Mavambo Nedonzo raChangamire weHurumende Kubatana

Dzidziso yokusatapurwa nekodzero yehurumende ndeimwe yenheyo dzinogara uye dzinovapo dzinogara zvikuru mumutemo weAmerica webumbiro remitemo. Yakavakirwa mumutemo weChirungu wavose(8) apo mambo aisagona kupiwa mhaka pasina kubvumirana kwake (8) iyi dzidziso yakasimudzirwa kuUnited States ndokuiswa muElemily Amendment. Mutauro chaiwo weIndement yeIndement yeUnited States hausati uchizorangarirwa kuva unotambanudzirwa kusumwa mumutemo upi noupi kana kuti kutenderwa, wakatanga kana kuti unotongerwa kurwisana nomumwe weUnited States neVagaritizeriti veimwe Nyika, kana kuti naVagari veNyika kana kuti Varidzi veNyika Dzokumwe Nyika.”

Apo rugwaro rwacho runoratidzika kuva rwakamanikana, Dare Gurusa rakakududzira zvikuru kureva kuti maruwa kazhinji kazhinji haasati achidzivirirwa pamhosva dzakavanzika mudare rehurumende kutoti Congress yakabvumira nenzira inoshanda kuti dziviriro kana kuti hurumende yakaiparadza. Iyi nheyo inoshanda kwete bedzi apo mupurisa anobva kune imwe nyika asiwo apo mutongi anokwidza hurumende yake amene mamiriro ezvinhu . aDare rinojekeswa v. Louisiana[FLT: 1] [18]. Ruratiso runoshanda kumativi maviri: anochengeta mitengo yehurumende inobva kudare rehurumende uye kuremekedza chiremera nechiremera chehurumende mukati mamiriro ezvinhu omubatanidzwa.

Kunzwisisa uko kurwisa maruramiro avanhu kwoutongi hunodzivisa dziviriro uye kodzero yomunhu oga yorusununguko zvinovamba zvinokosha nokuda kwomunhu upi noupi anobatanidzwa mukuita kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo dziteererwe, kubva kuvatsigiri vemitemo kusvika kumitemo.

Kuedza Kwakaita Changamire Zvibvumirano Zvekodzero Dzevanhu

Kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo kunowanzotsamira pamirau yomubatanidzwa yakadai sa 42 U.S.C. 1983, Umutwe VII weCivil Rights Act ya1942, vaAmerica vane Une Une Une Une Uteramu (ADA), uye Rusarura Rudzi rweNhambo muAtrough Act (ADEA).

Chikamu cha1998

42 U.S.C. . 1983 inogovera chisakiso chechiito mukurwisana nomunhu upi noupi uyo, muruvara rwomutemo wehurumende, anonyima mumwe maruramiro ehurumende kana kuti emitemo. Zvisinei, Dare Rapamusorosoro rakarangarira kuti hurumende imene haisi “penson” pasi pa 76 1983. Ikoku kunoreva kuti nepo muteveri wehurumende anogona kukwidza mhaka vakuru vakuru vehurumende nokuda kwechiito kana kuti kusunungurwa kwemipi, havagoni kukwidziridza hurumende nokuda kwekuvadziko yemari pasi pa19649. Basa retsika risati riri Kurego. Kupfuura, rinobvumira vakuru vakuru vakuru vehurumende kumisa basa ravo rinodzivisa kuputswa kwomutemo. Mutezo unopesana, mukuru haana kurangarirwa nokuda kwokuva anosarudzwa nemhaka yokuva mutongo.

Musoro weViI Nedziviriro Yakaenzana yaClaus

Umutwe VII unorambidza rusaruro rwebasa rwakavakirwa padzinza, ruvara, rudzidziso, vatano, uye mavambo enyika. Vashandirwi vehurumende vanodzorwa neTitle VII, asi nemhaka bedzi yokuti Congress yakatenderwa nenzira yapamutemo kudzivirira hurumende pasi peChikamu 5 che 144th Amendment. Mu Fazitzrick v.[[FLT][12] [197], Dare rapamusoro rakatonga kuti Congresssion ingava dziviriro inodzivisa apo inomanikidzira vimbiso dzePremende ye 1450. Izvo zvakazarura suo sutuketi yesutus pasutus dzehurumende muTitlet Leat]. Zvisinei, nzvimbo yesimba rebrorightat inoramba iripo. Muchipo yechipo chezvipomendero. [FLt] Flectrectrence] [5] [97]

