Chinokwezva ichero , bva mutoo uyo vhoti dzinoshandurwa nawo muzvigaro kana kuti mahofisi anoumba zvikuru miuyo yezvamatongerwe enyika. Sundo inozivikanwa zvikurusa yenyika yose, yokutanga-kare-post (FPPP), inowanzobereka vakundi navashoma zvikuru, inosiya vavhoti vazhinji vachinzwa zvisarudzo zvavo zvichipambadzwa, uye vanogona kunzvera kudzora kwapanhambo mbiri. Mumhinduro, sangano rinokura rinotsigira masangano anotsiva zvamarumbidzika anowana zviri nani zvisarudzo zvamavhotera uye anoita miuyo yakawanda. Nyaya ino inonzvera gadziriro dzinoverengeka dzakadaro, netanharo huru paRkitted Vocces (RCV), uye purofiti dzavo, mibairo, migariro, uye zvishandiso zvavo chaizvoizvo.

Kunzwisisa Basa Rakakuchidzira Rokusarudza

Rumbidzai Kusarudza Kuvhotawo — kunonziwo kuvhota kwapakarepo kunoshandiswa nokuda kwesarudzo imwe — inobvumira vavhoti kugadza vadavi munhevedzano yedanho: yokutanga, yechipiri, yechitatu, zvichingodaro. Kusafanana neFPTPP, apo kunyora mutendi mumwe bedzi kunoita kuti chisarudzo chipi nechipi chisave chisina basa, RCV inorega vavhoti vachibudisa ruwararararara rwakazara rwezvinodiwa. Vavariro ndeyokusarudza munhu anorayira kuti ruzhinji rwevhoti ibasa pashure pokubvisa, vachivimbisa kuti tsigiro huru kupfuura iyo ushoma hungagona kugovera.

Mashandiro Aiita Mabasa Okusarudza

RCV gadziriro inoshanda muzvikomberedzo. Pausiku hwerusarudzo, mavhoti ose okutanga anoverengwa. Kana muvhoti wokutanga akagamuchira inopfuura 50% yovhoti dzeidzo dzechokaice yokutanga, vanowina chose chose. Kana pasina munhu anosvika pamukova iwoyo, muvhoti wokutanga zvikurusa anobviswa. Chirongwa chimwe nechimwe icho chine muvhoti wokutanga akabviswa sechokutanga chinochinjirwa kumumwe mubatanidzwa webholoti unotevera pakati paavo vachiri munhangemutange. Uyu muitiro unodzokorora — kubvisa vhoti yepfuti yepfuuresi rokutanga zvikurusa uye inopfuudzira mabhiti — kutozosvikira mumwe nomumwe ane voti hurusa yevoti murutivi irworwo rwokupedzisira.

Rangarira muenzaniso wakapfava: vavada kubhapatidzwa vatatu — Alice, Bob, naCarol — vanomhanyira kuna meya. 10 000 vavhota vakarashwa. Munenge muna Alice 1 200 (42%), Bob ane 3 500 (35%), Carol ane 2 300 (23%), hapana voruzhinji. Carol anobviswa. Pamabhora 2 300 aCarol, 1 200 Bob sechisarudzo chechipiri uye 1 100 conchuro Alice. Aiwanwa kuhhmmmms: Alice ane 5 300%) uye Bob ane 4 700 (47%) uye ane 47%). Alice anohwina voruzhinji. Muvhotera yakafanana neFPPPPPP, Alice angadai akawana ne 42% bedzi yevota, asi pasi peRCV anoonekwa kuva neakawanda vaCarcopciose.

