Sumo: Mubvunzo Usingaperi Wesimba reHurumende

Nhau yesimba guru iro hurumende inofanira kuva naro, uye apo miganhu yechiremera ichocho iri yakare senzanga yakarongwa imene. Gadziriro yezvamatongerwe enyika iri yose, kuvambira kumaguta namativi makuru enyika azvino uno, yakarwisana nedzvinyiriro huru pakati pekudikanwa kwekudzora kunobudirira uye murairo wokudzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu enhau okutonga kwomunhu oga. Kunzwisisa mamiriro echinjo ehurumende ehurumende hakungoviwowo zvayo yedzidzo yedzidzo; kunogovera mamiriro ezvinhu anokosha okuongorora nharo dzapanguva ino dzezvamatongerwe enyika, ganhuriro dzemitemo, uye kurwisa kunopfuurira kwechiremera chehurumende kupfurikidza nenhau huru, kunzvera nheyo dzenhau dzakaitika kare idzo dzakaumba kudzora kwazvino uno, uye kunzvera denho dzinopfuurira kuedza miganhuro yesimba renyika muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri.

Mavambo Akanaka Esimba reHurumende

Chiremera Chenzanga Nechomutemo

Pamberi pokunzvera ratidzirwo dzenhau dzesimba, kuri madikanwa kunzwisisa gadziriro dzouzivi idzo dzinoruramisa kana kuti kuganhura chiremera chehurumende. Tsiginidzo yenzanga, iyo yakatanga mukati meKujekeswa, positi idzo hurumende yapamutemo inowana mubvumirano yavadzorwi. Vafungi vakadai saThos Hobbes, John Locke, naJean-Jacques Rousseau mumwe nomumwe akapa zviono zvakajeka zveitwe rebvumirano. Hobbes, kunyora pakati peHondo yeChirungu yeChivin, yakaitirananwa mu Leviatan kuti uchangamire hwakakwana hwakanga huri madikanwa kupukunyuka mugariro wechisiko. Locke, kupfurikidza nokupesana, kudzivirira kwehurumende dziviriro kwayo yekodzero dzechisiko chapasi, uye chiverengero chavagari vemo chinodzorwa kupandukira kuidzongonyedzo kuidzo ino-ko. Russero rwakakurumbira zvikuru rwechiremera chehurumende chapamutemo chehurumende chazvinoto.

Mutemo Wechisiko Namavambo Ekodzero

Mufungo womutemo womusikirwo .Ndokuti nheyo dzetsika dzakati dzinoberekwa muchimiro chavanhu uye dzinowanwa kupfurikidza nemufungo, wakagovera nzvero ine simba pasimba rehurumende mundangariro yose yokuMadokero. Vafungi vakafanana naCicero muRoma yekare naThomas Aquinas munguva yeMiddle Ages vakarangarira kuti mitemo yavanhu inofanira kuwirirana nemupimo wakakwirira, wechisiko chose. Iyi gamuchidzanwa yakapesvedzera zvikuru kutangwa kwemitemo yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo nedzidziso yekodzero dzapakuvamba. American Declaction of Independence, netectives of "convotion" yakapiwa ne "Magactal nerogist nerogial God God of Natures," inomirira kushandiswa zvakananga kwerondedzero yetsika dzomunyika dzakare. Mutemo wazvino uno wavanhu, kubatanidza [FLD] UNICEctive Decrogioty of Humans ofs [1]

Mhindumupindu Yenhau yesimba reHurumende Neganhuriro Dzayo

Marudzi Ekare: Mavambo Echiremera Chakadzika Midzi

Masangano akaoma zvikuru akatangwa akaitwa mativi makuru emitemo okutanga akanyorwa, achibatanidza zvirongwa zvikuru zvechiyero, uye achichengeta nhevedzano yamagariro. MuMesopotamia, Code yaHammurabi (chirc 1754 BCE) akagadza rimwe remitemo yapamutemo yokutanga yakanyorwa, achiisawo ganhuriro dzamambo pakutsiva kupfurikidza nenheyo yetsika yetsika yetsika yetsika. MuEgipita yekare, vafaro vairangarirwa savamwari vapenyu, vaishandisa simba rakakwana pavanhu vavo. Bva muidzino tsika dzemiitiro dzeauto, dzinoshanda dzakavapo: kudikanwa kwenhevedzero dzezvikwata zvevaprista, pesvedzero yezviito zvechiprista, uye tyisidziro nguva dzose dzekupandukira chiremera. Mune China yekare muGhana yenhau yenhau yenhau yecheni yakakubudirira zvikuru, apo zvaidzorwa zvikuru nemitemo zvehurumende zvehurumende zvakarondedzerwati.

