzo hadzisi nguva dzose chikanganiso chamaudzoro chemhene. Chinetso chekuwana ganhuriro pakati pokufunga nechiito chakasimba. Dzimwe nguva dzinopindura kupfurikidza nokugamuchira masangano eparamende kana kuti ashandurukei.

Kududzira Kutonga uye Kuita Chiito

Basa redare redare mududzira bumbiro remitemo nenzira isingadzivisiki rinobatanidza kungwarira. Vatsoropodzi vanotaura kuti pane dzimwe nguva vatongi vanodarika nokugadzira mutemo panzvimbo pokuududzira. Chinoitika chinowanzoti kutongwa kwedare kunoramba kuchishayisa mitemo pazvikonzero zvakafara zvemitemo, vangapomerwa kubvuta kodzero dzedare. Zviito zvikuru zvokuva nechiremera chevakuru vakuru, kuderedza kuongorora kwemamwe mapazu. Kugadza kwevatongi kwava kuwedzera kuoma, nehondo dzinova nechemende pamusoro penhau dzinotyisidzira kuzvimirira kwomutemo. Zviito zvikuru pamusoro pokubvisa mimba, kusava nekodzero yepfuti pfuti muUnited States zvinoratidzira uku kusawirirana. Nepo mwero wakati wekutonga hakudzivisiki, kurongwa kwegadziriro yegadziriro inotsamira pakurangarira mutemo uye kurangarira kwemitemo yemitemo, pamutemo, senhau dzinodzongodzorwa zvakanaka.

Basa Rezvirongwa Zvokuzvimirira

Chinoitika chazvino uno chisimuchichiparire chemasangano anotonga anozvimirira, akadai seFederal Reserve yeU.S. , Secureties and Exchange Commissions. Mitumbi iyi inoshandisa jasi-leligistitititive, quasiiadenti, uye masimba ehurumende, achimutsa mibvunzo pamusoro pokuti inoputsa masimba here. Yakarongedzerwa kudzivirira chisarudzo chesayenzi chinoitwa kubva mukudzongonyedzwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika, asi inonangidzirawo simba muvakuru vakuru vasina pamutemo. Dare gurusa raidzo rakarwisana nenhau iyi, dzimwe nguva rinodenha zvirongwa zvinooneka pasi mukuva zvine mutoro usina muganhu. Mune dzimwe nyika, kusawirirana kwadziri pakati pamabhangiti uye hurumende. Chinetsoro chinoparira kuchengetedza masangano okuzvitonga pasina kuzvidavirira kwapamutemo.

mhedziso

Kuparadzana kwamasimba kunoramba kuri dziviriro inokosha nokuda kwokutonga kwehurumende yehurumende. Kupfurikidza nokukamura chiremera pakati pomukuru mukuru, chibvumirano, uye namapazu okutonga, uye kupfurikidza nokupa simba rimwe nerimwe kunzvera dzimwe, tsika inodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu, inodzivisa udzvinyiriri, uye inovimbisa hurumende iyo iri zvose zviri zviviri inoshanda uye inozvidavirira. Midziro yayo yenhau muKujekeswa nokushanda kwayo mumiitiro yakasiana----- pamutemo inoratidzira kuchinjika kwayo nokutsungirira. Kunyange zvakadaro denho dzapanguva ino. Zvinetso zvenguva ino dzinovapo panguva ino dzinovapo zvinobatira , zvamatongerwe enyika, zviito zvokutonga, uye kukwira kwemasangano anozvimirira. [5] Vagari, vadzidzi, uye vagadziri vemiitiro vanofanira kunzwisisa rondedzero bedzi rondedzero asi kupfuurira kuva neganhuriro inopfuurira kukuva neganhuridzo. Zvipiso zvechipo zvegore rimwe nerimwe renyika.[1]