Betsero Dzokusarudza

Kutsvakurudza uye ruzivo rwokuzviwanira zvakawana betsero dzinoverengeka dzinokosha dzeRCV:

  • [ Gutsikano huru zvikuru nomuvhoti netapuro dzinoderedza. Mavoter anogona kutsigira mudikanwi wavo wechokwadi pasina kunetseka kuti vhoti yavo ichabetsera kusarudza muvhoti wavo muduku. Ikoku kunotapura zvikuru munhangemutange yemibato mizhinji apo mutsigiri muduku anogona kubudisa vhoti kubva kumutsigiri mukuru wePTPP — anozivikanwa se “mubato wePirector".
  • Kuratidzirwa kwenhimbe yakananga zvikuru. Nemhaka yokuti vada kutora vatsigiri vevada kufunda kechipiri nechechitatu, vanopinzwa mungozi yokupinda nhimbe dzakavakirwa panhau panzvimbo pokudenha vashori. Mazano asina kururama anopinza mungozi kubuda muboka rechienzi rinobvira.
  • Migumisiro yakawanda zvikuru. Vawiri musarudzo kazhinji kazhinji vane tsigiro inobva kuvoti vazhinjisa mumativi okupedzisira, kwete bedzi mazhinji. Ikoku kunogona kuwedzera kuva pamutemo nechiremera chavakuru vakuru vakasarudzwa.
  • Muvhoti akawedzera. Dzimwe nzvero dzakawana kuti RCV corretates nesverop, zvikurukuru muvhoti dzomunzvimbomo dzisiri dzepapatisi, sezvo vavhoti vanorangarira kuti zvisarudzo zvavo zvinoratidzirwa nenzira yakarurama zvikuru.

Nokuda kwemashoko akadzama pamusoro pebetsero dzeRCV, sangano risiri repartisan Fairvote rinobudisa mishumo yegore negore pamusoro pokushandiswa kweRCV uye kugutsikana kwekunzvera kwevhoti.

Dzimwe Nzira Dzokufambisa Nadzo Dzakatsiva

RCV haisati iri itsva bedzi mukuchinja kwemavhota.

Kurumbidzwa

MuRevisence Voting, vavhoti vangasarudza (“kusimbisa kwa”) chiverengero chipi nechipi chavada kufunda — mumwe, vamwe, kana kuti vose — uye mudanho ane tendero zhinjisa vanohwina. Kwakapfava kunzwisisa nokuverenga; mabhora anogona kupfuudzwa nemaoko. Muitiro unokurudzira vavhoti kutsigira mutengi wakafara, inogona kusarudza kubvumirana. Kubvira pakugamuchirwa kwavo muFargo, North Dakota muna 2018, vaSango Vogivho vakashandiswa nokuda kwebasa reguta uye vhotaro rechikoro. Chidzidzo 2020 ne [[FLT:] Chiteshingamiraidzo cheEconst [[FFLT:1] chakawana kuti muFargo, vocto akashuma nokugutsikana zvikuru uye tsika iyoyo yakaderedzwa nhamba yemijahomwe.

Kuoneka Kwemasvomhu

Nheyo inobvunza vavhoti mumwe nomumwe pachikero — somuenzaniso, 0 kusvikira ku 5 kana kuti 0 kusvikira ku 10 — panzvimbo pokusarudza imwe bedzi. Mutsigiri ane hwerengedzo yesvomhu yakakwirira zvikurusa (kana kuti avhareji yesvomhu) anobvumira vavhoti kuratidzira ukuru hwezvavanoda, kwete nhevedzano chete. Vatsoropodzi vanocherekedza kuti muvhoti angawedzera mari yazvo nokuda kwezvinodiwa zvavo uye kubvisa vamwe, asi anotsigira kuti ndeimwe yegadziriro dzinonyanya kujeka. Mimwe sayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika inokarakadza kuti Revot Voting inobudisa migumisiro nokugutsikana kukuru. Inoshandiswa mukusarudzo shomanene dzesangano uye inorangarirwa mumamwe maguta eU.

Mitoo Yokuisa Nayo Michero

Nzira dzeCondorcet imhuri yemiitiro inonangidzira ngwariro pakuenzanisa nedziviri. “Mukundi weCondorcet” mutsigiri angakurira mumwe nomumwe muwirirano yemisoro nemisoro. Mumutoo weCondorcet, kana nzira dzakadaro dziripo, dzinohwina. Kana pasina muwinyi weCondorcet unovapo (mugumisiro wechikomberedzo unonzi “Compet ,), wakasiyana-ngofanana wechisungo chinopfuunyana unoshandiswa — zvakadai seRiband Joennes kana kuti Schulzet mitoo. Iyi mitoo inorumbidzwa zvikuru nevoresaroro yomukundi nokuda kwokuvimbisa kuti muwinwi anofadza; inoshandiswa nechiverengero chemitengo, kubatanidza Wkimedia Foundation nokuda kwokusarusarudzo yomukati. Nokuda kwokurondedzera kworuzivo rwendangariro rwendangariro rwendangariro, [ForGenet]