Girisi Yekare neRoma: Kuedza Muugari hwomunyika Nomutemo

Nguva dzekare dzakatanga mifungo yaizobvumikisa kuva yakavakirwa pakufunga gare gare pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Maguta echiGiriki, zvikurukuru Athens, akaedza zvimiro zvehurumende yapamutemo yakananga umo vagari vemo vakabatira pamwe zvakananga mumibato yemitemo neyokutonga. Zvisinei, iyi tsika yakaganhurirwa kurusununguko rwavagari vemo vechirume navakadzi vakanga vasina kuiswa mukuvakwa, varanda, uye vokumwe. Chinoitika chehurumende yedemocracy yeAtene chakazivisawo ngozi dzesimba rakakurumbira risingadzorwi, kubatanidza kunzwika kwoudzori kurudzori uye udzvinyiriri hwevoruzhinji.

Roman Republic yakatanga gadziriro yakaoma zvikuru yehurumende yakavhengana, ichibatanidza masangano ehurumende youmambo (vatongi veRoma), vatongi vakakwirira (Dare redare), uye hurumende inosarudzwa navanhu. Murangariro womutemo, wakapinzwa mu Tables[ uye gare gare mugadziriro yemitemo yapamutemo yeRoma, wakasimbisa nheyo yokuti mutemo unofanira kudzora hurumende panzvimbo porumano rwezvido zvavafundisi. Iyi nhaka yakapesvedzera zvikuru gare gare mufungo wemitemo. Mutongi weRoma Ulpian akabudisa pachena nheyo yokuti "zvinoda simba romutemo," asi ikoku kwakanga kwakadzikama nokunzwisisa kuti mutemo wakabva mutsika, muenzaniso, uye kusarangarira, kusabva mudarirowo zvawo.

Kufambira Mberi KweMiddle Ages Nokuchinja Kwenguva Dzokukura

Nguva yeMiddle Ages yakaoneka kukamukana kwechiremera chapakati nokuvapo kwenzvimbo dzesimba dzinokwikwidzana. Feudalis yakaita boka ramakurukota akaoma ramadzishe, vassals, uye varimi, vane chiremera chakapararira mumibatanidzwa mizhinji yehurumende. Uku kudzorwa kwakaparira nzvimbo yokusimukira nokuda kwokuvakwa kwemasangano anomirira. Magna Carta ya1215], yakabudiswa naMambo weEngland mudzvinyiriro yakabva kumibatanidzwa yakasiyana - siyana yehurumende inopandukira, yakasimbisa nheyo inokosha yokuti mambo amene akanga ari pasi pomutemo. Kunyange zvazvo pakutanga kugadzikisa kunoshanda kwegakava rezvamatongerwe enyika, Magna] Magna akasvika kuratidzira pfungwa yehurumende negadziriro yakafanira. French, Contracessswons, Corte Generalsssssson, uye Spanish yakatanga munguva inosarira pamutemo yehurumende.

Renaissance yakamutsazve kudzidza kwetsika dzekare ndokutanga nzira itsva dzokufunga pamusoro pezvamatongerwe enyika. Niccoĺ Machiavelli's Muchinda (1532) akapa kunzvera kwechokwadi, kuparadzanisa simba rezvamatongerwe enyika neganhuriro dzetsika dzegamuchidzanwa. Nepo kazhinji kazhinji kwakanzwisiswa zvisina kufanira sokutsigira kutsoropodza kwakachena, basa raMachiavelli rakamutsa mibvunzo inokosha pamusoro poukama pakati petsika nechiremera zvinoramba zvichishanda. Chinjo yePurotesitendi yakadenhazve chiremera, sezvo vachinjiki vakafanana naMartin Luther naJohn Calvin vakasimbisa ukurumbidziko yehana yomunhu oga pamusoro pomufundisi nesimba renyika, vachiisa mavambo nokuda kwezvibvumidzo dzorudzidziso nemhiridzo dzoudzo.

