Kushandisa Hurumende Yako Zvakanaka Here?

Hurumende ndiyo inodzora vanhu vakarongwa, inowanzova nyika. Iripo kugadzira nokumanikidza mitemo, kutarisira zvinhu zvavose, kupa mabasa (sedzidzo, marongedzero, uye kuchengeteka), uye kumiririra kuzivikanwa kwevagari vemo vose. Pasina hurumende inoshanda, nzanga dzinopinda munyongano kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira, kunyange zvazvo chimiro icho hurumende inotora chinogona kusiana zvikuru. Nzira iyo hurumende inoronga inosarudza kuti simba rinopiwa sei, uye kuti maruramiro nerusununguko zvevanhu zvinodzivirirwa sei. Kunzwisisa izvi zvivako hazvisi zvirongwawo zvoruzivo rwedzidzo; zvinobetsera vagari vemo kuti vaongorore masangano avo ezvamatongerwe enyika uye kuti vazive simba uye kusava nezvinzvimbo zvavanoshandisa munyika yose.

Masayendisiti ezvematongerwe enyika navezvenhau vakarangarira kwenguva refu hurumende dzakavakirwa pakuti ndiani ane simba uye kuti simba iroro rinoshandiswa sei. Uku kutsaura kwakasiana kubva kumiitiro umo vanhu vamene vanosarudza nenzira yakananga, kugadziriro umo mutongi mumwe kana kuti mutongi muduku anodzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu.

Zvishamiso Zvemarudzi Ehurumende

Hurumende dzinogona kuiswa pamwe chete nemativi akasiana kubva pakugovera mativi akakwirira kusvikira kuudzori hwakakwirira zvikuru, asi hakuna gadziriro mbiri dzakafanana. pasi apa, tinonzvera zvimiro zvinozivikanwa zvikurusa uye zvinopesvedzera, tichinzvera mavara adzo, mienzaniso chaiyoiyo yenyika, uye nzwisiso dzouzivi kana kuti dzinoshanda dzadzinogovera.

Utongi Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu: Simba Kuvanhu

Dectracracy inobva mumashoko echiGiriki demos (vanhu) uye kratos[[[FLT:]] (kutonga), chaizvoizvo "kutonga) zvinoreva kuti "kutonga nevanhu. Muhurumende inotonga, simba rinodzorwa muvagari vemo, uyo anoshandisa simba iroro zvakananga kana kuti kupfurikidza navamiriri vakasarudzwa. Murangariro wazvino uno wedemoracyracy unoitwa pambirusaru: pachena uye zvisarudzo zvamadokero zvavanhu, ruzhinji zvakadzikamiswa nekodzero dzavanhu vamwe navamwe, rusununguko rwokutaura nesangano, uye rusununguko rwekuzvitonga.

Ubati Ushe Hwehurumende Hunosarudzwa Navanhu.

Mu hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu , vagari vemo vanovhota zvakananga pamiitiro, mitemo, uye kugadziriswa kwebumbiro remitemo. Athens yekare kazhinji kazhinji inodudzwa somuenzaniso wokutanga, kunyange zvazvo yakabvisa vakadzi navaranda. Nhasi, Switzerland michina inoshandisa madanho okutonga kwapanguva dzose kuti isarudze nhau dzomunzvimbomo. Zvisinei, marudzi makurusa anoshanda se (inonziwo madhirobhoracractic Republicacracy [[FLT]]], umo vagari vagari vemo vanosarudza vakuru vakuru vehurumende kuti vaite zvisarudzo zvavo. Iyi, sezvinoonekwa muUnited States, Germany, India, uye mamwe, anoshanda nokuda kwezvipo zvinodzorwa zvikuru uye kudzora vanhu vose.

Masimba uye Utera

Simba gurusa redemocracy idiviro yaro kuvagari vemo negadziriro yaro yechinjo ine rugare yesimba. Inoitawo kugovera dziviriro dzakasimba zvikuru nokuda kwamaruramiro omunhu oga nerusununguko. Zvisinei, mademocracy anogona kunonoka kuita chiito, kukuva anotapurwa namashoko asina kururama nepopulism, uye anokombamira kuruvara rwokuchinja. Anoda kuziviswa nokupinzwa kwavagari vemo kuti vashande zvakanaka. Mukuwirirana ne Economist Intelligenist’s Democracy Index Index[, marudzi akawanda ari kuderera mumugariro wedemocracy, nokukwira kwokunzvera kwechiso.