Kufambisa Mashoko

STAR (Score Ipapo yakazviwanira) imhino yeChenjero neRwisano yePunion. Voters vanowana munhamba mumwe nomumwe kubva pa0 kusvikira ku 5. Vada kufunda vaviri vane hwerengedzo yenhamba yakakwirira zvikurusa kusvikira kurusarudzo inongoerekana yavapo; mumativi iwayo, mutengi mumwe nomumwe wevavhoti anoshandiswa pakati paiviri anowana vhoti. Muvhoti yavose zvikurusa muvhoti inotedzerwa. STRAR inobatanidza kuratidzirwa kwezviverengero zvemifungo zvesvoti nezvipiti yemikoro zvinomhanya. Yakashandiswa muchiverengero chishomanene chesarudzo yomunzvimbomo uye inorumbidzwa namasangano akadai se [[FLD:] Coctedtion [F]

Maoresa EBorda

MuBorda Count system, vavhoti vanotora nzvimbo, uye mapfundo anopiwa mavambo panzvimbo yakakwirira — somuenzaniso, chisarudzo chechi1 chinowana n n [ ] n [ n[[FLT] n [[g.] in] nhamba yevanoda kutora danho], 2 [2] itsika [[FLT:] n [[FLT]], uye zvichingodaro. Munhu anokwikwidziridza ane mativi akawanda anohwina. Borda anoshandiswa muzvimwe zvisarudzo zveparamendi (g., Nauru, Slovenia) uye mukusarudzo dzemasangano edzidzo dzakawanda. Zvisinei, zvinova nyore kuti kukuvadziko dzakakwirira kukuva dzinokwirira kukuva, dzinoda kukuva dzinopesana.

Mubato mumwe Unotakurika (STV)

STV yakagadzirirwa maruwa ane mitezo mizhinji. Vachada kutora nzvimbo, uye chiverengero chiduku (nhamba duku yamavhoti anodikanwa kuwina chigaro) chinoverengwa. Vanopfuura chikamu chinosarudzwa, uye mavhoti akasara anochinjirwa kune zvimwe zvisarudzo. Muitiro uyu unopfuurira, nokubviswa, kusvikira zvigaro zvose zvazadzwa. STV inovimbisa kuti mamiriro echikamu chinotevedzerwa — boka rinogadzira, titi, 30% yevotax vanogona (ne zvido zvakatsikwaniswa) kuvhota zvinosarudzwa naanenge 30% yezvigaro. Inoshandiswa muzvisarudzo zvorudzi nokuda kweDare reAustralia nerosarudzo dzomunzvimbomo muIreland neNew Zealand. [[FLT:]

Kuongorora Zvirwere: Mashandiro Akasiyana - siyana Ari Kushandiswa

Kusarudza Mubasa Remaoko muUnited States

San Francisco akashandisa RCV nokuda kwehofisi dzeguta chifo cha2004, uye vavhoti nguva dzose vanoshuma nzwisiso huru negutsikano. Muna 2022, San Francisco vavhooti vakatendera mwero wokuwedzera RCV kurusarudzo rweboka rechikoro. Minneapolis naSt Paul, Minnesota, vakashandisa RCV nokuda kwesarudzo yapabumbiro ramapurezidhendi kubvira muna 2009 na 2011, uye ma2020, Yunivhesitiche anodzidza kuti RCV yakawanza mhando yevarati yezvokushambadza. Maine akava nyika yokutanga kutora RCV nokuda kwerusarudzo rwomubatanidzwa mukuru mukuru wehurumende muna 2018 (kubatanidza mapurezidhea uye kusarudzo makuru). Mujarati re 202020, Maine reruwa rwechipiri rwaMaine rwakashandiswa kuyera kuvhota, nguva yokutanga kuvhota, kunyora puro yeRCC yakashandiswa muvhota.