Kujekeswa Nokutanga Kwebumbiro Remitemo Razvino Uno

Kujekeswa kwezana ramakore rechigumi namanomwe nerechigumi namasere kwakamirira kukanganiswa mukufunga pamusoro pesimba rehurumende. Vazivi vakatanga nenzira yakarongwa rondedzero dzekodzero dzomusikirwo, kubvumirana, uye kuparadzana kwamasimba aizoumba masangano edemokrase azvino uno. John Locke's SAUTS] RETANS yeHurumende [ [1689])) yaidavira kuti vanhu vane kodzero dzomusikirwo dzoupenyu, rusununguko, uye zvinhu, uye kuti hurumende iripo bedzi nedonzo ravo rakaganhurirwa rokudzivirira idzi kodzero. Mifungo yeAmerica yakapesvedzera zvikuru vatangi veAmerica.

Montesquieu' Mudzimu weMitemo (1748]) yakajekesa nheyo yokuparadzana kwemasimba pakati pechibvumirano, mukuru mukuru, uye mapazu okutonga, achikakavara kuti simba rokupa ngwariro musangano rimwe ripi neripi rinotungamirira kuudzvinyiriri. Chimiro ichi chakava ibwe rekona reU.S.Constitution nedecustom yemitemo yemitemo yenyika yenyika yose. Vamwe vazivi vakajekedzeka, kubatanidza Voltaire, Rousley, naAmerican Reveialds, pfungwa dzinowirirana pamusoro porusununguko rwokutaura, chirevo, uchangamire hwakakurumbira, uye maruramiro echinjo. Chinjo yeAmerica (17751717171717) uye chiFrench (1999) yakaedza kushandura pfungwa idzi dzechiziviro.

Utongi Hwazvino Uno Nemiganhu Yesimba reHurumende

Kutevedzerwa kweBumbiro Romutemo, Kuongorora Nokudzikama, uye Kutonga kwoMutemo

Hurumende dzehurumende dzazvino uno dzinovakirwa panheyo yokuti simba rehurumende rinofanira kuganhurirwa nebumbiro remitemo iro rinorondedzera ukuru negadziriro yechiremera. Bumbiro reMitemo reU.S., negadziriro yaro yechekeso nedzikamo, hurumende, uye Bill of Rights zvinodzivirira rusununguko rwomunhu oga, zvakatanga muenzaniso wakagadzirirwa namarudzi akawanda. Pfungwa yemitemo yemitemo yemitemo inotonga inofanira kushanda maererano nemitemo yakagadzwa inodzvinyirira chisarudzo chapamutemo.

Kutonga kwomutemo kunoda kuti vanhu vose namasangano, kubatanidza hurumende imene, vazviise pasi pomutemo. Iyi nheyo inoreva kuti mitemo inofanira kuva yavose, inokarirwa, yakajeka, uye inoshandiswa zvakaenzana. Inorevawo kuti simba ravakuru vakuru rinofanira kushandiswa mukati metendero yapamutemo, kuti matare anofanira kuva akazvimirira, uye kuti vagari vemo vanofanira kuva nemishonga yepamutemo yehurumende inodzorwa. Nyika dzine mutemo wakasimba kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji dzinoratidza mwero yakaderera youori, kukura kweupfumi, uye mwero yakakwirira yesimba rezvamatongerwe enyika.

