Zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvehurumende (kubva mumigwagwa nemabhiriji kuenda kuzvikoro uye kumichina yemvura) zvinotsamira pakunzwisisa zvakajeka kuti ndiani anogara kupi uye kuti vanhu vanorarama sei. Kuverenga mashoko kunopa ungwaru hwevara hunoshandiswa nehurumende nevarongi kusarudza kuti vovaka kupi, vozoisai, vozoisa sei zvinhu zvakaganhurirwa. Pasina nhamba yakarurama yevanhu, ngozi yokutengisa mari inoiswa mubhizimisi iri kuraswa, inosiya dzimwe nzvimbo dzichiremerwa nedzinotarisirwa. Nyaya inoongorora basa rinokosha iro mashoko okuverenga vanhu anoita mukuvandudza zvinhu, inoita kuti zvizivise kuti kugadzirirei zvinhu zvakawanda, uye inokurukura kuti zvinonetsa zvinotarisana sei nezvirongwa painotsamira panzvimbo inotendwa pakuwanda kwezvirongwa.

Kunzwisisa Kuzivikanwa Kwenhamba

Kuverenga vanhu munyika yose kunopfuura zvikuru kuwanda. Kunogovera kurondedzera kwakakwana, kwakatevedzana kwechiverengero chavagari venyika, kutora udzame hwakadai soukuru hwose, migove yenzvimbo, zera, vatano, uwandu hwemari, mwero yemari, kuwana dzidzo, uye mavara edzimba. Munyika zhinji, kuverenga vanhu kunofambawo mudzinza, mutauro, uye mitoo yokutama. Mashoko aya akazara anobvumira varongi kuziva kwete bedzi uko vanhu vanogara asiwo [[FLT:] [[FLT]] vanorarama sei [2] mudzimba dzemhuri, dzimba, kana kuti dzimba, uye zvimwe zvikamu, uye kana ivo vamene kana kuti varenda.

MuUnited States, somuenzaniso, kuverenga vanhu kwechitsama chamaminitsi kwakaitwa neU.S. Censureal Bureau kunorairwa neBumbiro reMitemo uye kunopesvedzera zvakananga kugoverwa kwemari inopfuura $1,5 mabhiriyoni emari yemari yehurumende gore rimwe nerimwe. Kuwana chiverengero chemitengo yezvitsauko kunoshandiswawo kunyora maruwa emitemo yemitemo, kusimbisa mitemo yokuvhota kodzero, uye chiyero chinowirirana nemipimo yeruramisiro yemhoteredzo. Nyika dzose, masangano akadai seUnited Nations Statistics Division Division anotsinhiranisa mipimo kuti vave nechokwadi chokuti kufambirana nyika dzose, kugonesarira kufambira mberi kwepasi pose kupfurikidza nezvirongwa zvakafanana neStablement Develo.

Nemhaka yokuti kuverenga vanhu kunowanzoitwa makore gumi oga oga, kunogovera mashoko akatsiga, akavimbika. Zvisinei, iyi nguva yakaderera inoparirawo kunyanduka: munharaunda dzinokura nokukurumidza, kuverengwa kwavanhu uko kuri kunyange makore mashomanene okukura kungasarangarirazve uchokwadi hwepane 76. Kuvhara uyu mukaha, masangano akawanda ezviverengero okuwedzera kunyorwa kwechiverengero chavanhu nefungidziro dzegore negore, nzvero (zvakadai seAmerican Community Survey in the U.S.), uye manyoro okutarisira anobva mumanyuko akadai semikoro yemitero kana kuti vanyoresi vechikoro.