Kurumbidzwa MuFargo

Fango, North Dakota, yakagamuchirwa kuva Vogients muna 2018 nokuda kwezvitendero zvayo uye sarudzo dzayo dzemasangano eguta nedare rezvikoro. Maererano nomushumo 2022 kubva kumuongorori weguta, muvhoti muSarudzo yeguta reFargo yakawedzera mapfundo 10 muzana achienzaniswa negadziriro yapfuura. Nhamba yavada kubhapatidzwa yakawedzerwa, uye marudzi ose akasarudzwa nevoruzhinji vetendero — hapana kusarudza kwaidikanwa, kuchichengetedza ndyiko dzehurumende dzeguta. Nzvero dzakaitwa navanzveri paDuke University yakawana tsigiro huru pakati peFargovhovho.

Kufamba - famba muEugene, Oregon

Muna 2021, guta reEugene, Oregon, rakava nemwero wesita yokushandisa STAR Voting nokuda kwesarudzo yeguta. Kunyange zvazvo mwero wakakundikana zvikuru, wakatsigira 48%, uchiratidzira fariro iri kukura. STAR Vongress anonongedzera kumano etsika okubudisa vakundi netsigiro huru nepo uchidzivisa kuoma kwemitsetse mizhinji yevhoti. Panguva ino, guta re#CoralGalables, Florida, rakarangarira STAR Voling munzvero yayo yemitemo.

Zvinetso Zvokushandisa Zvimwe Zvokufambisa

Pasinei zvapo nebetsero dzawo, gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinotsiva dzinotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha dzokurera nokushandisa.

Kuoma Kunzwisisa Nokunzwisisa

Voter dzakarovedzana nokungoratidzira mumwe muvhota vangawana vakwidzi vakakwirira kana kuti kuvaisa pachikamu chinovhiringidza. Mhosho — dzakadai sokusvetuka mativi, kukwidza mubato mumwe kaviri, kana kuti kushandisa zvinopfuura chiratidzo chimwe padanga rimwe chete — zvinogona kushayisa simba zvikamu zvemuvhoti weRCV. MuSarudzo yeSan Francisco, inenge 5% yemabhorati aiva nemhindu dzapamusoro kana kuti dzakakwidzwa dzisingagoni kuchinjwa. Mibato yedzidzo negadziriro yakajeka yemari inopfumba inogona kuderedza idzi nhau, asi inoda bhiridhajeti. Munyori weHurumende yeMaine akatanga purogiramu inomhanya zvakanaka pamberi pevhotera yeRCVV, kubatanidza marusaru, mavhidhiyo, mavhidhiyo, uye misangano yemataundi, izvo zvakabetsera kuderedza mwero yetsika.

Kushandisa Unyanzvi Neunyanzvi

Marobhoti anokosha anoda purogiramu yekombiyuta nemichina inogona kubata mipimo inodzorwa nokuvhota. Vatengesi vazhinji vemichina yokuvhota vanopa gadziriro dzeRCV dzinokwanisa, asi miganhu ingada kukwidziridza injini kana kuti zvibvumirano. Zvikamu zviduku zvingawana mutengo unorambidzwa. Uyezve, kusaoneka kwemitemo inoputsa mitemo yealgorith inodzora mari (g., mumaCondorcet mitoo) zvinogona kukwidziridza mirangariro yokuona zviripo. Kuisa munzeve panze pejisvotswo kungasava nebasa guru, naizvozvo kutsamira paruzivo rwokunzvera kunowedzera kudikanwa kwemitengo yakadai semitengo yengozi yokuona.

Kuramba Zvematongerwe Enyika

Masangano akagadzwa anowanzoramba kuchinja kuvhota nemhaka yokuti FPTP inochengeta betsero yavo. Avo vanobetserwa nezvigaro zvakakotsekana kana kuti chikamu chimwe chezvikamu zviviri chesuopoly vangarangarira chinjo ipi neipi setyisidziro. MuUnited Kingdom, 2011 apendisum pakugamuchira Alternative Vote (AV) — chimiro cheRCV — yakakurirwa murutivi nemhaka yokuti chigaro cheConservative Party chakarwisana naro. Nenzira yakafanana, muU.S., vatambi veRCV vakashora RCV muzvikamu zvakafanana neAlaskaie, kunyange zvazvo nhamburiko dzokuidzosa pashure pokurerwa kazhinji kacho dzakakundikana.

