Ukama pakati perusununguko rwevagari vemo norusununguko rwechitendero hunoumba nzvimbo inotangira kudzora kwehurumende yeruzhinji nechiremera chavanhu. Rusununguko rwavagari vemo nerusununguko rwakadzivirirwa kuvhozhokerwa nehurumende (hwunobatanidza maruramiro okunamata, kuchinja zvitendero zvomunhu, kana kuti kusatongova nokutenda zvachose. Parunotsigirwa zvakasimba, rusununguko urwu runoparira mhoteredzo umo vanhu vamwe navamwe vanogona kushandisa rudzidziso rwavo pasina kumanikidza, rusarura, kana kuti kutya. Nyaya inonzvera kuti rudzi rwamagariro norusununguko rworudzidziso rwerudzidziso, kukwezvera midziro yenhau, mirairo yapamutemo, rwisano yapanguva ino, uye basa rinogara redzidzo nenzanga.

Nhoroondo Yokusunungurwa Kwevagari Vomunyika Nechitendero

Kudyidzana kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo norusununguko rwechitendero hakusi chinhu chazvino uno. Munhau yose, kurwira kodzero dzevanhu kwave kuchiwanzovakirwa pamano okunamata maererano nehana. Nhamba dzapakuvamba dzakadai seMagna Carta (1215) dzakatanga pfungwa yokuti kunyange zviremera zvakanga zvakasungwa nomutemo (inheyo yakatambanudzwa pakupedzisira kudzivirira kutenda kushomanene. Bhuku reEngland rekodzero dzemunhu (1689) rakarambidza zvakajeka “kukwanisa uye zvirango zvechienzi” ndokusimbisa kodzero yavaPurotesitendi yokutakura zvombo, asi rakaganhurirawo mano eMambo okudzosarudzo neparamende, rinosimbisa shoko ravapanduki vorudzidziso nenzira isina kunanga.

Chinjo yePurotesitendi yakaputsa chinzwano cheMiddle Ages chechiKristudhomu uye yakatanga mazana amakore ehondo dzorudzidziso. Rugare rweWestphalia (1648) rwakagumisa hondo idzodzo kupfurikidza nokutanga nheyo ye cuiogius regio, eius religio.Nzvimbo yomutongi yakava rudzidziso rwenharaunda. Nepo ikoku kwakabvumira mwero wakati wokubvumirana kworudzidziso kwomunzvimbomo, hakuna kupa rusununguko rwomunhu mumwe nomumwe. Nhungamiro yechokwadi yakasvika mukati mekujeka, apo vazivi vakafanana naJohn Locle vakatsigira sekodzero yomusikirwo. Locle’s’s’s [[FLT:] Leance Conftion [FLt:] [16] [16])) yakataura kuti hurumende dzemonepuko dzakanga dzisina chiremera pamusoro pemweya, pfungwa huru iyo gare gare gare gare gare.

First Amendment to the Constitution yeU.S. (1791) yakabatanidza dziviriro mbiri dzakajeka: Kugadzwa kwaClaus (rudzidziso rwehurumende runopanwa pamutemo) uye Free Execree Claus (kugovera maruramiro okushandisa kutenda kwomunhu). Iyi gadziriro mbiri yakava muenzaniso wehurumende dzinosarudzwa navanhu vazhinji. Bva kunyange murepabhuriki yapakuvamba, rusununguko rworudzidziso rwakanga rwuri kure nevose. VaKaturike, vaJudha, uye vasingatendi vakatarisana nezvinoremadzwa zvapamutemo, uye miitiro yomudzimu yeMarudzi eAmerica yenhau yerusununguko rwavagari vemo, naizvozvo, ndiyo imwe yewewedzero: chizvarwa chimwe nechimwe chakaisa miganhuro yehurumende inodzoro yapamutemo.

Mabasa Epamutemo Anotsigira Rusununguko Rworudzidziso

Rusununguko rwazvino uno rwapamutemo rworudzidziso sekodzero yavanhu yapose pose. Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948), yakagamuchirwa neChibatanwa chaMarudzi, inoti muChikamu 18: “Munhu ari wose ane maruramiro orusununguko rwomufungo, hana norudzidziso; iyi maruramiro anobatanidza rusununguko rwokuchinja rudzidziso rwake kana kuti chitendero, uye rusununguko, zvimwe munzanga navamwe uye munzanga yapachena kana kuti yapachivande, kuratidzira rudzidziso rwake kana kuti chitendero mukudzidzisa, kunamata nokuchengeta.” Iyi bvumirano, kunyange zvazvo isina kuisadzorwa pamutemo, yakapesvedzera chibvumirano chiri chose chamarudzi rwavanhu chinotevera.