Manyorero Anoita Zvirongwa Zvokuverenga Nhengo Dzemashoko

Kugadzirwa kwemipimo inogara iripo ndekwenguva refu. Mugwagwa mutsva, chipatara, kana kuti nzvimbo inorashwa mvura inoraswa ingatora makore gumi kana kuti kupfuura kubva pakuronga kusvika pakupera. Naizvozvo vagadziri havadi bedzi mashoko azvino uno asi kupfuudzira zviitiko. Kuvhura mapeji kunopa mipimo yenhau nezvinopa mipimo yazvino zvinopa mipimo inopinda muiyi mipimo, inoita kuti masangano afungidzire zvinodikanwa zvemigwagwa, transming, zvikoro, zvipatara, mvura, uye kupfuudzira. Zvikamu zviteshi zvinotevera zvinopa mashoko enzwisiso yokuverenga zvisaruvaramisiro.

Maneseji Okufambisa

Migwagwa, mabhiriji, kufambiswa, uye nhandare dzendege zvakarongwa pamusoro pechiverengero chavagari vemo, mitoo inofambiswa, uye nzvimbo dzemabasa. Nhamba dzinozivisa kuti inharaundai dzine vanhu vanoshandira mumisha vachienda kunzvimbo dzeguta muwirirano neyavo vane basa rakawanda. Somuenzaniso, Censuwation’s American Community Survey inobatanidza rwendo rwemirayiridzo yebasa iyo madhipatimendi ehurumende ezvokufambisa anoshandisa kuedzero yemiedzo yemikoto mifambiro mitsva, mitsetse yebhazi inomhanya zvikuru, kana kuti kufutunurwa kwemikoto yebhazi. Mumichina inowedzera yoruwa, kukura kwezviverengero zveU.

Muenzaniso wenyika chaiyoiyo: Kukura kwegadziriro yeDenver Regional Transportation Regional kwaitsamira zvikuru pakuverenga nhamba yavagari vemo nekoridho dzinokwidza basa. Kupfurikidza nokunzvera uko vagari vaigara nokushanda, varongi vakakwanisa kuronga nzira dzenjanji nengarava yenjanji dzinobvira zvikurusa, vachibetsera kubudiriro yetsika seimwe yemichina yezvifambiso inokura nokukurumidza zvikurusa muUnited States.

Mativi Okutarisira Utano

Zvipatara, makiriniki, uye mabasa ezvokurapa ekurumidziro zvinofanira kuwanikwa uko zvinogona kubatira chiverengero chikurusa chavagari vemo vane njodzi zvikuru. Mashoko echiverengero pakuparadzirwa kwezera anokosha zvikuru: chiverengero chavagari vapasi chakwegura chinowedzera kudikanwa kwetarisiro yezvemari, misha inokodzera, uye madialysis, nepo nharaunda dzine vana vaduku vakawanda dzinoda kurapwa kwevana uye mawindi okuberekera. Department of Health and Human Services rinoshandisa mashoko okuverenga vanhu kuti vasarudze utano hwemhuri (HPSS) uye kugovera mari nokuda kwenzvimbo dzezvoutano dzomunharaunda.

Mumaruwa, umo chiverengero chavagari vemo chiri chakaderera uye madaro ari makuru, mashoko okuverenga vanhu anobetsera kuwana mukana muduku unodikanwa kuti uwane chipatara chine ngozi.

Dzidzo

Maruwa ezvikoro ari pakati pezvinotapurwa zvikurusa nezviverengero zvechiverengero chavagari vemo. Mashoko enhamba yavana vanodzidza, pamwe chete nemwero yavana vakaberekwa navanoberekwa navanotama, zvinozivisa pamusoro pokuvaka zvikoro zvitsva, kufutunuka zviripo, kana kuti kubatana pasi pezvivako zvakapetwa. MuU.S., Census Small Affaice Income and Poverty Aretiums (SAIPE) inobetsera maruwa kukwaniriswa nokuda kweTit I, izvo zvinotsigira zvikoro zvinobatira vadzidzi vakaderera.

Kushanda kukuru kwakaitika muClark County, Nevada (nharaunda yeLas Vegas). Kuwedzera kwechiverengero chavagari vemo kwakadzorwa nokutama mukati mema 2000 kwakatungamirira kukunyanyowanda. Nhamba dzakabvumira Clark County School District kuzivisa nharaunda dzine mhuri itsva dzakawanda zvikuru, kuchigonesa kuvaka zvikoro zvepuraimari munzvimbo dzakarurama chaizvoizvo ndokudzivisa ndyiko yemakirasi anotakurika.