ADA naADEA: Kuzvidzwa

VaAmerica vane Dictable Act vanobatanidza kutaura kwakajeka kwevavariro yeCongress yokudzivisa kurwisana neBroose. Zvisinei, mu Board of Trust of the University of Alabamav. Garrett (2001], Dare Gurusa rakaganhurira kuti kubvisa, kutakura zita rokuti I reADA (basa) rakapfuura chiremera cheCongress Congress Chikamu 5 nemhaka yokuti chinyorwa chemitemo chakaratidza pasina ufakazi hwakapararira hwekusarura vanhu nourema. Mukupesana, Umutwe II weADA (mabasa avose) wakatsigirwa sechibvumirano chakarurama nokuda kwezvimwe zvinotaura pamutemo. Nenzira yakafanana, ADEBBB yakawana kudzokororwa mudare risingabvumirwirwirwi. [2]

Zvisarudzo Zvinokosha zveDare Gurusa Zvinoratidza Miganhu Yacho

Kunzwisisa nyaya idzi kunokosha zvikuru kune vamiririri uye vanotsigira kodzero dzevanhu.

[[[FRANT:0] Exte Young (08)

Chisarudzo ichi chakaparira musiano unokosha zvikurusa kukuva anodzivisa chigaro. Dare rakabvumira sututi inorwisana namukuru mukuru wehurumende yeMinnesota kuraira kuchengetwa kwemitemo yehurumende iyo inofungidzirwa kuva inoputsa mitemo yehurumende yezvitima. Nhau, seizvo Dare rakairondedzera, yakanga iri yokuti mukuru mukuru anoita nenzira isina pamutemo anobviswa nzvimbo yake yapamutemo uye angapiwa mhaka somunhu mumwe nomumwe. Uku kusiiwa kunoramba kuri chitima chikuru nokuda kwemitemo nemitemo zvehurumende zvinopesana nehurumende.

SEMINOLE RUMWE rweFlorida v. Florida (1996)

Mu Dare raibatanidza Dare reIndiya Gaminaling Regugatation Act, Dare rakaramba kuti Dare harigoni kudzora hurumende pasi peChikamu charo I, zvakadai seChorty Claussia kana kuti Bankructcy Claus. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza Dare reIndiyan Gamigatation Act, iro hurumende yaipindura yaisagona kuva pasi peFlorida kuti iwirirane. Dare rakabvumirana, kudzora [[FOL:2] Pennsylviania v. Union Gat. [19989] uye inodzosa zvikuru simba rokudzivisa kunze kwemasmendemutejimendime. Ichi chine chisarudzo chikuru nokuda kwekodzero dzavagari vemo pamitemo yehurumende yehurumende [[Fodmaska] mativi aZ $4]

Alden v. Maine (1999)

Alden kudzivirirwa kwapamutemo kumatare ehurumende, ichitaura kuti nheyo yebumbiro remitemo yemagariro ekodzero yavanhu inowirirana nesutu dzavose muhurumende mumatare ayo amene kutoti kana kuti Congress ichiita sezvibvumiro zvehurumende muChikamu 5. Mhaka yacho yaibatanidza kutaura kwomuraudzo kwapakati pasi peMoir Labor Standard Act. Dare rakasarudza kuti kunyange kana hurumende yabvuma kuwirirana nematare ayo amene kazhinji kazhinji, inochengeta dziviriro pakutaura kwomubatanidzwa wehurumende kutoti kana Congress yakagarwa nenzira yakafanira. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kodzero dzavagari vemo dzavagari vemo dzinodzose hadzigoni kungodzivisa dare rehurumende uye kutongwa mudare; dare rinotevera mugariro pasineiwo.

[ FATPARIC v. Bitzer[[FLT] [1] (1976]

Sezvataurwa, nhau iyi yakasimbisa kuti Congress ingadzivisa kudzivirirwa pachinhu chimwe apo inonyoreswa pasi peChikamu 5 cheKiremment. Chisarudzo chacho chinodzika mitemo yazvino uno: Chikamu I kubvisa chinenge chisingagoni kugadzirika pashure pokunge SAMINOLE RUVHAMBI, asi Chikamu 5 chinoramba chiripo, chinosimbiswa nehwirudzuro.

Kuedza Kunoshanda Kwekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Kusunungurwa Kunonyaradza Kuchiripo

Pasinei zvapo nezvipingamupinyi, vanhu vanogona kuwana rusununguko rune revo. Adhigeti dzemirairo yokudzivisa kuputsa kwebumbiro remitemo kunopfuurira, zvakadai sematorongo asina kufanira, migariro yejeri inopa utsotsi, kana kuti kuwana betsero dzisina kuenzana kupfurikidza nebetsero, zvinoramba zviripo pasi pe Expace Young. MaAttactney anowanzoshandisa iyi nzira kumisa miitiro inoputsa Pest Amendmentment, Intect Programme, kana kuti Actal Protectal Classiace. Zvisinei, mushonga wacho unoganhurirwa kuendesa mberi zororo reyamuro: hapana murango nokuda kwekuvadziko dzakapfuura.