Republic: Kutonga Nomutemo Nemifananidzo

A public kazhinji kazhinji inowirirana nehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, asi inosimbisa gadziriro yapamutemo yakasiana. MuRepublic, nyika inorangarirwa kuva "nhau yevoruzhinji" (kubva muchiLatin [] restraca ), kwete itiro hanya yapachivande yomutongi. Chisakiso ndechekuti vagari vemo vasarudze kuti vatonge maererano nomutemo webumbiro remitemo. $8, mutemo mukuru unoganhurira masimba ehurumende. Republics dzinoratidzira zvikurukuru kuparadza masimba pakati pomukuru mukuru, chibvumirano, chibvumirano, uye mapazu okutonga, pamwe chete nomuitiro wokunzvera nechiyero.

Nepo marepublic akawanda ari madhipatimendi, kwete ose. Somuenzaniso, Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) yakazvidana imene kuti republic asi yakanga iri nyika imwe ine mugove wehurumende yamasimba masimba. Musiyano mukuru ndowokuti republic yechokwadi inoda kutongwa kwomutemo, kureva kuti kunyange hurumende inofanira kuwirirana nemiitiro yapamutemo yakatangwa. United States, France, uye Brazil mienzaniso yenguva inowirirana yehurumende yedemokrati. Mukupesana, Roma yekare yakanga iri dhironicracy iyo yakadzikama (Sante), yakakurumbira (assemblies), uye zviremera zvoukurukuru.

Zvisinei, zvinogonawo kutsoropodzwa nokuda kwokunyanyotaura uye kubvumira zvinodiwa nevakuru vakuru kudzora miitiro yemitemo, sezvinoonekwa munharo pamusoro pemari yenhimbe uye kutsigira mari yemaredhiyo emazuva ano.

Mambo: Korona saChangamire

Mastrarchy ndichimwe chezvimiro zvekaresa zvehurumende, umo munhu mumwe(mambo, mambo, mambo)(anoshanda somusoro wehurumende). Nomunhau, madzimambo akataura chiremera chakakwana, kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nemaruramiro oumwari. Nhasi, ruzhinji rukurusa rwamadzimambo nderwemitemo, runosiya mambo ari mutungamiriri wetsika apo anosarudzwa vakuru vakuru vakuru vanodzora. Zvisinei, mami mashomanene amadzimambo anotonga nesimba.

Mutongi Wakakwana

Mu madzimambo asingadzoreki, mambo anobatira simba risina kudzorwa pamusoro pokudzora, kugadzira mitemo, uye mauto. Mienzaniso yeboka inobatanidza Louis XIV weFrance ("Mambo]) uye, munguva dzazvino uno, Saudi Arabia ne Oman. Mugadziriro dzakadaro, hakuna chaizvoizvo vatongi vakasarudzwa kana kuti vatongi vanozvimirira kuti vaganhurire zvisarudzo zvomutongi. Vatsigiri vanotaura kuti ikoku kunogona kubvumira chisarudzo chokukurumidza uye chinzwano yorudzi, asi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kunotungamirira kukudzorwa kworupandukiro nokushaiwa kwokuzvidavirira.

Mutongi Webumbiro reMitemo

Mu madzimambo ehurumende , masimba emonarch anorondedzerwa uye anoganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo kana kuti mitemo yetsika. Mambo kazhinji kazhinji anoshanda somutungamiriri wokufananidzira uye musoro wehurumende, nepo paramende yakasarudzwa yedemocracy ichiita simba renyika chaiyoiyo. Mienzaniso inobatanidza United Kingdom, Japan (ane mambo chiratidzo chehurumende), Sweden, neSpain. Mitemo yemitemo inogona kuchengetedza tsika yetsika nezivikano yorudzi apo inobvumira kudzora hurumende yehurumende yehurumende yegutsaruzhinji. Vatsoropotekorodza vanonongedzera kuti kuteverwa kwenhaka kusingatsivi nokwechinjo yedemo yemato yenzanga, kunyange kana basa rezvamatongerwe enyika riri retsika.