International Common Convention on Civil and Political Rights [ICCPR] [1966]) yakashandura zvishuvo zveUDHR kuva mutemo unosunga nokuda kwemapoka ehurumende 173. Chikamu 18 chomutauro weICCPR chakakopa nokuwedzera UDHR, chichirambidza kumanikidza kungakanganisa rusununguko rwomunhu kuti abate kana kuti agamuchire chitendero. Chinobvumirawo ganhuriro bedzi apo kunenge kuri madikanwa kudzivirira chengeteko yavose, nhevedzano, utano, kana kuti tsika (kupesana kutetenene kunofanira kururamiswa chose chose.)

Pamwero wenyika, bumbiro remitemo rakawanda rinodzivirira zvakajeka rusununguko rworudzidziso. Somuenzaniso, German Basic Law (1949) rinovimbisa “muitiro wakasimba worudzidziso,” nepo Bumbiro reMitemo reIndia (1950) rinopa vanhu vose maruramiro okutaura norusununguko, kushandisa, uye kuparadzira rudzidziso, anopiwa nhevedzano yavose, tsika, uye utano. Kutendeuka kwapashure pePrevetment Constitution yeSouth Africa (1996) kunobatanidza kusimbiswa kwakasimba kworusununguko rworudzidziso mukuwirirana norumwe rusununguko rwavagari vemo. Zvisinei, vamwe vanotaura kuti zvinodzivirira nenzira yapamutemo rusununguko rworudzidziso runogombedzerwawo mitemo yokuzvidza, kuganhurira, kana kuti kukumbira kunyoreswa kwamapoka ose orudzidziso uko kunogona kubvisa rusununguko rwechokwadi.

Mitoo yamarudzi ose yekodzero dzavanhu, yakadai seUN Special Rapporteur pamusoro perusununguko rworudzidziso kana kuti chitendero, inonzvera kuteererwa nenhau. Mitumbi yeruwa yakadai se yeEuropean Court of Human Rights[[[FLT 1]] yakakudziridza boka guru remitemo yokudzikamisa maruramiro orudzidziso mudzimwe fariro dzavose. Somuenzaniso, mu [[FLT:]] Lautsi v. [[FLT] [F] [3] (20: 1,20], Gurusa rakasarudza kuti kuvapo kwezvikoro muItaly mukirasi zvechikoro chavose hakuna kuputsa kokorodzano yeEurope, d inonongedzera kukuonga kwehurumende. Musianonge maererano nokusiyana kwe [FLT]. [FFF] v.UR.UM.UNIOM], United States (20)

Zvinetso Zvinotevera Kurusununguko Rworudzidziso

Vatambi vehurumende uye vanhu vasiri venyika, kazhinji vanobatanidzwa nedzimwe rusununguko rwevagari vomunyika dzakadai serusununguko rwokutaura, kuungana, uye kuenzana, vanotyisidzirwa nemitemo yehurumende, pasinei nokudzivirirwa kwepamutemo, rusununguko rwechitendero, kuungana, uye kutyisidzirwa.

Ganhuriro Dzehurumende Nokuchengeteka Kwenyika

Munyika dzakawanda, hurumende dzinoganhurira miitiro yorudzidziso mukutaura kuti yakakotsekana nechengeteko yenyika kana kuti ugandanga. Patriot Act yeU.S. (2001) masimba okunzvera akakudziridza ayo akatapura nenzira isingaenzaniswi nzanga dzechiMuslim, kubatanidza kunzvera kworudzidziso nokunzvera kupa rupo. Nenzira yakafanana, miitiro yeChina muXinjiang yakarondedzerwa navafeyi veUN se “mhosva murudzi rwomunhu,” kubatanidza kupfigwa kwokumanikidzirwa kwemisikiti, kuparadzwa kwamagwaro orudzidziso, uye kuchengetwa kwemaUyghur Muslim mumisasa yezve.