Kukuvara Kunoramba Kwakaoma Kukuwanazve

Kusakwanisa kukwidza mhaka nokuda kweripo remari muhurumende imene mukaha mukuru. Vanyajambwa vokuputswa kwekodzero dzavagari vemo vangatambura mibhadharo yakarasika, ndyiko dzezvokurapa, kana kuti nhamo yendangariro asi vasingagoni kuwanazve kubva mupfuma yehurumende. Muzvimwe zviitiko, vanogona kutsvaka kuvadziko kuvakuru vakuru vamwe navamwe vari kuita basa ravo voga, asi vakuru vakuru ivavo kazhinji kazhinji vanodzivirirwa nokudzivirirwa kwavakakwaniriswa. Mubatanidzwa wokudzivisa maruramiro outongi uye kudzivirirwa kwavanokwaniriswa kunoparira mhinganidzo huru kuzvidavirira. Vatsigiri vechinjo vakakarakadza kutsanangura mugariro wehurumende somumunhu kana kuti mutemo unoparira kudzivirirwa kwehurumende semamiriro okuwana mari yehurumende.

State Waiver Nebvumirano

Hurumende ingaparadza nokuzvidira dziviriro yayo yokuzvidzivirira kwomunhu oga. Waiver inofanira ku “ratidzirwa nenzira isina mufungo” uye inorangarirwa nenzira yorumano. Somuenzaniso, hurumende inogamuchira mari yeMedicaid yehurumende inowanzokuvadza nokuda kwemiitiro yakati yokutonga, asi kuti kurasha kungasatambanukira kumabasa okukuvadza. Nenzira yakafanana, nyika dzakawanda dzakagadzira zvirevo zvadzo dzimene izvo zvinobvumira zvipfeko, asi izvi kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji zvinopinza kana kuti kubvisa kuputsa kodzero dzavagari vemo.

Masuo Anorwisana Nehurumende

Nenzira inokosha, kudzivirira dziviriro yapamutemo hakusviki kuhurumende dzomunzvimbomo. Mabharani, masangano, uye mamwe mapoka ezvamatongerwe enyika zvinorangarirwa kuva “vanhu” pasi pa 2016 1983 uye zvinogona kunzi zvinopa njodzi dzose dziri mbiri nerakatadzo yemari. Ikoku kunoparira nzira inokosha nokuda kwamapato amapurisa akuvadzwa namadhipatimendi omunzvimbomo, zvikoro zvavose, kana kuti masangano eguta. Zvisinei, mhaka inobatanidza bedzi apo muitiro kana kuti tsika yehurumende yakaparira kupunzi kwechishatiso, sekwakatangwa mu Manell. Department of reSocial Offices[FUR:1]

Zviitiko Zvemazuva Achangobva Kuitika Nezvinetso Zvinovapo

Mumakore gumi apfuura, Dare Repamusorosoro rapindura mibvunzo inokosha inoverengeka inokanganisa kuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu zvakananga.

Kuva Wega Kwemagetsi Nevakuru Vakuru Vehurumende

Mu Tores v. Madrid (2021), Dare rakakudza rondedzero yeFiziji yeChina asi harina kutaura zvakananga pamusoro pedziviriro yesimba. Zvisinei, nhau dzinobatanidza kusazvibata kwamapurisa dzinopfuurira kuedza miganhu. Somuenzaniso, apo mukuru mukuru mukuru wehurumende anoputsa maruramiro akagadzwa zvakajeka, mutongi angakwirira mukuru mukuru nokuda kwekuvadziko yake yomunhu oga, asi nyika imene inodzivisa. Ikoku kunoreva kuti kutonga pamusoro pavakuru vakuru vakuru kunofanira kubhadharwa navakuru vakuru vakuru vakuru voga voga kana kuti nehurumende kupfurikidza nokunakisa, asi mukuvadziko inosarudzwa uye inosiana zvikuru.

Nzvimbo Dzokugara Dzavose neADA

Mu Fulton v. Guta rePhiladelphia (2021]), Dare rakatonga kusapinda kwechitendero mukutarisirwa kwokuchengetwa asi zvakare harina kutaura zvakananga nezvokudzivirira maruramiro. Zvisinei, nhau yacho yakasimbisa kusawirirana kunopfuurira pakati pechiremera chehurumende nekodzero dzehurumende. matare mazhinji akaderera anoramba achipa ganhuriro kana kuti maruramiro anokosha pasi peTitle II eADAhjow, akadai sokusvika kumatare edare, vhotera, kana kuti chombo chevoro. Dare rakarangarira kuti Thit II kudzivirira pamutemo kunoshanda bedzi apo kutaura kwekodzero dzehurumende kuvhotera, kusvika kumatare eroorano, kana kuti roorano.