Kutsungirira kwavo kunowanzotsamira pakukwanisa kwavo kuchinja, kuchiita kuti pave nokutsiga uye kuramba kuchiitwa kunyange sezvo masangano ehurumende inosarudzwa nevanhu anochinja - chinja.

Chinyori: Chakagadzirwa uye Chakasacherekedzwa

.Authoritaria igadziriro inoratidzirwa nesimba guru guru nerusununguko rwakaganhurirwa rwezvamatongerwe enyika. Kusafanana nechiTotalitarianism (chinopinzwa pasi), hurumende dzinodzvinyirira kazhinji kazhinji dzinobvumira mwero wakati worusununguko rwenzanga nerwemari, asi dzinodzora zvakasimba upenyu hwezvamatongerwe enyika. Simba rinoiswa mumutungamiriri mumwe kana kuti boka duku, uye chishoro chinodzvinyirirwa kupfurikidza nokunzvera, kunzvera, uye kumanikidza.

Mativi makuru eudzvinyiriri anobatanidza kusavapo kwemakwikwi akasununguka uye anoruramisira avhota (kana kuti sarudzo dzinoiswa) kushaikwa kwenzanga yavagari vemo yakazvimirira, uye kushandiswa kwesimba rehurumende kwoushingi. Mienzaniso yenhau inobatanidza Italy yeFascist pasi peBenito Mussolini, pamwe chete namauto akawanda muLatin America, akadai sePinochet hurumende yePinthoket muChile (1973-190). Mitengo yeArinthroaism inobatanidza Belarus ngaphansi kwaAlexander Lukashenko naRussia pasi peVladimin, umo zvivhotaro zviripo asi makwikwi ane rezvamatongerwe enyika anodzo anodzosanwa.

Chiremerera chinowanzoruramiswa navatongi sezvinodikanwa nokuda kweteramo, chengeteko yenyika, kana kuti kukura kwezvemari. Nepo dzimwe hurumende dzinodzora dzakawana kukura kwemari kunokurumidza (zvikurukuru, Singapore pasi peLee Kuan Yew, kunyange zvazvo ichiwanzorangarirwa kuva gadziriro yakavhengana), muenzaniso unoramba nenzira yakarongwa kodzero dzevanhu uye nzanga dzinoramba kuparadzwa apo mutongi anofa kana kuti anorasikirwa nesimba. Freedom mumushumo weNyika yose yakaitwa neFreedom House[FLT]]

Udzvinyiriri: Hurumende Yakanyanya Kupfuura

ChiTotaliarianism inomirira chimiro chakanyanyisa choudzvinyiriri. Muhurumende youdzvinyiriri, hurumende inotsvaka kudzora rutivi rwuri rwose rwoupenyu hwavanhu vose nohwemunhu oga. Uzivi hwehurumende hunodzorwa kupfurikidza neparadziro inopararira, mapurisa epachivande, uye kubviswa kwakakwana kwokusabvumirana. Zivo yomunhu oga inozviisa pasi penharidzano dzehurumende, uye uzhinji hwerudzi rupi norupi runorangarirwa kuva tyisidziro.

Zvinhu zvinonyanya kukosha ndeizvi:

  • Kuva nehurumende kana kuti kudzora kworumano kwezvemari.
  • Kudzora hurumende dzidzo, zvinobudisa nhau, uye unyanzvi hwokugadzira zvinhu kuti zviite kuti vanhu vafungewo nezvenyaya iyi.
  • Boka rimwe kana kuti mutungamiriri anoda kuvimbika kwakakwana.
  • Kuongorora uye kutyisidzira vanhu vakawanda kuti vatevedzere.
  • Misasa yechibharo yokumanikidza kana kuti kuurawa kwavavengi vezvamatongerwe enyika.

Mienzaniso yenhau inocherekedzwa inobatanidza Germany yeNazi mupasi paAdolf Hitler, Soviet Union pasi paJoseph Stalin, uye Kim Il-sung's North Korea (ichiri nyika youdzvinyiriri nhasi). Udzvinyiriri hwunosagadzikana munhambo refu nemhaka yokuti hunotsamira pakudzvinyirira kukuru uko kunoparira rwisano pakupedzisira kana kuti kunoparira kusashanda zvakanaka kwemari. Hunomirira rudzi rune ngozi zvikurusa rwehurumende, sezvo hahusisiri nzvimbo yekodzero dzevanhu kana kuti mufungo wokuzvimirira.