Rusarura Marudzidziso Maduku

Rusaruraganda muzvitendero zviduku runoramba rwakapararira. Maererano ne Center Research , ganhuriro dzehurumende parudzidziso dzave dzichiwedzera munyika yose chifo chapakati pe2000. MuMyanmar, masangano ezvourudzi echiBuddha akanyandura masimba muRohingya vaMuslim vashomanene, vachiita mabasa ehondo okuchenesa dzinza. muIndia, kudenha vaMuslim namaKristu kwakawedzera pasi pedzoro dzazvino uno, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji anoruramiswa nemitemo yomunzvimbomo inodzivirira mhouni kana kuti “kutendeutsa. MuEurope, mapoka anorevesa anorwisana nemudhipati wemigigina uye anorwisana neMislimu, zvinotungamirira kumira migariro yakafanana nerambidzo yemipidhi muFrance neBelgium.

Mitemo Yokumhura Nokuwa pakutenda

Mitemo yokuzvidza inoramba iri pamabhuku munyika dzinenge 71, ine zvirango zvakakomba kubatanidza kuiswa mutorongo norufu. Mutemo wokutuka wePakistan, wave uchishandiswa kutambudza chechi duku ndokupedza mhindu. MuSaudi Arabia, kuwa pakutenda kunorangwa norufu, uye mapurisa erudzidziso anomanikidzira mitemo yorumano yempfekero nokunamata. Kunyange munyika dzisina mitemo yetsika yokuzvidza, dzvinyiriro yenzanga inogona kuva inowirirana: muIndonesia, gavhuna weJakarta, Basuki Tjaja Purnama, akasungwa muna 2017 nemhaka yokupomerwa kuva anozvidza pashure pokunokorwa mashoko eQuanic vhene mukati mechirongwa.

Kudzikamisa Rusununguko Rworudzidziso Nedzimwe Kodzero

Chimwe chedenho dzapanguva imwe cheteyo zvikurusa inyanduko pakati porusununguko rworudzidziso norumwe rusununguko rwavagari vemo, zvikurukuru maruramiro avakadzi, LGBTQ+ vanhu vamwe navamwe, uye vana. Dare Gurusa reU.S. iro rakarerutsa kusvika kwavakadzi kuzvoutano. Macketchop v. Coloradom Commission [[FFLT:1]] (2017]]) (Monicale akabvumira masangano akasanogamuchirwa kuti arambe kubhadharwa panzvimbo dzorudzidziso, chisarudzo icho vazhinji vakashora kuderedza kusvika kwavakadzi kukutarisirwa kwoutano. Macrestorhop v. Coloradoral Rights Comment Commist Comment [[FLct:3]]] (2017]), Dare remitemo pakana kana muboka muboka renyika renyika yemitemo yechiKristu, asi rinona kusimbisa kudzosera mhaka yezvokudzoso.

Iyi dzvinyiriro haisati ichipedzwa nyore. Gadziriro huru yerusununguko rwavagari vemo runofanira kudzivirira zvose zviri zviviri kushandiswa kworudzidziso nokubatwa zvakaenzana, asi musiyano pakati penzvimbo inobvumirwa nerusingatenderwi unokwikwidzwa zvikuru. Mapoka okusatendeseka akadai se ACLU inoramba kuti rusununguko rworudzidziso harugoni kushandiswa sebakatwa kukuvadza vamwe, nepo masangano akafanana neBecket Fund yeRugare rwerudzidziso anoomerera kuti masangano orudzidziso adisimudziro anowanzoda kusunungurwa kubva kumitemo inoshanda kuti achengetedze kutendeseka kwawo. Kuwana tsinhirano inodzikamiswa kunoraira kurukurirano yenguva dzose, pamutemo, kugadziridzwa kwapamutemo, uye musengwano kuchiremera chavanhu vose.

Basa Redzidzo Mukusimudzira Rusununguko Rwevagari Vemo

Dzidzo inobatsira chaizvo pakupa vanhu rusununguko rwevanhu uye rusununguko rwekusarudza chitendero.