Kuedza Kugadzirisa Kuzvideredza

Zvikwereti zvinoverengeka zvakatangwa muCongress kuti zvikurire esungai reAct uye Alden[ kupfurikidza nokuita kuti hurumende itore rutivi mupurogiramu dzehurumende pakusadzivirirwa. Ruratice yaAll Act uye [[FLT:] Chikwaratiso chekodzero dzehurumende [[FLT] Chirevo chirevo kujekesa kuti kubvumira kuti mari yemubatanidzwa wedare renyika inoto yekodzero dzevagari vemo nokuda kwokuputsa kodzero dzevagari vemo. Izvi zvinodaidzo dzinoda mamiriro ezvinhu api neapi echipokaro yemitemo patvoromedzo dzinowirirana nemubatanidzwa.

Nzira Dzinofambira Mberi Nokuda Kwavatsigiri Vekodzero Dzevagari Vemo

Vachifunga nezvenzvimbo yakaoma kunzwisisa, vanachiremba vanofanira kushandisa nzira dzinoshanda kuti vakwanise kufamba nedziviriro yokuzvidzivirira pazvirwere.

Shandisa Muduku Anopfuura Wose Nokudenha

Kurega kwacho kunoshanda chete pakubatsira kunotarisirwa, asi kunogona kushandiswa kupikisa mitemo yemasangano, yakadai semajeri kana kuti nzira dzokurapa dzinoitwa nehurumende.

Ngwarira Chikamu 5 Mitemo

Chiito cheCongregation icho chinobatanidza mitemo yamaruramiro avagari vemo zvakajeka zvikuru kuMatsigiriro Echigumi namana anogona kusimbisa kuteererwa kwePendement. Vatsigiri vanofanira kusunda nokuda kwezviwanwa zvemitemo zvine udzame zverusarurano rwakapararira rwehurumende kuti vasvike muCiti yeBoerne mupimo wewirirano. Chinyorwa chakajeka zvikuru, sezvinobvira Dare richatsigira kukwidzwa.

Kugadzirisa Kunoita Mutemo Wehurumende

Hurumende iri yose inobvumira chimiro chakati chesundo paimene. Hurumende inotaura zviito zvokushurikidza zvisina kuchinjika, uye zviito zvebumbiro-mitemo zvehurumende zvingagona kugovera mushonga apo mutemo wehurumende usingadaro. MaAttorney anofanira kunzvera kana hurumende yawo yakapikiswa nokuda kwezvibvumirano zvakati zvekodzero dzavagari vemo. Dzimwe nyika, dzakadai seCalifornia neNew York, dzine mitemo inobvumira kukuvadza kukuru.

Yakabatanidzwa Navadziviriri Vamabhaziniparati

Uko mutengi ane mhaka nezvose zviri zviviri nyika nesangano remanisiparati, kuronda mukwiridziri pasi pa 76 1983 kunogona kuparira kuvadziko pasina mhinganidzo yesimba rinodzivisa dziviriro yapamutemo. Mutezo waMasipala pasi pe [[FLT: 0]] unoda ufakazi hwemuitiro kana kuti tsika, asi zvinoitika zvinobudirira zvinogona kutungamirira kukuchinja kwegadziriro yakarongwa nemuripo nokuda kwavananyajambwa.

Mugumisiro: Kudzikamisa Uchangamire uye Kuzvidavirira

Hurumende inodzivirira mamiriro ezvinhu okusasarura haisati iri mhinganidzo yakakwana kukuchengetwa kwekodzero dzevanhu, asi inoisa miganhu mikuru iyo vatendi namagweta vanofanira kungwarira. Mano okukwidza vakuru vehurumende nokuda kweyamuro yokuda kutsiva anogovera nzvero inokosha pamufambiro usina kurongwa, bva kusakwanisa kuwana chirango chakananga kubva kunyika yacho chinoramba chiri mukaha une revo inokosha. Dare repamusoro rinopfuurira kuchenesa dzidziso, uye Congress inoramba ine simba rokudzivirira paInvolution mujeri reInthicrometer, rinodzokororwa mudare rinoyera. Nokuda kwekodzero dzevagari vemo kuti dzidzorwe zvizere, tsika yemitemo inofanira kurovanisa kukuvadziko yacho mukuteraratidziko nerumano rwapamutemo nepokuvimbisa kuti vanyajambwa vokusarura rusaruro uye vane ganhuriro yakakwana. Kunzwisisa muganhu kwokudzivisa kukuvaraniswa kweda kurutivi rwechipfumo kurutivi rweruboshwe kurutivi rwamakumi amakumi amakore okuruboshwe.