Oligarchy: Kutonga kwaVashomanene

[[FOLT:0]] zvinoreva kuti "kutonga kupfurikidza navashoma". Simba rinoiswa mumaoko eboka duku, iro ringasiyaniswa nepfuma, zvisungo zvemhuri, upfumi, masangano, kana kuti udzori hwehondo. Kusafanana noumambo, origarchy hahuna kuvakirwa pamutsara mumwe wenhaka; panzvimbo pezvo, boka rinotonga ringava boka, dare, kana kuti chikwata.

Musangano rebhizimisi guru rehurumende rinopesvedzera gadziriro yehurumende kuti izvibetsere. Mujanta rehondo, vakuru vakuru vanoumba dare rokutonga. Sparta vakare vaiva noumambo huviri pamwe nedare ravakuru (Gerousia), iyo yakanga iri zvikurukuru boka remari inodzorwa. Munguva dzazvino uno, Russia inowanzodudzwa somuenzaniso umo gadziriro yamaoligarchs [1] Mapfumi ane batano dzapedyo nehurumende.

Pfungwa huru musayenzi yezvamatongerwe enyika i "mutemo weoligarchy," wakakarakadzwa naRobert Michels, uyo unokarakadza kuti kunyange masangano edemokratiki anowanzova anokakavara nemhaka yokuti vatungamiriri vanobatanidza simba nounyanzvi hunonangana. Vatsoropodzi vazhinji vanotaura kuti hurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzavanhu dzazvino uno dzine zvinhu zvakasimba zvehurumende dzinotonga, semipiro nokupesvedzera kupa pesvedzero yakakwirira zvikuru. Mukuwirirana ne upfumi hwakaenzana[[, kukura kwepfuma mumarudzi edemocracyism kunopa denho yakananga kutsika yezvamatongerwe enyika.

Ubati Ushe hwaMwari: Chiremera choumwari Mukutonga

Theocracy igadziriro yehurumende umo vaprista kana kuti vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vanotonga muzita ramwari (kana kuti vamwari). Mitemo yehurumende, mitemo, uye utarisiri zvinotorwa zvakajeka mumagwaro orudzidziso namagamuchidzanwa. Muubati ushe hwaMwari hwakachena, hamuna paradzano pakati pechechi nehurumende; mutemo worudzidziso ndiwo mutemo mukurusa wenyika.

Mienzaniso inobatanidza Vatican City (hurumende yapamutemo yakasarudzwa chose chose umo Papa ane chiremera chikurusa), Iran (inobatanidza purezidhendi akasarudzwa noMutungamiriri Mukurusa uyo ari mufundisi worudzidziso ane simba rokupedzisira, anoshanda mumutemo wechiIslam), uye kutonga kweTaliban muAfghanistan (kuchengetwa kwomutemo worumano womutemo weSharia).

Mavara oubati ushe hwaMwari:

  • Vatungamiriri vorudzidziso vane nzvimbo huru dzehurumende.
  • Masangano emitemo akavakirwa parugwaro rworudzidziso.
  • Kazhinji dzidziso dzechitendero dzinotadzisa vanhu kuva nekodzero uye rusununguko.
  • Zvitendero kana kuti zvitendero zvisingafarirwi zvingadzvinyirirwa kana kuti kurambidzwa.

Hurumende dzoubati ushe hwaMwari dzinokombamira kuva dzinochinja munzanga uye dzinodzivisa kuchinja. dzinogona kugovera gadziriro inobatanidza yetsika asi kazhinji kazhinji kupfurikidza nokurasikirwa norusununguko rwomunhu oga, zvikurukuru nokuda kwavakadzi, mapoka mashoma orudzidziso, uye vagari vemo venyika.

Masangano Ane Utsanana Nechokwadi Chehurumende Dzazvino Uno

Hurumende shomanene dzinopinda muboka rimwe. Dzakawanda igadziriro dzakapengenuka dzinobatanidza zvinhu zvinobva mumarudzi akawanda. Somuenzaniso, Singapore iparamende inodzorwa nesarudzo dzehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu asi yakadzorwa nebato rimwe (PAP) chifo chokuzvimirira, neganhuriro dzinokosha pakutaura kwezvamatongerwe enyika negungano.