Mvura, Utsanana, uye Zvinhu Zviri Nazvo

Mapazi okurapa mvura, matsi, uye magirazi emagetsi zvinofanira kukura kuti zviite zvinodiwa zvikuru. Kuverengwa kwemasvomhu edzimba kunokanganisa kuronga basa. Somuenzaniso, turakiti rokuverenga vanhu rine mikana yakawanda yedzimba dzakawanda richada kudzvinyirirwa kwakasiyana - siyana kupfuura rimwe rinodzorwa nemisha yemhuri imwe inokwana 256 000 panzvimbo dzakakura. Nenzira yakafanana, mashoko okuverenga pamusoro pemitengo yemari anogona kubatsira kuronga zvivako zvine mwero wakaenzana kana kuti kuziva nzanga dzinofanira kubhadharwa mari yokubatanidza nayo.

Somuenzaniso, pepanhau rinonzi 2011 Census of India rakapa mhuri dzechitumba nhamba yokutanga yakarongwa, zvichiita kuti ngarava dzehurumende dziende ku “Kutsvaka Vanhu Vose Vari Kugara Vari Pamberi uye Kuwana Mvura.

Kudzimwa Kwakafara uye Kukanganiswa Kwemadhigirii

Muzana ramakore rechi 21, Internet yakakwirira inokosha semigwagwa kana kuti magetsi. Kuverengwa kwemashoko pamusoro pemari inowanwa mumba, kuwana dzidzo, uye kurongwa kweguta kunoshandiswa kuronga kukamukana kwemitauro. Federal Communications Commission (FCC) inotsamira pamabhuroko okuverenga vanhu kuti ione kuti nharaunda dzipi “dzisingachengeterwi” kana kuti“ hadzina kuchengetwa" nokuda kwokumisa kwakafara. Mukati memarakatira reCVOID., U.S.C.CUBURC’S Community Resilience Arections yakabetsera kuzivisa nharaunda umo kushaikwa kwedzidzo yakafara nedzoro yemari.

Purogiramu dzakadai seInfrablicature Investicement neMob Act yeBroadband Equity, Access, and Deployment (BEAD) purogiramu inoshandisa mepu dzinoshanda zvakanaka kugovera mari zvakananga kuti iverengerwe uye maturakiti okuverenga vanhu ane chinodikanwa chikuru. Pasina mashoko okuverenga, kuronga vanhu kwakananga kwakadaro hakubviri.

Kudzidza Nenyaya: Kuwedzera Mumaguta

Zvichida muenzaniso wakajeka zvikurusa webatano yokuverenga vanhu muvara iri maguta anokura anodzora nokukurumidza kukura kwemaguta. Maguta akadai seAustin, Texas; Raleigh, North Carolina; uye Boise, Idaho akaona kukura kukuru kwavagari vapasi mumakumi maviri amakore apfuura, kuchisundwa nokutama kubva kune dzimwe nyika napakusvika kwamarudzi ose. Mazita eEvangendial haangobvumikisi bedzi izvi zviito asi anozivisa [[[FLT:]] iyo mishanga yapamberi iri kukura nokukurumidza zvikuru uye .[FLT]]

MuAustin, 2020 Census yakaratidza kuti chiverengero chavagari veguta chakanga chawedzera neinopfuura 20% chifo cha 2010, nokukura kunoshamisa zvikurusa kwakaitika mumisha iri kure yokumaodzanyemba nokumabvazuva. Kushandisa turakiti renhamba 9350, dhipatimendi rokuronga guta rakagadziridza gadziriro yaro huru yokuronga mugwagwa wakakura, zviteshi zvitsva zvomwoto, uye mapaka akakudzwa mumapariji iwayo. Panguva imwe cheteyo, kuparadzirwa kwezera kwakasimbisa kuwedzera kwemhuri dzine vana vaduku, kuchitungamirira ruwa kukuvakwa kwezvikoro zvitsva zviviri zvepuraimari mumiteshi inomhanya zvikuru.