Kodzero Dzevanhu Seganhuriro Yechiremera Chehurumende

Gadziriro dzamarudzi ose dzekodzero dzavanhu idzo dzakatanga pashure peHondo yeNyika II dzinomirira kuedza kwechinzvimbo chikurusa kurondedzera ganhuriro dzapasi pose pasimba rehurumende. Chiziviso cheUniversition of Human Rights uye zvibvumirano zvakatevera zvinogadza mipimo nokuda kwokubatwa kwavanhu nehurumende, kufukidza maruramiro avagari vemo nevezvamatongerwe enyika (zvakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, gungano, uye rudzidziso, uye dziviriro mukurwisana nokutambudzwa kwematuro) pamwe chete nekodzero dzemari, dzenzanga, uye dzetsika (zvakadai sekodzero dzedzidzo, zvoutano, uye mipimo yakakwana yokurarama). Mutemo wamarudzi ose unobvumawo kuti dzimwe kodzero, sechiraniso pakutambudzwa, ndedzechokwadi uye hazvigoni kuiswa mukuita kwemabanza. Mabhishopureti edare remhosva nerevoruzhinji uye Dare renyika dzose rinoratidzira kubatanidzwa kwavanhu, kubatanidza kuzviisa mumigariro yavanhu pamitengo.

Kupesana Kwesimba

Gadziriro dzematunhu dzinokamuranisa chiremera pakati pehurumende dzepakati neruwa, kugadzira nzvimbo dzakawanda dzesimba dzinogona kunzvera. Ichi chivako chinogona kudzivirira uzvimiriri hwomunzvimbomo, kugarisa mhatsa yenharaunda, uye kugadzira marabhoritari nokuda kwokuedza kwemiitiro. United States, Germany, Canada, Australia, uye India ose anoshandisa gadziriro dzehurumende, kunyange zvazvo boka chairo ramasimba richisiyana zvikuru. Federalism, zvisinei, haisati iri isina denho dzaro. Inogona kuparira injinisomuitiro worudzi, uye mune zvimwe zvinoitika inobvumira hurumende dzomunharaunda kuputsa kodzero idzo hurumende huru dzingadzivirira maruramiro enyika. Dziri pakati pechinzwano yenyika neIscracture inoramba iri mubvunzo unoramba uripo mugadziriro dzamasangano enyika.

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kumiganhu Yesimba reHurumende

Uori Nokuwedzera Kwechivimbo Chesangano

Uori(---8) Kushandiswa zvisina kufanira kwebasa ravose nokuda kwemhindu yomunhu oga / zvinomirira kuputswa kukuru kwemiganhu yesimba rehurumende rapamutemo. Kunoshatisa mutemo, kunoshatisa mutemo, kunoshatisa pfuma yavose, uye kunobvisa chivimbo mumasangano ehurumende. Kurwisa uori kunoda uori hunooneka, mitumbi inotonga yakazvimirira, kushanda nesimba kwemitemo inorwisana neshambidziko, uye dziviriro nokuda kwemifungo yerivapfuri. Masangano akadai se Transparatency International [[[[FLTM:1]] yakashanda kufumura ushatiso nedzvinyiriro kuisa zviito zvokuvandudza. Kushanda kwenhamburiko dzinodzivisa uori kunopesana kunosiyana zvikuru munyika dzose, uye mwero mukuru weuoridzo unowanwa munyika dzinowanikwa munyika dzakaderera norusununguko rwemitemo.

Kutangazve KwechiOusteritarianism Nokutsigira Kwechidhimoni

Muzana ramakore rechimakumi maviri namashanu, nyika zhinji dzakawana mienzaniso yehurumende inosarudzwa navanhu, umo vatungamiriri vanosarudzwa zvishoma nezvishoma vanobvisa masangano edemokrasi nemirairo. Uyu muitiro unowanzobatanidza denho pahutongi hwehurumende, ganhuriro parusununguko rwezvinobudisa nhau, kudzorwa kwamashandisirwo enzwi, uye kudzvinyirirwa kwamanzwi anoshora. Hungary, Turkey, uye Venezuela mienzaniso inoratidzirwa kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji, asi itiro hanya pamusoro pokukukurwa kwedemocracy dzakatangwa. Vatungamiriri vehurumende kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji vanoshandisa mutauro wouchangamire hwakakurumbira kururamisa kubatana kwavo nesimba, vachitaura kumirira "Zvokuda vanhu" kushatiswa kwezvinzvimbo zvakakwirira uye masangano anorwisana neutsinye. Chinoitika ichi chakanyandurazve ngwariro kukunaka kwehurumende inotonga kwehurumende inotonga vanhu, nzanga yavanhu yakazvinzvimbo zvavagari vemo-ruzhinji, uye kutsigira nyika yose.