Izvi zvimiro zvemhute zvakapararira nenzira inowedzera, zvikurukuru sezvo hurumende dzinodzvinyirira dzinokumbira miitiro yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu (gadziriro, mabumbiro emitemo) kuwana pamutemo apo dzinodzivisa kuva nesimba rechokwadi. Masayendisiti ezvamatongerwe enyika anonongedzera kuna izvozvi se "chidzoreso chedzoresori chechiremera" kana kuti "Chirevo chechiremera chehurumende chakakomba" Kunzwisisa iyi misiyano yechenu inokosha mukunzvera kushanda chaikoiko kwehurumende, panzvimbo pokutsamira chose chose pamazita avo echiito.

Nei Kunzwisisa Zvimiro Zvehurumende Kuchikosha

Kunzwisisa marudzi akasiyana - siyana ehurumende kunopfuura kungoronga kuti pave neapi, kunoshongedzera vagari vemo nezvinhu zvokushandisa kuti:

  • [[FLT: 0] Sarudza gadziriro yavo vamene:[[FLT: 1] Kuziva mativi oubati ushe hwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, origarchy, kana kuti udzvinyiriri hunobvumira vanhu kuziva apo hurumende yavo vamene inenge yava inozvidavirira zvishoma kana kuti inodzvinyirira zvikuru.
  • Pasi pezvinoitika zvenyika yose: Nhau pamusoro penyongano yezvamatongerwe enyika, sarudzo, kana kuti kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwamaruramiro avanhu dzinova dzine revo zvikuru apo unoziva chimiro chikuru chokudzora kwenyika ino inoshumwa.
  • Partipate muhurukuro yezvamatongerwe enyika: Mugakava yakaumbwa pamusoro pomuitiro() yakadai sokuchinja kwemibato yemari, kuparadzana kwamasimba, kana kuti kududzira kwebumbiro remitemo (_require zivo yezvivako zvamatongerwe enyika.)
  • Dzivirirei kushatiswa: Hurumende dzinotonga naoligarch dzinowanzoshandisa mutauro we "democracy" kuvanza mamiriro adzo chaiwoiwo. Vagari vanonzwisisa zviratidzo zveripabhuriki yechokwadi vanogona kudzivisa zviri nani mashoko anoparadzirwa akadaro.

Kunzverwa kwehurumende yokuenzanisa kunokoshawo mukunzwisisa nhau dzenzanga huru, kubatanidza kusaenzana kwepfuma, kutonga kwomutemo, uye dziviriro yekodzero dzavanhu.

Mugumisiro: Kukudzwa Kunopfuurira kweHurumende Yokuenzanisa

Kuumbwa kwakapfava kwehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, republic, madzimambo, udzvinyiriri, udzvinyiriri, uorigarchy, uye ubati ushe hwaMwari zvinogovera mavambo anobetsera okududzira nyika yezvamatongerwe enyika yakaoma. Zvisinei, aya mapoka haasi mabhokisi akaoma kuoma, iwo zvishandiso zvokunzvera. Utano hwegadziriro ipi neipi yezvamatongerwe enyika hunotsamira kwete bedzi pagadziriro yayo yakarongwa asiwo pamashandisirwe egadziriro iyoyo, mwero wokuvimbisana kwevagari vemo, uye simba rezvirongwa zvayo pamusoro pesimba.

Sezvo zana ramakore rechi21 rinopedzenuka, tiri kupupurira chinjo huru: kumuka kwamasangano epublic muhurumende dzinotonga dzavanhu dzakatangwa kare, kubatanidzwa kwokudzora kweudzori mumarudzi akadai seChina neRussia, uye kupfuurira kwamagamuchidzanwa oubati ushe hwoubati ushe hwaMwari nohwoushe. Basa rokunzwisisa aya gadziriro nderekurumidzi zvikuru kupfuura nakare kose. Kupfurikidza nokudzidza kuziva zviratidzo zvamanomano (kwete zvakasiana - siana) zvemienzaniso yakasiana - siana yehurumende, vagari venzvimbo iri kwose vanogona kuva mutsigiriri uri nani nokuda kwegadziriro dzinobatira zvapachokwadi zvakanaka zvavose (hwunoumba mitemo inotsigira chiremera chavanhu, inoita kuti ive mitemo yakanaka, uye kuramba ichizvidavirira kuvanhu vanodzora.