Chisarudzo chimwe chinokosha chaibatanidza kuwedzerwa kwemagetsi kwaikarakadzwa. Mashoko okuverenga pamusoro pemiitiro yokufamba akaratidza kuti vazhinji vavagari vatsva vachiri kuenda kumabasa muruwa rwebhizimisi rwapakati, asi goverano inowedzera inoshanda munzvimbo dzebasa dzomumusha. Panzvimbo pokuvaka mutsetse mumwe weradial radial, varongi vakasarudza kusvika kwakabatana kwokutanga basa remota yakadzika mibatanidzwa yemibatanidzwa yemibato yemochato yavapo, mutoo uyo zvose zviri zviviri wakasunungura kumijaho yemotokari uye wakakwezva utasviki hwakakwirira kubva pakutanga.

Iyi nzvero inosimbisa kuti mashoko okuverenga vanhu haasati ari mufananidzo wakananga; apo akabatanidzwa nebvumiro dzokuvaka, nhamba dzemotokari, uye nhamba dzokupinda muzvikoro, anova chishandiso chine simba chokukarira nokutungamirira chimiro chomumaguta.

Matambudziko uye Kufunga Kwavanoita

Kunyange zvazvo mashoko okuverenga vanhu achikosha, kutsamira chete pakuverenga vanhu kwenguva refu kunopa zvipingamupinyi zvakawanda zvinofanira kuwanikwa nevarongi.

Kuziva Nguva Nokuramba Uchipfuurira

Chinonyanyokosha ndechokuti pane makore gumi akapfuvura kuverengwa kwavanhu. Munzvimbo dzinokura nokukurumidza, chiverengero chavagari vemo chinogona kuwedzera ne10-15% mukati mamakore mashomanene. Vagadziri vanoshanda muna 2025 na 2020 nemashoko eTsvuvunguro vangava vava kuisa zvisarudzo pamashoko ane hafu yegumi remakore. Kuderedza, masangano akawanda anoshandisa fungidziro dzemifungo yemishumo yemari, asi aya manyuko enguva anoshanda semarekodhi erekodhi, mazati, uye kuvaka zvinobvumira kuti ashande nhamba yokuwedzera kuverengwa kwemashoko, kunyange zvazvo achikwidza mirangariro yezvakavanzika uye achifanira kuva akavimbika nokungwarira.

Kuverenga Nokuvhara Zvikanganiso

Hapana kuverenga vanhu kwakarurama. Zviverengero zvakati kuti zvevana vaduku, zviduku zvedzinza, vatami, vanhu vasina misha, uye vagari vomumaruwa vakaverengwa senhau dzakare. Dare reCensus Bureau reU. rakafungidzira kuti 2020 Censues ine vhati yemaza enenge 0.24%, asi nhamba yevana vaduku (anenge 88-4) yakanga yava pedyo ne2. Kana nzira dzemari dzinoshandiswa pakupa mari dzichishandisa zvinhu izvi zvisina kunaka, nzanga dzinoda mabasa akawanda dzingawana mari shoma kupfuura zvadzinofanira kupiwa. Vazvipiri vanofanira kuziva kuti vana vaduku vari munharaunda dzavo uye kuverengwa kwemishumo yezvidzidzo kana kuti kubatanidzwa kwenzanga kuti varurame kururamisa zvikanganiso zvinozivikanwa.

Kuva Woga Nokudzvinyirirwa Kwezviziviro

Kudzivirira kuva voga kwomunhu oga, masangano ezviverengero anoshandisa mitoo yokuzivisa mamiriro ezvinhu akadai sokuchinja marekodhi kana kuwedzera ruzha(to ruzha). Nepo iyi mitoo ichichengetedza mitsetse yeaggregate. Vanogona kuunza zvikanganiso zviduku zvinotapura kuronga kwegadziriro dzezvinhu pamwero wenharaunda. Somuenzaniso, boka rinoverenga vanhu ringaratidza nhamba yakati yavana vari pasi penhamba shanu apo nhamba yechokwadi yakasiyana. Vagadziri vanoshandisa mashoko ezviverengero zvinofanira kurangarira izvi sezvinofungidzirwa uye kugura nezvinyorwa zvemitengidzo (g., chikoro, mascremistry, remistry).