Kudzora Nedzidzo Yamaruramiro Avanhu

Nyika dzakawanda dzakabatanidza dzidzo yamaruramiro avanhu mudzidzo yadzo yenyika. Somuenzaniso, purogiramu dzakadai se yeEurope Charter on Education for Democratic Stateshibituty and Human Education dzinokurudzira masangano ekodzero kudzidzisa pamusoro pekodzero muEurope Convention. Zvirongwa zvakafanana [[FLT:]] Kudzidzisa kushivirira [zvino] kurovedza nokuda kwemitemo yeSanihedriti [[FLT:]]) kugovera pfuma nokuda kwemhindu yezvitendero nePregimplement. Zvidzidzo zvinoratidza kuti vadzidzi vanodzidzisa mumapurogiramu akadaro vanoratidzira kunzwira tsitsi, kudisa zvikuru kudzivirira dzimwe kodzero, uye kuva nekodzero dzinopesana.

Kukurukurirana Nezvirongwa Zvechitendero Zvisina Kubatana

Kupfuura dzidzo yakarongwa, nhano dzinotsigirwa nenzanga dzekubatanidza zvitendero dzinogona kubvisa mifungo yakarovedzeka. Masangano akafanana ne Upwere hweReligious Core vadzidzi vokukoreji vanodzidzisa kutungamirira purogiramu dzebatira pamwe yematunhu. Mumaguta akadai seBirmingham, UK, marudzidziso akawanda anounza vatungamiriri kubva kuchiKristu, chiMuslim, chiHindu, chiSikh, uye chechiJudha kuti vagadzirire zvinetso zvinozivikanwa. Zvirongwa izvi zvinoumba “kubatanidza dzimbahwe renzanga renzanga."[1] Kubatanidza zvitendero kunoparira kuti nzanga dzive dzinobatanidzwa neanzaradziridzo.

Zvinetso Kunhamburiko Dzedzidzo

Pasinei zvapo neiyi budiriro, dzidzo pamusoro perusununguko rworudzidziso inotarisana nemhinganidzo dzinokosha. Uyezve, munyika dzakawanda, zvikoro zvinotemerwa kusimudzira pfungwa imwe yapamutemo kana kuti rudzidziso. MuUnited States, hondo dzetsika dzazvino uno dzakatungamirira kumitemo inoganhurira nzira iyo vadzidzisi vanokurukura nayo rudzi, vatano, uye rudzidziso. Zvirambidzo zvamabhuku zvinowanzobatanidza mirangariro yorudzidziso yakasiana. Uyezve, munzvimbo dzakawanda, zvikoro zvinoganhurirwa norudzidziso, zvichideredza mabanza oushamwari hune revokwanichare. Kusimbisa dzidzo yekodzero dzavagari vemo kunoda kwete bedzi zvishandiso zviri nani asiwo zvezvamatongerwe enyika zvichadzivirira rusununguko rwedzidzo nemhoteredzo dzinopfuudzira.

Fundo Dzakaitika Dzorusununguko Rwevagari Vomunyika Nerudzidziso

Kuongorora nyaya dzepamutemo dzakananga nemasangano enzanga kunopa mienzaniso chaiyo yokuti rusununguko rwevanhu rungadzivirira kana kukanganisa rusununguko rwechitendero sei.

Room Division v. Smith (1990)

Muiyi nhau yakatanhamara yeDare guru reUnited States, varume vaviri veMaIndia okuAmerica vakadzingwa mumabasa avo savapi vemirimo nokuda kwokushandisa peyote mumutambo worudzidziso. Apo vakakumbira betsero dzourovha. Hurumende yeOregon yakaramba kutaura kwavo, ichiramba kuti vakanga vadzingwa nokuda kwomufambiro wakashata. Dare Gurusa rakasarudza kuti kusatora rutivi, kazhinji kazhinji kazhinji kwakabatira mitemo inoshandiswa yemirimo yaidzorwa pakushandisa zvinodhaka kunyange kana vakaremedza rudzidziso. Chisarudzo chacho chakanga chiri chinopesana zvikuru: rusununguro rworudzidziso rwaideredza dziviriro nokuda kwokutenda kushoma. Congresss anopindura kupfuudzira [[FLT:] Groct:] Comment] Drectiveration Act [[FLD:1] Acts ST [FF] Act:] [FF1]