Kugadzirwa Kwemarongerwo Ezvinhu Nemazamu Emitambo

Hapana gadziriro yokuvhota isina kukuvadzwa zvakakwana kudzora. Mumutevedzeri weRCV, vavhoti vanogona kusarudza ku “bull” muvhoodheri wechipiri kupfurikidza nokuvaisa pasi pomubhadhari anotova akakurumbira zvishoma kubetsera dzidzo yavo yokutanga. MuSce Voting, vavhoti vangapa miuyo yakanyanyisa kuti vape pesvedzero. Mitoo yeCondorcet inogona kuva inyajambwa ku “kuchinja kubereka” — kuwedzera vadaviri vasina simba vanogona kugadzira nhambo dzinochinja miuyo. Nepo aya mashoko anowirirana achireva kuti mukushanda, vhotera vazhinjisa ndee, apo miitiro inosanotsanangurwa zvakanaka.

Nguva Yemberi Yegadziriro Dzokufambisa Mazaya

Kuwedzera kwegadziriro dzokuvhota kwakasimba kupfuura nakare kose. Kusvikira muna 2025, maguta namapoka anopfuura 50 muUnited States anoshandisa chimiro chakati cheRCV nokuda kwesarudzo dzomunzvimbomo, uye inopfuura nyika gumi nembiri dziri kurangarira nokushingaira kubvumira kana kuti kuraira kuti RCV ive inobvumira kana kuti zvimwe zvinjo. Kukura kwezvirongwa zvokuchinja kwevarwi nesangano rinotenderwa kuvagari vemo — zvakadai se “Voter Choucial Act” munyika dzinoverengeka — kunoratidzira chishuvo chavose chokusarudza chinoitwa nehurumende yedemocratic.

Ruzivo rwemichina runoitawo basa. Rusando rwokuvhota namano akawedzerwa okunzvera zvinoita kuti zvive nyore zvikuru kushandisa mitoo yakaoma pasina kuvimba navatengesi vemitengi. Nhamba mberi mudzidzo yevhoti paIndaneti (imo, makombiyuta okushandisa mabharati okuvhota) dzinobetsera vavhoti kuva vakakwirira uye kusimbisa vasati vavhota.

Munyika dzakawanda, nyika dzakadai seAustralia (inoshandisa SV nokuda kweDare rayo neRCV nokuda kweNhau) uye Ireland (STV nokuda kweSarudzo Dáil) dzine makumi amakore oruzivo rwokuzviwanira negadziriro dzinotsiva, kuchigovera mashoko enhambo refu pamusoro petapuro dzadzo pamimiririri, muvhoti, uye kuterama kwehurumende. Iyi mienzaniso inogovera zvidzidzo nokuda kweUnited States namamwe marudzi anorangarira chinjo.

mhedziso

Gadziriro dzokuvhota dzinotsiva — kubva kuRanked Chount to Stand to Star — dzinova nebviro yokuita sarudzo dzakarurama zvikuru, dzinojekeswa zvikuru, uye dzinoratidzira zvikuru zvisarudzo zvechokwadi zvechisarudzo. Nepo denho dzekuoma kunzwisisa, ndyiko, uye kudziviswa kwezvematongerwe enyika dzichiripo, ufakazi hunokura kubva mukuitwa kwenyika chaikoiko hunoratidza kuti iyi gadziriro inogona kuwedzera gutsikano yavavhoti nokutora rutivi, inoderedza kutsigira kwakaipa, uye inoparira vakundi netsigiro huru yapachokwadi. Sezvo vagari venyika yose vanoda kugadzirirwa kwakawanda kwehurumende yehurumende, kuongorora nokugamuchira iyi nzira itsva hakusiwo kugadziridzwa kwounyanzvi asi kukura kuutano hwehurumende inosarudzwa.