Kuenzana uye Kuparadzira

Zvisarudzo zvezvokuronga zvinhu zvine revo dzakaenzana. Kuverenga mashoko pamusoro pemari, rudzi, uye pokugara kunogona kuzivisa kusawirirana mukuwana mabasa. Zvisinei, kana varongi vakashandisa bedzi hwerengedzo yavagari vemo pasina kubviswa neboka ravagari vemo, ivo vanozviisa mungozi yokupfuudzira kuvapo kwekusaguma. Somuenzaniso, kupfuudza mikana mitsva yemugwagwa ingaruramiswa nokuwedzera kwechiverengero chose chavagari vemo, asi kana ikaderedza kuderera kwenharaunda inovakwa neyakaderera kana kuti nzanga yeruvara, miuyo yakaipa ingapfuura betsero. Gadziro dzemhoteredzo yakapoteredza dzingada zvikuru kurangarira mashoko okuverenga vanhu kuti dzizive “kushatisadzikwa kwezviwi zvemari” uye kuvimbisa kuti zvirongwa zvezvirongwa zvisakuvadza mamiriro ezvinhu enhau.

Mutoo mumwe wakawana nhevedzano iJustice 40 Initive muUnited States, iyo inoraira 40% yebetsero dzemari yehurumende mumugariro wokunze negadziriro kunzanga dzinoiswa mucheto, dzinochengetwa, uye dzinoremedzwa nokushatiswa. Kuzivikanwa kweidzi nzanga kunotsamira zvikuru pamaturakiti enhamba anokwana 256 emari inotambirwa, mugariro muduku, uye mitoro yemhoteredzo.

mhedziso

Nhamba dzinoramba dziripo kurongeka kwezvirongwa zvine mufungo. Zvinogovera nhamba dzinobvumira varongi kukura kwemigwagwa, kuwana zvikoro, kuvaka zvipatara, uye kuwedzera zvinoshanda pamwe chete nechivimbo. Mienzaniso iri munyaya ino yescreenver (kubva pakukura kweDenver kusvika kukuvakwa kwechikoro muLas Vegas kusvika kukuwana mvura muIndia/dayabhorosi kuti nhamba yakarurama yevanhu inoshandurwa zvakananga kuva migumisiro yakanaka, yezviwiro zvemarikero.

Bva kuverengwa kwavanhu hakusati kuri chinhu chinotsiva. Vagadziri vanofanira kurwisana nenguva, kuganhurira, ganhuriro dzapachivande, uye ngozi yokupfuudzira kusaruramisira kana mashoko akashandiswa nenzira isingatsoropodzi. Gadziriro dzegadziriro dzinobudirira zvikurusa dzinobatanidza misiyano yetsika dzokuverenga vanhu nedata chaiyoiyo yenguva ine 88, mubatanidzwa wenzanga, uye magirazi akasimba. Sezvo vanhu vanopfuurira kutama / nemhaka yokutama, mamiriro okunze, uye kuchinja kwezvemari kuchawedzera bedzi. Kubatanidza kuwanda kwemitengo yetsika, nguva dzose, uye miitiro yokuverengwa kwavanhu inobatanidza vanhu yakanakisisa naizvozvo iko kunogona kuita kuti nzanga ive munguva yayo yemberi.

Nokuda kwokuravazve, bvunza U.S. Bureau Bureau yeCVS nokuda kwezvishandiso zvemibato yemibato nefundo dzenhau, United Nations Statistics Division nokuda kwemipimo yamarudzi ose, uye basa reWorld Bank pamusoro pemazita okuverenga vanhu nokuda kwekubudirira [].