Kudzidza Nezvemari, Kuziva Mashoko, uye Unyanzvi Hutsva Hwemakombiyuta

Chinjo yemiganhu yakaita denho dzisingaenzaniswi nokuda kwemiganhu yesimba rehurumende. Mano okunzvera namagetsi anobvumira nyika kuongorora kurukurirano dzevagari vemo, mafambiro, uye masangano pamwero mukuru. Kufunga pamusoro pezvakavanzika kwakakura mukurangarira mapurogiramu anoitwa namasangano akachenjera. Panguva imwe cheteyo, masangano enzanga enhau azova zvirongwa zveparamende zvehurumende, kupindira kwedzimwe nyika mukusarudza, uye kupararira kwemiitiro yokusarudzira. Hurumende dzakapindura nezvirongwa zvitsva zvokuvandika, zvakadai semasangano eEuropean Union General Data Regation Regation (GDPR)[FLD] [FLD]], izvo zvinoumba dziviriro zvakasimba nokuda kwemazita romunhu oga. Chinetsoro chokuvamba kugadzira gadziriro dzokuchengeteka chengeteka kwapamutemo pasina kurasikirwa norusununguko.

Kushandisa Chipochisi Nedenho Kuhurumende Inotonga Yakasununguka

Kumuka kwamasangano ehurumende dzinotonga hurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu mukawanda kunopa denho yakajeka kumiganhu yesimba rehurumende. Vatungamiriri vePopulist vanotaura chaizvoizvo kuti vanomirira kuda kwechokwadi kwavanhu mukurwisana nevoruzhinji vakashata, vanowanzozviratidzira vamene senzwi rimwe chete rapamutemo rerudzi. Vanowanzorangarira kuva neganhuriro dzesangano, kubatanidza masangano ehurumende, zvinobudisa nhau, uye masangano enzanga avanhu nemhinganidzo kukuda kwakakurumbira. Populicism nokudaro inodenha zvose zviri zviviri simbiso yapachena pakodzero dzomunhu oga oga neganhuriro dzamatongerwo dzapamutemo pahurumende zhinji. Nepo chipulicism chingagona kubatira sechikwanidzo chakakwirira nokushatiswa kwehurumende inodzorwa, chinogonawo kusekesa gadziriro yehurumende inodzivirira gadziriro yehurumende inodzora. Kutaura migariro migariro mamiriro ezvinhu zvehurumende yezvoupfumi.

Mugumisiro: Zvidzidzo Zvenhau Zvevachatotonga

Nhau yesimba rehurumende inhau yekurukurirano yenguva dzose pakati pechiremera nerusununguko, nhevedzano norusununguko. Kuvambira pamabumbiro emitemo eMesopotamia ekare kusvikira kumiitiro yemipimo yokunzvera yetsika yezana ramakore makumi maviri nerikutanga, nhambo iri yose yakatarisana nenhau yenzira yokushandisa nayo simba rehurumende nokuda kwechiito chadzo nepo ichidzivisa kuva nesimba. Kugadzirwa kukuru kwezvamatongerwe enyika, kuparadzanisa kwamasimba omutemo, uye kodzero dzavanhu dzinomirira mhinduro dzinotsungirira zvikurusa kuiyi denho. Bva izvi zviitwa hazvina kutongova netsekaro nokusingagumi. Chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chinofanira kuvandudza musero wokuganhurira, kuzvidavirira, uye kodzero dzehurumende, kugadziridza nheyo dzehurumende, kugadziridza migariro yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende yehurumende inotonga nguva yayo. Kunzwisisa simba renhau nerevoruzhinji hachisi chinhuwo chipfuungwa chamariwo hachingori chipfuudzoro chamariso chavanhu. Chirongwa chavanhu chinova chipfuudzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzodzo kurudzi chavanhu. Savanhu kutsigira kutsigira kupfutetete