Dare reEurope Rekodzero Dzevanhu Nezviratidzo Zvorudzidziso

Dare reEurope rekodzero dzavanhu (ECHR) rakavamba muganhu wakajeka wezviratidzo zvorudzidziso munzvimbo dzavose. Mu Sahin v. Turkey (2005], Dare rakatsigira kurambidzwa kweTurkey pamisoro yemayunivhesiti, kududza nheyo dzetsika dzokusada uye kuva murume. [FLT:] Dahlab v. Switzerland[FLT:] [2001] [2001], yakatsigira chirambidzo pamudzidzisi mukuru akapfeka chikwepa, ichitaura kuti zvipfeko zvomudzidzisi zvingava nomuuyo wokuchinja vana vaduku. Zvisinei, mu [FLT] v.[FLT] V.[FFFYULT] [F] [F] [2006] [ig] [ig] [idzo] (2001], inopa mutemo wemitemo worudzidziso mudare refukidzo muchitarisiko chapachena nemhaka yapachena chapachena, zvichidzosera pamutemo.

Masangano Ane Mavambo Ekodzero Dzorudzidziso

Chaunga chavagari vemo kazhinji kazhinji chakapinda muuko hurumende dzakundikana kudzivirira rusununguko rworudzidziso. muNigeria, Nhlangano yechiKristu yeNigeria uye Jamita'astil Islam [[[[FLT]]] yakashora chisimba uye yakaraira kuzvidavirira kwehurumende. MuUnited States, [FLT:] Chirango chokuchengeta Rusununguko Rworudzidziso [[ chakaunganidza mitsetse yokutenda kuti ishore mutemo ungagona kudzora muitiro worudzidziso. Zvichida zvikuru, # Mitemo yechisarudzo yapamutemo [FLT] [F] [FLT] [F] [FLT] inorect7] mumhizharira yorudzidziso nokuda kwaAh [Mocted, 14 yegore yegore rama Jesselm] yakasungwa kudzorome pashure pokuudzira chikoro chavose. Chinoto chavose chakasharira kudzivirira dzidzo chavose. Chipo chenyika chapamutemo. Chipomendemupo pa

Kupedzisa: Kukosha Kunoenderera Mberi Kwekusununguka Vanhu Vari Voga

Kupindirana kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo norusununguko rwechitendero hakusi chinhu chinoitwa chisingazivikanwi asi kukwikwidzana kukuru, kukwikwidzana. Nhambo dzenhau dzave dziri chaidzoidzo: nyika dzakawanda dzakatama kubva murudzidziso rwakaitwa nehurumende kuenda kudziviriro dzenyika dzakawanda. Bva denho dzapanguva ino (kubva pakukwira kwourudzi, kusatsarukana, uye kuzivikanwa kwezvamatongerwe enyika) kushatisa idzi mhindu. Zvirongwa zvemitemo zvakadai seUDHR neICPR zvinoramba zviri madikanwa, asi zvinofanira kudzorwa nokuchinjirwa nenzira yokushingaira kuzvinhu zvitsva, kubatanidza zera remitepfekedzo remikoro (papo paindaneti yokutaura nokunzvera rudzidziso kunogona kutonhora) uye mamiriro okunze engozi (iyo inotapura nzanga dzine magamuchidzanwa orudzidziso akabatana nenyika dzakati kuti dzakati).

Dzidzo uye zvirongwa zvemibato yemibato yetsika zvinokosha kuti zvidzivirirwe nepamutemo. Kudzidzisa vechiduku nezvokukosha kwerusununguko rwevagari vemo kunoparira tsika yoruremekedzo inopfuura chero mutongo upi zvawo wedare. Kushandira pamwe kwechitendero kunovaka chivimbo chinodiwa munzanga mukupesana nemamiriro okunze. Uye apo hurumende dzinonyengera, vagari vemo vakasvinurira vakashongedzwa nematurusi enzanga yevagari vemo.

Rusununguko rwechitendero runotsamira pakuzvipira kwakafara kurusununguko rwevanhu vose. Kana kodzero dzeboka rimwe dzikaganhurirwa, nheyo dzinodzivirira munhu wose dzinopera simba. Sezvatinotarisana nenguva yemberi isina chokwadi, tichidzivirira nheyo idzi zvinoda kuramba zvakangwarirwa. Mashoko eUDHR anoramba ari okukurumidzira sekare: “Vanhu vose vanoberekwa vakasununguka uye vakaenzana muchiremera nekodzero.” Kuziva chiono ichocho, kuvanhu vechitendero chiri chose uye pasina, ibasa rinogara riripo renzanga yakasununguka.